msi lcd panel info free sample

1. Reward Program Description: Review. Reward. Win! ("Reward Program") begins on 03/1/2018 at 9:00 AM (Pacific Standard Time (US) and ends on 4/30/2018 at 11:00 PM (Pacific Standard Time (US) (the "Reward Program"). By participating in the Program, each entrant unconditionally accepts and agrees to comply with and abide by these Official Rules and the decisions of MSI, which shall be final and binding in all respects. Sponsor is responsible for the collection, submission or processing of Entries and the overall administration of the giveaway. Entrants should look solely to Sponsor with any questions, comments or problems related to the Program.

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The most difference between the MSI desktop and the others is that the desktop series could bring best gaming experience to global gamer. Besides, the high performance is not only base on MSI extraordinary hardware design. Also, include with all MSI exclusive software (Like Command Center, Mystic Light, Realtek Audio Control and Super Charger). Those useful software applications could help on system performance and provide the whole new experience for all desktop users.

MSI Command Center is an user-friendly software and exclusively developed by MSI, helping users to adjust system settings and monitor status under OS. With the help of COMMAND CENTER, making it possible to achieve easier and efficient monitoring process and adjustments than that under BIOS. In addition, the COMMAND CENTER can be a server for mobile remote control application.

CPU Frequency control panel allows you to change CPU Ratio and Base clock. You can see the current frequency of each CPU core on the top of the panel.

CPU Fan control panel provides Smart mode and Manual Mode. You can switch the control mode by clicking the Smart Mode and Manual Mode buttons on the top of the CPU Fan control panel.

The control panel contains 4 dots allows you to drag and adjust the Smart Speed slopes. The fan speed will be changed along these lines with CPU temperature. The white dot will create strip chart in real time.

is only available for the motherboard with the built-in WiFi module. It allows you to enable/disable the COMMAND CENTER Remote Server. Please refer to the instruction on the Mobile Control control panel.

MYSTIC LIGHT is an application that allows you to control the LED light effects of MSI & partner products. For some earlier products, you can go to product download page to download the applicable LED control software.

Nahimic 3 is included in the audio driver. If you need to install it or update it, please use the Driver Disc with your motherboard or download the driver from MSI’s official website.

Super Charger provides i-Pad, i-Phone and iPod charging function. The iPad with very special charging requirements as it requires 1.6A power supply rather than the 0.5A current available with conventional USB interfaces. That is ordinary computer cannot charge your iPad even at power on status. The MSI Super Charger is a Windows resident program capable of revising power supply mode of your USB port. Once an iPad is connected to your USB port the Super Charger sends a signal to initiate its charging circuit.

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Best practice: The options in this article show the XML elements and attributes in the configuration file. You can continue to create the configuration file in a text editor, but we recommend using the Office Customization Tool instead. With the Office Customization Tool, you can easily create and modify configuration files in a web-based interface. For more information, see Overview of the Office Customization Tool.

This value determines the channel to be installed, regardless of an optionally specified update channel in the Updates element or via Group Policy Setting. If there"s such setting with a different update channel, the channel switch is performed after the installation during the next update cycle. For more information, see Change the Microsoft 365 Apps update channel.

If you"re deploying Office LTSC Professional Plus 2021 or Office LTSC Standard 2021, which are volume licensed versions of Office, there"s a different update channel you need to use: PerpetualVL2021. For more information, see Update channel for Office LTSC 2021.

If you"re deploying Office Professional Plus 2019 or Office Standard 2019, which are volume licensed versions of Office, there"s a different update channel you need to use: PerpetualVL2019. For more information, see Update channel for Office 2019.

You can also use the Product element to add language packs to existing installations of Microsoft 365 Apps. For more information, including an example configuration file, see Deploy languages to existing installations of Microsoft 365 Apps.

Allows you to control the installation of an Office product, as specified by the ID attribute, based on whether a particular MSI-based Office product is already installed on the device. For example, if an MSI-based version of Project Professional is already installed on the device, then install Project Online Desktop Client.

You can specify any Office product that was installed by Windows Installer (MSI), but MSICondition is most commonly used for Project or Visio installations. The value that you specify for the MSICondition attribute can be either a volume licensed or a retail version of the product, as long as that version of the product was installed by using MSI.

