space engineers can't type on lcd panel pricelist

I can"t get mroe than one LCD to display text at a time and that display will look something like that image. Basicly what should be on two or three display is displayed on a single display while all other displays will show either the offline or online texture despite being set to show public text v.v

They are all powered, owned by me, shared with faction, and public read/write. Turning them off and on again usualy only results in all of them showing the online/offline message regardless of settings.

I"m kind of at a lost here as to how to get them working right but they did work once. for a short time they were werking perfectly and now they all behave like this no matter how times I quit the program and restart.

The various LCD Panel blocks are a great way to add a human touch to a ship or base by displaying useful images or text. For LCD configuration and usage, see LCD Surface Options.

Note: Some functional blocks, such as Cockpits, Programmable Blocks, Custom Turret Controllers, and Button Panels, have customizable LCD surfaces built in that work the same way as LCD Panel blocks, which are also discussed in detail under LCD Surface Options.

LCD Panels need to be built on a powered grid to work. Without power, they display an "Offline" text. While powered without having a text, image, or script set up, they display "Online".

LCD Panel blocks come in a variety of sizes from tiny to huge (see list below) and are available for large and small grid sizes. Note that LCD Panel blocks all have connections on their backs, and very few also on a second side.

All LCD Panels and LCD surfaces work with the same principle: They are capable of displaying dynamic scripts, or few inbuilt static images accompanied by editable text. Access the ship"s Control Panel Screen to configure LCD Panels or LCD surfaces; or face the LCD Panel block and press "K".

A Text Panel, despite its name, can also display images. On large grid, it is rectangular and does not fully cover the side of a 1x1x1 block. On small grid it is 1x1x1, the smallest possible LCD block in game.

On large grid, you choose the Text Panel when you need something that has rectangular dimensions that make it look like a wall-mounted TV or computer screen. If you want to display images, this one works best with the built-in posters whose names end in "H" or "V" (for horizontal or vertical rotation). On Small grid, you place these tiny display surfaces so you can see them well while seated in a cockpit or control seat, to create a custom display array of flight and status information around you.

Corner LCDs are much smaller display panels that typically hold a few lines of text. They don"t cover the block you place them on and are best suited as signage for doors, passages, or containers. They are less suitable for displaying images, even though it"s possible. If you enable the "Keep aspect ratio" option, the image will take up less than a third of the available space.

These huge Sci-Fi LCD Panels come in sizes of 5x5, 5x3, and 3x3 blocks, and can be built on large grids only. These panels are only available to build if you purchase the "Sparks of the Future" pack DLC.

They work the same as all other LCD Panels, the only difference is that they are very large. In the scenario that comes with the free "Sparks of the Future" update, they are used prominently as advertisement boards on an asteroid station.

This LCD panel can be built on large and small grids. The transparent LCD is basically a 1x1x1 framed window that displays images and text. It is part of the paid "Decorative Blocks Pack #2" DLC.

What is special about them is that if you set the background color to black, this panel becomes a transparent window with a built-in display. In contrast to other LCD Panels it has no solid backside, which makes it ideal to construct transparent cockpit HUDs, or simply as cosmetic decoration.

While configuring an LCD Panel, the GUI covers up the display in-world and you can"t see how the text or images comes out. In the UI Options, you can lower the UI Background opacity to be translucent, so you can watch what you are doing more easily.

LCD Panel blocks have only one built-in LCD Surface, but other functional blocks have several LCD surfaces built in, for example Cockpits, Programmable Blocks, Custom Turret Controllers, Button Panels, and so on. All LCD surfaces work the same way, and have the same settings as the freestanding LCD Panel blocks. In constrast to the block variants, built-in LCD surfaces are fixed to their block "as is" and you cannot choose different screen sizes or positions. The advantage of the built-in surfaces is that they do not take up extra block space.

Artificial Horizon -- Cockpit instruments that include an AGL Altimeter in the bottom right, current angular momentum in the bottom left, and Attitude Indicator (angled lines in unit degrees) in the center. Typically only used on mobile grids, not stations.

Tip: If you are looking for an option to display inventory capacity, radar view, planetary maps, hull integrity, and the like, alas these scripts are not available by default. To calculate and display such information, you need a Programmable Block. Advanced players can write custom scripts, and everyone can download community-provided scripts from the Workshop that can be configured to output info from the Programmable Block to an LCD of your choice.

Edit Text -- Click this button to enter or paste text to display. Lines don"t wrap automatically, so enter line breaks where necessary to make it fit.