MSICondition will recognize 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016 versions of the Office product that you specify. But, you can"t specify a particular version. For example, you can"t have MSICondition look specifically for Visio Standard 2013. MSICondition will look for all MSI-based installations of Visio Standard, including Visio Standard 2007, Visio Standard 2010, Visio Standard 2013, and Visio Standard 2016.

The value that you specify for the MSICondition attribute is the Setup ID that is found in the Setup.xml file in the {product}.WW folder of the installation files for your existing version of the Office product. For example, the Setup.xml file for Visio Professional 2016 is found in the VisPro.WW folder. You can specify multiple types of an Office product, separated by a comma. For example, you can specify "PrjStd,PrjStdR,PrjPro,PrjProR" to look for installations of Project Standard or Project Professional, either volume licensed or retail.

We recommend that you remove the existing MSI-based Office products as part of installing the products specified in your XML file. To remove existing MSI-based products, use the RemoveMSI element.

In the following example, Project Online Desktop Client will be installed on the device only if an MSI-based version of Project Standard is already installed on the device. Also, Project Standard will be removed from the device as part of the installation of Project Online Desktop Client.

MatchInstalled can be used only if there is at least one Click-to-Run product already installed. It can"t be used with the /download switch for the ODT. For more information about MatchInstalled, see Overview of deploying languages and Build dynamic, lean, and universal packages for Microsoft 365 Apps.

When using MatchOS, we recommend that you specify a fallback language to install when a matched language isn"t supported by Office or can"t be found in the local source files. To do so, use the "Fallback" attribute. For more information, see Install the same languages as the operating system.

Defines which Microsoft 365 Apps products shouldn"t be installed. OneDrive is automatically installed when you install Microsoft 365 Apps or install individual applications, such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher, Visio, or Skype. If you don"t want OneDrive installed with those applications, use the ExcludeApp element to remove it. For more information, see Exclude OneDrive when installing Microsoft 365 Apps or other applications.

Set SCLCacheOverride to 1 if you"re using shared computer activation and you want to roam the licensing token. Use in conjunction with SCLCacheOverrideDirectory. This is only needed if you choose to move the licensing token from its default location. For more information, see Overview of shared computer activation for Microsoft 365 Apps.

Defines the Office licensing mode for device-based activation. For more information, see Device-based licensing for Microsoft 365 Apps for enterprise.

If you"re deploying Office LTSC Professional Plus 2021 or Office LTSC Standard 2021, which are volume licensed versions of Office, there"s a different update channel you need to use: PerpetualVL2021. For more information, see Update channel for Office LTSC 2021.

If you"re deploying Office Professional Plus 2019 or Office Standard 2019, which are volume licensed versions of Office, there"s a different update channel you need to use: PerpetualVL2019. For more information, see Update channel for Office 2019.

Specifies whether any 2007, 2010, 2013, or 2016 versions of Office, Visio, and Project that were installed using Windows Installer (MSI) are uninstalled from the computer prior to the installation of the specified product, such as Microsoft 365 Apps.

We recommend that you uninstall any previous versions of Office before installing Microsoft 365 Apps. For more information about using RemoveMSI, see Remove existing MSI versions of Office when upgrading to Microsoft 365 Apps.

Specifies the name of a configuration file to use for the current session. Changes to the configuration are automatically saved back to the file when OK or Apply is pressed. If this parameter is not present BGInfo uses the default configuration information which is stored in the registry under the current user ("HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Winternals\BGInfo").

Causes BGInfo to create a popup window containing the configured information without updating the desktop. The information is formatted exactly as it would if displayed on the desktop, but resides in a fitted window instead. When using this option the history database is not updated.

Causes BGInfo to place an icon in the taskbar"s status area without updating the desktop. Clicking the icon causes the configured information to appear in a popup window. When using this option the history database is not updated.

Specifies that BGInfo should change the wallpaper for any and all users currently logged in to the system. This option is useful within a Terminal Services environment, or when BGInfo is scheduled to run periodically on a system used by more than one person (see Using a Schedule below).

Causes BGInfo to write errors to the specified log file instead of generating a warning dialog box. This is useful for tracking down errors that occur when BGInfo is run under the scheduler.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the LG 27GP850-B are similar 1440p, 27-inch monitors, but there are a few differences. The MSI has a few extra features for office use, like an ergonomic stand and a USB-C input that supports DisplayPort Alt Mode. However, colors look oversaturated, and the color accuracy is much better on the LG. The LG is also slightly better for gaming because it supports DP 1.4 bandwidth, allowing you to reach a higher refresh rate, and the motion handling is a bit better with lower frame rate signals.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Gigabyte M27Q are two excellent gaming monitors with a 1440p resolution. They each have outstanding response time, low input lag, FreeSync support, and G-SYNC compatibility. The MSI has much better ergonomics, making it easy to place the screen how you like. However, the Gigabyte has much better out-of-the-box accuracy, so colors don"t look over-saturated like they do on the MSI. It also has Picture-by-Picture/Picture-in-Picture modes, allowing you to display images from two sources at once.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Dell S2721DGF are both great monitors with similar gaming features. They"re both 1440p monitors with a 165Hz refresh rate and outstanding response time. The MSI has a BFI feature, which the Dell doesn"t, but it only works within a narrow frequency range. The MSI also has a USB-C input, which supports DisplayPort Alt Mode. On the other hand, the Dell is a better choice if you want to use it in a well-lit room because it has much better reflection handling. It also has a local dimming feature, but it performs terribly.

The Samsung Odyssey G7 C32G75T and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are both great monitors with excellent gaming performance; however, they"re different. The Samsung uses a VA panel and is available in a 27-inch or 32-inch size, while the MSI uses an IPS panel and is only available in a 27-inch. If you want better dark room performance, go with the Samsung because it can produce much deeper blacks. It has a higher refresh rate as well, but the difference is often hard to tell for most casual gamers. The MSI isn"t as good for dark rooms due to its IPS panel"s mediocre contrast, but it provides wider viewing angles, and it has USB-C input.

The Gigabyte M27Q X is a bit better than the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD. The Gigabyte has a higher native refresh rate, resulting in slightly clearer motion overall. The Gigabyte is also more accurate out of the box and has better connectivity, with high bandwidth USB-C and a built-in keyboard, video, and mouse switch.

The ASUS ROG Strix XG27AQ performs very similarly to the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD. As far as gaming goes, you can"t really go wrong with either one. The MSI has a slightly faster response time at the max refresh rate while the ASUS has a slightly faster response time at 60Hz and a marginally higher refresh rate, but really, these are minor differences. While the MSI has a wider color gamut thanks to its use of Quantum Dot technology, in practice, colors can look oversaturated. The ASUS has a couple of other things that may make it preferable to some. It has wider viewing angles, so the image stays accurate from the sides, and it has much better out-of-the-box color accuracy, so you may not need to calibrate it to get the most out of your monitor. All in all, though, these are both excellent gaming monitors.

Overall, the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD performs better than the ASUS TUF Gaming VG27AQL1A. The MSI has a much faster response time to deliver a clearer image in fast-moving scenes. It has a much wider color gamut for HDR due to its Quantum Dot layer; however, it doesn"t get as bright as the ASUS to bring out highlights in HDR content. The MSI has more USB ports, including a USB-C that supports DisplayPort and 15W charging.

The Acer Nitro XV272U KVbmiiprzx and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are very similar gaming-wise. The main differences are that the MSI has a USB-C port with DisplayPort Alt Mode and a better color gamut in HDR.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is better for most uses than the MSI Optix G273QF, but they have similar gaming performance. They both have an incredible response time, very low input lag, and a 165Hz refresh rate for gaming. The MAG274QRF-QD has much better ergonomics, allowing you to easily adjust the screen. It also supports HDR10, which the G273QF doesn"t, and it has many more features, such as a Console Mode that"s designed for PS5 compatibility.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Samsung Odyssey G5 S27AG50 are both excellent gaming monitors. They both have a 165Hz refresh rate, native FreeSync VRR support, a 1440p resolution, and fantastic motion handling. There are a few differences in picture quality, though; the MSI displays a wider color gamut in HDR and SDR, but that"s because it over-saturates the colors, meaning some people may prefer the Samsung. The Samsung also gets brighter and has better reflection handling, so it"s a better choice for well-lit rooms. On the other hand, the MSI has a better selection of inputs, such as a USB-C input and two USB inputs that you can connect your keyboard and mouse to.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the ASUS TUF VG27AQ are two excellent gaming monitors; they each have a 1440p resolution and a 165Hz refresh rate. Motion looks smoother on the MSI thanks to its quick response time, especially at 60Hz. However, the ASUS has a BFI feature that works at a wider refresh rate range than the MSI, and it can also be used when VRR is enabled, which the MSI can"t do.