Loaded Textures -- Select from the list of default images, then click Add to Selection to display it. You can add more than one image and cycle, but you can only see one at a time.

Image Change Interval -- Enter a delay in seconds. If you have selected several images, they are displayed one after the other with this delay in between. This allows for simple slideshow-like animations. Set it to zero to disable the slideshow.

You can configure text settings, or image settings, or both. If you provide both text and image, it will display the text on top of the image, which adds nice flexibility to create your own combinations of icons and custom messages.

Note: If you select the texture named "Faction" here, you"ll get a generic static "Red Fist" logo, not your own faction logo. To get your faction logo, you want the "Faction icon" script instead.

Second, consider creating your custom image out of Monospace text, using Block Elements as pixels. Here is a great community app that converts any pictures into Block Element text: https://github.com/Whiplash141/Whips-Image-Converter/

The only disadvantage of this method is that images are blurry (pixelated), and stamp-sized pictures take up hundreds of kilobytes. The advantage is that this method works even on multiplayer servers and without mods.

Some scripts even display barcharts for the fill levels of cargo, remaining fuel, ship damage status, etc. dynamically, simply by printing sequences of Block Elements or text characters to the screen once per second, to fake portable "graphics" cheaply.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

Many prices seem (relatively) generous! Others, not so much. You can’t just replace your own battery or keyboard on a MacBook Pro, for example! You have to buy the entire top lid that comes with that and other parts preattached, and it’ll cost you more than twice the $199 that Apple charges for a battery replacement.

Apple spokesperson Patrick Leahy confirmed to The Vergethat a battery replacement part will eventually be available, but wouldn’t say when. Admittedly, your 2021 battery shouldn’t be wearing out just yet. No word on keyboard or speakers, either.

And while you can replace just the battery on your 2020 M1 MacBook Air, you’ll have to spend $39 — the same price as a full set of keycaps — to replace broken keys on your function row. That might be because Apple ships seven sets of Fn keycaps at a time:

The motherboard prices are particularly interesting. Not only will Apple not let you upgrade to a higher-end board, the company is dramatically incentivizing you to return the original part. It expects you to lay out as much as $4,222 for a new logic board — ouch at having that on my credit card — but you’ll get the vast majority of it back upon return. You should wind up paying $588 for a 16-inch MacBook Pro board, $500 for a 14-inch or 13-inch MBP board, or $368 for an M1 Air board, no matter how loaded it is.

You can also opt for Apple’s $49 tool rental — if you’re willing to sign away its whole purchase price in the event you don’t return it within seven days. (This nearly got me in trouble when I used one to repair my iPhone, as my parts arrived days after the kit, and even though I sent it back in time, Apple initially reported it missing.)

You can find a list of everything that comes with the MacBook tool rental at the bottom of this webpage. Interestingly, only the 2020 MacBook kits come with big, heavy special tools like display and battery presses.

The LCD Panel is a thin panel that takes an entire block face and can display a variety of messages and textures that can be displayed constantly or triggered by the Programmable Block, Sensor, Timer Block, or any other block capable of triggering.

Choosing "Edit Text" allows inputting custom text such as the name of a room to use above doors. The text can then be scaled up to fit the screen dimensions or preferred size by using the "Font Size" slider.

The "Color" sliders allow setting the text colour using RGB slider and "Backgr." allows setting background fill colours (default black). If using a transparent LCD then the text will be against transparency unless fill colour is added.

"Loaded Textures" has a list of the available default and modded (where applicable) images available for display on the screen. Select the desired image and select "Add to selection". The selected image will then show in the second "Selected textures" panel.

When multiple images are applied they can be set to cycle between with the duration between images being set by the "Image change interval" slider. To remove an image from display select it in the second panel and select "Remove selected".

The "Preserve aspect ratio" checkbox can be used to prevent the image being stretched if it does not fit the screen properly such as when using a wide LCD.

To set the LCD to display a script, choose "Script" from the dropdown. Choosing Script allows the display of information such as weather, artificial horizon for vehicles, Energy and Hydrogen level etc.

The panel"s title and text can be made public, private, or a combination of both. Textures applied can be selected from a list or custom textures can be selected. Textures can be set to rotate on a timer, changing from one to the next. GPS coordinates shown in the GPS format in the text panel will appear in the GPS and can be activated (=shown on HUD).

The LCD Panel could be accessed with the programmable block as IMyTextPanel. It could work in ´Texture Mode´ in which the selected textures are shown or the ´Text Mode´ in which the text is shown. The following methods are available:

The stand is pretty basic, but it supports the TV well, with just a bit of wobble. The feet are wide-set, but leave enough room to place most soundbars in front of it.