The Dell Alienware AW2723DF is slightly better for gaming than the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD. The main difference is that the Dell has a much higher 280Hz max refresh rate compared to 165Hz on the MSI, allowing you to play games at a higher frame rate. The Dell also has lower input lag and better motion handling with lower frame rate signals. On the other hand, the MSI is better if you game in a bright room because it has much better reflection handling.

The Samsung Odyssey G7 S28AG70 and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are different types of monitors. The Samsung is a 4k monitor with HDMI 2.1 inputs, so it"s a better choice for console gaming, while the MSI has a 1440p resolution and a slightly higher 165Hz refresh rate. Motion handling is fantastic on both, but the MSI has a slightly faster response time at 60Hz. The MSI has a few more office features like better ergonomics and a USB-C input, but the Samsung delivers clearer text thanks to the higher resolution. The MSI is also a better choice for use in well-lit rooms because it gets brighter.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Acer Predator XB273U GXbmiipruzx are similar monitors, but the Acer has a bit more to recommend it. They both have exceptional color gamuts, but the MSI lacks an sRGB setting, so colors appear oversaturated. The Acer also has a higher refresh rate, gets brighter in SDR and HDR, and has better accuracy out of the box.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is a better gaming monitor than the LG 27GL850-B. They have similar features with a 1440p resolution, FreeSync support, G-SYNC compatibility, and a very quick response time. The MSI has a Black Frame Insertion feature, which the LG doesn"t, but it has a narrow flicker range and can"t be used with VRR enabled. The MSI also has much better ergonomics, including a swivel adjustment, which the LG doesn"t have.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is a bit better for most uses than the LG 27GN850-B, but they have many of the same features. They both have outstanding response time and low input lag for gaming, but the MSI has a slightly higher 165Hz refresh rate. It also has a BFI feature, but it only works within a narrow range. However, the LG has better out-of-the-box accuracy and colors don"t look as over-saturated as the MSI, so you may not need to get it calibrated to enjoy it to the fullest.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the LG 32GP850-B are similar overall, and the differences between them are minor. The MSI has better ergonomics; if that doesn"t matter to you, the LG has better reflection handling and a larger screen. The LG also has better accuracy out of the box and better gray uniformity, but these could vary between units.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is a bit better than the LG 27GP83B-B. The MSI has much better ergonomics, a wider color gamut, and better text clarity. The response time is similar between the two, but the MSI has an optional black frame insertion feature to reduce persistence blur. The MSI also has a bit better connectivity, with a built-in USB hub and a USB-C port.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the ASUS ROG Swift PG279QM offer very similar performance, each with strengths and weaknesses. The ASUS is a bit better for HDR, as it has a local dimming feature, and it"s a bit brighter in HDR. The MSI has better ergonomics and an optional backlight strobing feature, which can help improve the appearance of motion in some games.

The Gigabyte AORUS FI27Q and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are very similar overall. The MSI performs better because it has a faster response time. The Gigabyte has a Picture-in-Picture mode, but on the other hand, the MSI has a USB-C port that supports DisplayPort Alt Mode.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is better than the Gigabyte G27Q for most uses. The MSI has a slightly higher refresh rate and faster response time to deliver smoother motion. It also has better ergonomics because it allows for swivel and pivot adjustments, and its USB hub includes a USB-C port that supports DisplayPort and 15W charging. It has a wider color gamut than the Gigabyte but doesn"t get as bright to bring out highlights in HDR content.