Unfortunately, there"s no cable management on the back of the TV. The inputs are all housed in the center of the TV, so they"re difficult to access when the TV is wall-mounted.

Sadly, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has mediocre build quality. It looks and feels cheap, and there"s a bit of flex and a creaking noise coming from the back panel. The feet and bezels of the TV are glossy black plastic, which looks cheap. Overall, it doesn"t feel very solid.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has an excellent contrast ratio, so blacks look black in a dark room instead of gray. Unfortunately, there"s no local dimming feature to improve contrast. Also, the photo above looks blueish because the TV has a cold color temperature, even after calibration.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has just okay peak brightness in SDR. There"s very little variation in brightness with different content, which is great. Very small scenes are dimmed a tiny bit, but this is far from noticeable.

These measurements are in the "Movie" Picture Mode with the Backlight at its max, Contrast at "50", Gamma at "0", Color Saturation at "45" and the Color Temperature set to "Warm". When we first tested the TV, it didn"t have any calibration settings, but it has 1-point white balance calibration settings with firmware version 7.2.7.4 and higher. After calibrating the TV, it has similar brightness as before, so calibration doesn"t affect the peak brightness.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series doesn"t have a local dimming feature. We still film these videos on the TV, though, so you can see how the backlight performs and compare it with a TV that has local dimming.

This TV doesn"t have a local dimming feature. We still film these videos on the TV, though, so you can see how the backlight performs and compare it with a TV that has local dimming.

Sadly, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has poor peak brightness in HDR. Small highlights aren"t bright enough to stand out at all. It follows the EOTF well, but there"s a sharp roll-off near the TV"s peak brightness, causing a loss of fine details in bright scenes, and blacks are raised a bit in near-dark scenes.

We measured the HDR peak brightness in the "Movie" Picture Mode with the Backlight at its max, Contrast at "50", and the Color Temperature set to "Warm". Setting the Color Temperature to "Standard" instead results in a slightly brighter image overall, as shown in this EOTF, but the overall peak brightness is still about the same.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has fair gray uniformity. There"s quite a bit of dirty screen effect on our unit, which can be distracting when watching sports, and the sides of the screen are significantly darker than the center. Uniformity can vary between individual units. Near-dark scenes have much better uniformity, but there are still some noticeable issues.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series we bought has reasonable black uniformity, but this can vary between individual units. The screen is a bit cloudy throughout, which can be distracting in dark scenes, but it"s not too bad. There"s some backlight bleed, but it"s not too noticeable. Unfortunately, there"s no local dimming feature to improve black uniformity.

Unfortunately, as expected for a VA panel, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has a poor viewing angle, so it"s not well-suited for a wide seating arrangement. The image appears washed out if you"re even slightly off-center.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has decent reflection handling. The semi-gloss finish reduces the intensity of direct reflections a bit without smearing them across the screen. Visibility is still an issue in brighter rooms, though, as the TV isn"t bright enough to overcome direct sunlight.

Unfortunately, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has terrible accuracy out-of-the-box, even with the most accurate settings. The color temperature is very cool, despite using the "Warm" setting, and there are noticeable issues with every color and the white balance. Gamma is pretty close to our target of 2.2 for a dark room, though, but bright scenes are over-brightened a bit.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has terrible accuracy after calibration. Originally, the TV didn"t have any calibration settings, but it received 1-point white balance settings with firmware 7.2.7.4 and newer, but sadly it doesn"t improve the accuracy much. The color accuracy, white balance, and gamma are all slightly improved, but not by much. Overall, don"t expect to see an accurate image if you get this TV.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series does a decent job upscaling 480p content, like DVDs. There"s a slight issue with 480p content, though, as the image is cut slightly and then stretched to fill the screen. It"s not as bad as the TCL 6 Series/R646 2021 QLED, but still a bit worse than most other TVs. Even adjusting all of the upscaling settings didn"t fix anything.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series does a decent job upscaling 720p content, including most cable TV channels, but like with 480p content, it cuts the image slightly and expands it to fill the screen.

4k content is displayed almost perfectly, but every second blue subpixel is dimmed slightly. This causes purple and green fringing around some content, like the shadows in this scene from Final Fantasy XV. It"s not as bad as the Toshiba Fire TV 2020, but it"s noticeable.