The LG 27GN880-B and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are very similar. The most notable difference is that the MSI has a higher refresh rate of 165Hz versus the LG"s 144Hz, which results in a slightly smoother and more responsive gaming experience. The MSI also has a wider SDR and HDR color gamut, and more features, like two USB 3.0 ports a USB-C with DisplayPort Alt Mode. On the flip side, the LG has a better stand that takes up less space and provides more ergonomic adjustments.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Gigabyte M32Q offer very similar performance overall. The biggest difference between them is in their design. If you prefer a larger screen, go with the Gigabyte, but if ergonomics are more important to you and you don"t plan on VESA mounting the monitor, the MSI might be the better choice.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD is a much better monitor than the MSI Optix G273. The MAG274QRF-QD delivers a much smoother gaming experience, with a faster response time, resulting in less motion blur behind fast-moving objects. The MAG274QRF-QD also has better compatibility with consoles, as it can display a 1440p or downscaled 4k signal, so your favorite games look sharper and more detailed. Finally, the MAG274QRF-QD supports HDR, whereas the G273 is limited to SDR.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Gigabyte AORUS FI27Q-X are both excellent gaming monitors. They each have an IPS panel with a 1440p resolution, but the main difference is that the Gigabyte has a 240Hz refresh rate, and the MSI is 165Hz. They have quick response times, native FreeSync support, and low input lag for gaming. The MSI uses a traditional RGB subpixel layout, whereas the Gigabyte uses BGR, which not all programs may use and could result in blurry text. However, we don"t expect this to be an issue for most people.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the Razer Raptor 27 165Hz are great 1440p monitors with a 165Hz resolution. The MSI displays a wider color gamut in SDR and HDR, but that"s because it over-saturates colors. The MSI also has a much quicker response time at 60Hz, delivering smoother motion for console gamers, and has better ergonomics. The Razer has better reflection handling and gets slightly brighter, so it"s a better choice for well-lit rooms. Even though the MSI has Adaptive Sync technology and the Razer has native FreeSync, both FreeSync and G-SYNC VRR work on either monitor.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the MSI Optix MAG161V are very different monitors that target different uses, so they"re not really directly comparable. The MAG161V is a portable monitor with a 16 inch 1080p screen, designed for productivity on the go. The MAG274QRF-QD is a desktop gaming monitor with a 27 inch 1440p screen, and it delivers a much better experience overall, but it"s not portable.

The ASUS ROG Strix XG17AHPE and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are very different monitors, each with strengths and weaknesses. The ASUS is designed for portability, so it has a smaller screen, much worse ergonomics, and slightly worse viewing angles. The MSI is more feature-rich, as it supports HDR and has an optional black frame insertion feature.

The ASUS ProArt PA148CTV and the MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD are very different products with different intended uses, so the results aren"t really comparable. The MSI is a desktop fixed gaming monitor with a high refresh rate and advanced gaming features. The ASUS is a simple portable monitor designed for extra productivity on the go.

The MSI Optix MAG274QRF-QD and the ViewSonic Vg1655 are two different monitors. The MSI is a standard monitor with a 1440p resolution and 165Hz refresh rate. It has more gaming features than the ViewSonic, like VRR support, a very quick response time, and low input lag. Since it"s a regular desktop monitor, it also has a stand with much better ergonomics. The ViewSonic is a portable monitor with a 1080p resolution, but it has much better text clarity with its smaller screen.

TNM stage remains the key determinant of patient prognosis after surgical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), and informs treatment decisions. However, there is considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This variability underscores the need for robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide therapeutic decision-making including the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although the majority of CRCs develop via a chromosomal instability pathway, approximately 12-15% have deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) which is characterized in the tumor by microsatellite instability (MSI). Tumors with the dMMR/MSI develop from a germline mutation in an MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), i.e., Lynch syndrome, or more commonly from epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 MMR gene. CRCs with dMMR/MSI status have a distinct phenotype that includes predilection for the proximal colon, poor differentiation, and abundant tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Consistent data indicate that these tumors have a better stage-adjusted survival compared to proficient MMR or microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors, and may respond differently to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. To increase the identification of dMMR/MSI patients in clinical practice that includes those with Lynch Syndrome, it is recommended that all resected CRCs to be analyzed for MMR status. Available data indicate that patients with stage II dMMR CRCs have an excellent prognosis and do not benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy which supports their recommended management by surgery alone. In contrast, the benefit of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with the FOLFOX regiment in stage III dMMR CRC patients awaits further study and therefore, all patients should be treated with standard adjuvant FOLFOX.

TNM stage remains the gold standard for informing patient prognosis and guiding management after resection for non-metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the same disease stage, however, CRC patients exhibit considerable variability in clinical outcome that is likely related to molecular tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, the molecular classification of CRC may identify patient subgroups at varying risk of recurrence and death and for who personalized approaches to therapy may beneficial. The majority of CRCs develop via the chromosomal instability pathway (CIN), whereas 12-15% arise from the microsatellite instability (MSI) pathway that is a consequence of deficient (d) DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Deficient MMR can develop from an inherited germline mutation in a MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) i.e., Lynch Syndrome, or more commonly due to epigenetic inactivation of the MLH1 gene and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). These sporadic dMMR tumors carry somatic mutations in the BRAF oncogene in approximately half of cases. Studies have shown that dMMR tumors have phenotypic features including poor differentiation, proximal colon location, and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, dMMR tumors have been consistently associated with a better stage-adjusted survival compared to proficient MMR (pMMR) tumors.

Among early stage CRCs, the survival advantage of dMMR status appears to be greater among stage II compared to stage III patients. In patients with stage II colon cancers and dMMR, studies demonstrate a lack of benefit of adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Among patients with stage III disease, the predictive impact of MMR status for adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. Multiple prior studies have demonstrating a lack of benefit for 5-fluorouracil (FU) as adjuvant chemotherapy, although only limited data exist for patients with stage III dMMR CRCs treated with standard the adjuvant FOLFOX regimen. In contrast to 5-FU, in vitro data indicate that dMMR/MSI CRC cell lines display sensitivity to oxaliplatin and accordingly, this agent may provide benefit in patients with dMMR CRCs.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has revealed a comprehensive characterization of the genomes of 224 cancerous colorectal tumors and normal pairs (1). Among CRCs studied, 16% of were found to be hypermutated, and 77% of these tumors displayed high frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) that was generally associated with hypermethylation and MLH1 gene. The remaining hypermutated tumors were primarily characterized by having mutations in somatic MMR pathways and in polymerase epsilon (POLE)[1].

The DNA MMR system repairs base-base mispairs introduced into microsatellites during DNA synthesis to maintain genomic stability (2). Microsatellites are short, tandemly-repeated sequences that occur throughout the genome and are used as markers of deficient (d) MMR. The DNA MMR system is composed of 4 MMR genes and their encoded proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). Inactivation of MLH1 and MSH2 account for over 90% of dMMR cases. Deficiency of MMR results in production of a truncated, nonfunctional protein or loss of a protein that causes MSI. Therefore, dMMR is frequently analyzed by testing for loss of an MMR protein or for MSI using a PCR-based assay.

MSI testing can be performed on fresh, frozen or paraffin-embedded tumor tissue using a PCR-based assay for detection of instability (3, 4).The National Cancer Institute Workshop agreed on five microsatellite markers necessary to determine MSI (5) that include two mononucleotide – BAT25/26 and three dinucleotide markers – D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250. Interpretation of the profiles requires a comparison with normal DNA from each patient. An alternative molecular method based exclusively on quasi-monomorphic mononucleotide markers was developed to avoid the analysis of matching normal DNA. This method has been proven to be more specific and sensitive than the original NCI panel (5).

On the basis of the MSI status, CRCs can be classified into three groups: MSI-H, if two or more of the five microsatellite markers show instability; MSI-L (low-frequency MSI), if only one of five markers shows instability; and microsatellite stable (MSS) if none of the markers show instability (6).

MSI testing and IHC are complimentary, and loss of MMR protein expression by IHC has been shown to be highly concordant with DNA-based MSI testing with a good sensitivity (>90%) and a excellent specificity (100%) (4).

Tumors displaying loss of an MMR protein can be collectively referred to as dMMR and are considered to be MSI-H, whereas those with intact MMR proteins can be classified as pMMR are are expected to be microsatellite stable (MSS) or MSI-low (MSI-L).➢

LS accounts for approximately 3-4% of all CRCs and one third of all dMMR/MSI-associated CRCs. LS is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and results from a germline loss-of-function mutation (9) that occurs more commonly in MLH1 or MSH2, and infrequently in MSH6 or PMS2 (10). A germline mutation in an MMR gene followed by a second hit (somatic event) to the wild-type copy is needed to produce LS, and can occur due to point mutation, loss of heterozygosity or methylation.

CRCs from LS patients are significantly less likely to carry KRAS mutations compared to pMMR/MSS cancers and importantly, BRAFV600E mutations are lacking in these patients. Among dMMR/MSI CRCs, BRAFV600E mutation testing can be performed to distinguish LS cases from sporadic dMMR tumors (13) (Figure 1).

Bethesda criteria were revised in 2004 to guide selection of patients for LS testing (14). The guideline indicated that tumors should be tested for MSI in the following clinical situations:

Families that meet the Amsterdam Criteria (15) but who lack a germline mutation in an MMR gene and an MSI-H tumor, have been termed familial CRC, type × (16).