Like most TVs on the market with VA panels, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series uses a BGR (Blue-Green-Red) subpixel layout instead of the traditional Red-Green-Blue layout. It doesn"t cause any issues for video content, but if you plan to use this TV as a PC monitor, it might be an issue for text clarity. You can read more about this here.

Unfortunately, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has just an alright color gamut. It can"t display a wide color gamut for the latest HDR content, and tone mapping is off in the DCI P3 and the Rec. 2020 color spaces. The Insignia F50 QLED, with its quantum dot panel, delivers a much wider range of colors.

Unfortunately, this TV has mediocre gradient handling. There"s noticeable banding in every color. The Gradation Clear setting helps to smooth out banding, especially with the "High" setting, but this can cause a loss of fine details in high-quality content.

The above photo and results are with a 1080p resolution to be consistent with other reviews, including the Amazon Fire TV Omni Series. However, this TV has worse gradient handling with 1080p signals than 4k signals. You can see that it looks like there"s 8-bit banding with a 1080p resolution. The same thing happens with the Omni Series TV. The gradient results with a 4k resolution are below, and you can also see how there"s much less banding:Red: 0.082

Unfortunately, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has a mediocre response time, so there"s considerable blur in fast scenes. Like most VA-type panels, dark objects are significantly slower, resulting in black smearing behind fast-moving dark objects.

Unfortunately, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series uses pulse-width modulation to dim the backlight. There"s noticeable flicker at all backlight levels below the maximum. This flicker causes duplications in motion, and it can bother some people.

This TV doesn"t have an optional backlight strobing feature, commonly known as black frame insertion, but there"s flicker at all backlight levels below the maximum.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has an optional motion interpolation feature, which can improve the appearance of low frame rate content. The feature is okay, but it can"t handle fast-moving content well, and there are noticeable artifacts and halos in some content. It"s also a bit choppy when the camera is moving.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series has fantastic low input lag, as long as you"re in "Game" Mode. Unfortunately, "PC" Mode and any mode other than "Game" has extremely high input lag.

Unfortunately, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series can"t display proper 4:4:4 chroma with any supported resolution. 4k @ 60Hz is displayed properly, but when a chroma 4:4:4 signal is sent, text looks blurry.

This TV only supports the basic 4k @ 60Hz formats with/ both of the new consoles. It supports very few advanced gaming features, but it automatically switches into "Game" Mode when you start playing a game.

Although advertised to have one HDMI 2.1 port, the Amazon Fire TV 4-Series only supports HDMI 2.0. The HDMI 2.1 port advertised only supports eARC, which is part of the HDMI 2.1 specifications but doesn"t require any extra bandwidth over HDMI 2.0.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series supports eARC, and it supports passthrough of some advanced audio formats when your TV is connected to a high definition video source.

Unfortunately, this TV has a disappointing frequency response. The low-frequency extension (LFE) is extremely high, resulting in a very weak bass, with no thump or rumble at all. Above the LFE, the frequency response is fairly balanced, so dialogue sounds clear, as long you"re not at max volume, as there"s a bit more compression.

This TV has okay distortion handling. There"s not much distortion at moderate listening levels, but it"s a bit more noticeable at max volume. Not everyone will hear this, though, and it varies depending on the content.

The Amazon Fire TV 4-Series runs a slightly more recent Fire TV interface than the previous non-Amazon branded Fire TVs, including the Toshiba C350 Fire TV 2021. The interface is smooth and easy to use, and we didn"t notice any bugs during testing.

The remote is nearly identical to the one included with the Toshiba C350 Fire TV 2021. It"s a pretty basic remote, but it has built-in voice control, which you can use to change inputs, launch apps, or search for content, but it can"t adjust the TV"s settings. Through Amazon Alexa, you can use the voice controls to control other compatible smart products.

Note: Our unit was purchased in Canada, as we weren"t able to get one quickly enough from the U.S. The quick access buttons at the bottom of the remote are slightly different on U.S. models.

This article is about the general concept of a personal computer ("PC"). For the specific architecture often meant by "PC" in industry jargon, see IBM PC compatible.

An artist"s depiction of a 2000s-era desktop-style personal computer, which includes a metal case with the computing components, a display monitor and a keyboard (mouse not shown)

A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use.end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large, costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. Primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s, the term home computer was also used.

Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines. While personal computer users may develop their own applications, usually these systems run commercial software, free-of-charge software ("freeware"), which is most often proprietary, or free and open-source software, which is provided in "ready-to-run", or binary, form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers.

Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware dominated much of the personal computer market, first with MS-DOS and then with Windows. Alternatives to Microsoft"s Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry. These include Apple"s macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux.