Sporadic MSI-H CRCs show loss of MLH1 that generally occurs in a background of the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) (17, 18). CIMP represents dense promoter hypermethylation of cancer-specific genes. CIMP-related silencing of the MLH1 gene is responsible for about 80% of cases in which MLH1/PMS2 protein expression are lost (7).

Patients with MSI-H sporadic CRCs share most of the clinicopathological features with LS cases, yet have distinct epidemiological features including older age at diagnosis, predominance of female gender and increased rate of cigarette smoking (21).

CRC with dMMR is more frequent in stage II (almost 20%) compared to stage III (12%), and are relatively uncommon among metastatic tumors (4%) (22). This highlights the importance of MSI testing in early stage disease where patients can be potentially cured by surgery alone or combined with adjuvant chemotherapy.

A meta-analysis from 32 studies with 1,277 MSI/dMMR cases included 7,642 patients with stage I-IV CRC. A better prognosis was found for patients with MSI/dMMR than those with MSS, MSI-L/pMMR tumors (28) among patients that were untreated or treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy. The hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS) was 0.65 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.59-0.71] in favor of dMMR CRC patients. Results were confirmed when the analyses was restricted to patients with stage II or III CRC participating in clinical trials (28).

In a retrospective analysis of the CALGB 89803 trial where patients with stage III colon cancer were randomly assigned to weekly bolus 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) or weekly bolus irinotecan, 5-FU, and LV (IFL), IFL-treated patients with dMMR/MSI-H tumors showed improved 5-year DFS as compared to pMMR tumors (HR=0.76; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88 vs. 0.59; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.64; P = .03), which was not observed among patients treated with 5-FU/LV (63). However, data from the PETACC-3 study (64) failed to show a benefit for irinotecan in patients with dMMR colon cancers.

This study showed that BRAF mutation was not prognostic for recurrence-free survival but was for overall survival, particularly in patients with MSI-L and MSI-S tumors.

Adjuvant study found that MSI-H was significantly associated with RFS in stage II and III colon cancer patients treated with 5-FU/LV alone or combined with irinotecan. However, the relationship with OS was only significant for stage II patients.

Approximate diagonal size of the display. If the manufacturer does not provide such information, the diagonal is calculated from the width and height of the screen.685.655 mm (millimeters)

Approximate width of the display. If the manufacturer does not provide such information, the width is calculated from the diagonal and the aspect ratio.596.736 mm (millimeters)

Approximate height of the display. If the manufacturer does not provide such information, the height is calculated from the diagonal and the aspect ratio.335.664 mm (millimeters)

There are various panel technologies. Each has its own specific features - viewing angles, color reproduction, response time, brightness/contrast, production cost, etc. The image quality depends directly on the type of the display panel used.IPS

The most widely used panels are those with 6, 8, and 10 bits for each of the RGB components of the pixel. They provide 18-, 24-, and 30-bit color, respectively.8 bits

The maximum number of colors, which the display is able to reproduce, depends on the type of the panel in use and color enhancing technologies like FRC.16777216 colors

Information about the number of pixels on the horizontal and vertical side of the screen. A higher resolution allows the display of a more detailed and of higher quality image.1920 x 1080 pixels

Information of the number of pixels in a unit of length. With the decrease of the display size and the increase of its resolution, the pixel density increases.81 ppi (pixels per inch)

The backlight is the source of light of the LCD display panels. The type of backlight determines the image quality and the color space of the display. There are various backlights such as CCFL, LED, WLED, RGB-LED, and etc.W-LED

Information about the minimum amount of time, in which the pixels change from one color to another. Very often the manufacturer provides the response time for transition from grey-to-grey (G2G).1 ms (milliseconds)

Desktop monitors and smart TVs experience a latency/lag in visualizing the information. The time in milliseconds that the display needs to visualize the signal input.3.4 ms (milliseconds)

Information about the type of coating of the display. There are different types of matte and glossy coatings, each of which has its own advantages and drawbacks.Anti-glare/Matte3D

Information about the dimensions and the weight of the specific model with and without stand as well as the colors, in which it is offered to the market.Width

Information about the available connectivity ports, slots and interfaces such as USB, infrared port, SD card slot, audio/video and network interfaces, etc.2 x HDMI 1.4 (b)

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