The term "PC" is an initialism for "personal computer". While the IBM Personal Computer incorporated the designation in its model name, the term originally described personal computers of any brand.

The "brain" [computer] may one day come down to our level [of the common people] and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far.

In the history of computing, early experimental machines could be operated by a single attendant. For example, ENIAC which became operational in 1946 could be run by a single, albeit highly trained, person.terminals to mainframe computers. Computers intended for laboratory, instrumentation, or engineering purposes were built, and could be operated by one person in an interactive fashion. Examples include such systems as the Bendix G15 and LGP-30 of 1956, and the Soviet MIR series of computers developed from 1965 to 1969.computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person.

The personal computer was made possible by major advances in semiconductor technology. In 1959, the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip was developed by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor,metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor was developed by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs.RCA in 1964,silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit was developed by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968.microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971.microcomputers, based on microprocessors, were developed during the early 1970s. Widespread commercial availability of microprocessors, from the mid-1970s onwards, made computers cheap enough for small businesses and individuals to own.

In what was later to be called the Mother of All Demos, SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart in 1968 gave a preview of features that would later become staples of personal computers: e-mail, hypertext, word processing, video conferencing, and the mouse. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time.

Early personal computers‍—‌generally called microcomputers‍—‌were often sold in a kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by front panel lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards, computer displays, disk drives, and printers.

Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972, and a few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the Datapoint 2200 in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for x86 architectureIBM PC and its descendants.

In 1973, the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT, and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL/1130.APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL/1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, portable computer now resides in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians, and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton.

A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973 Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox"s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). It had a graphical user interface (GUI) which later served as inspiration for Apple"s Macintosh, and Microsoft"s Windows operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable.

Also in 1973 Hewlett Packard introduced fully BASIC programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display, and printer. The Wang 2200 microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size cathode ray tube (CRT) and cassette tape storage.

1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true "personal computer", the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).Intel 8080 Microprocessor,microcomputer revolutioncomputer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft"s founding product, Altair BASIC.

In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the Apple I computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The Apple I computer differed from the other kit-style hobby computers of era. At the request of Paul Terrell, owner of the Byte Shop, Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order, for 50 Apple I computers, only if the computers were assembled and tested and not a kit computer. Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users, not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit. The Apple I as delivered was still technically a kit computer, as it did not have a power supply, case, or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop.

The three personal computers referred to by Byte Magazine as the "1977 Trinity" of home computing: The Commodore PET, the Apple II, and the TRS-80 Model I.

The first successfully mass-marketed personal computer to be announced was the Commodore PET after being revealed in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later that year.Apple II (usually referred to as the "Apple") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June 1977,TRS-80 from Tandy Corporation / Tandy Radio Shack following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, these 3 machines were referred to as the "1977 trinity". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.

In 1977 the Heath company introduced personal computer kits known as Heathkits, starting with the Heathkit H8, followed by the Heathkit H89 in late 1979. With the purchase of the Heathkit H8 you would obtain the chassis and CPU card to assemble yourself, additional hardware such as the H8-1 memory board that contained 4k of RAM could also be purchased in order to run software. The Heathkit H11 model was released in 1978 and was one of the first 16-bit personal computers; however, due to its high retail cost of $1,295 was discontinued in 1982.

During the early 1980s, home computers were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could be used with a television already in the home as the computer display, with low-detail blocky graphics and a limited color range, and text about 40 characters wide by 25 characters tall. Sinclair Research,ZX80 (1980), ZX81 (1981), and the ZX Spectrum; the latter was introduced in 1982, and totaled 8 million unit sold. Following came the Commodore 64, totaled 17 million units soldAmstrad CPC series (464–6128).

In the same year, the NEC PC-98 was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units.Amiga 1000, was unveiled by Commodore on 23 July 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$1,295.

Workstations were characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large-capacity local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a multitasking operating system. Eventually, due to the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market, personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of personal computers used at home.

An increasingly important set of uses for personal computers relied on the ability of the computer to communicate with other computer systems, allowing interchange of information. Experimental public access to a shared mainframe computer system was demonstrated as early as 1973 in the Community Memory project, but bulletin board systems and online service providers became more commonly available after 1978. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s, giving public access to the rapidly growing network.

In 1991, the World Wide Web was made available for public use. The combination of powerful personal computers with high-resolution graphics and sound, with the infrastructure provided by the Internet, and the standardization of access methods of the Web browsers, established the foundation for a significant fraction of modern life, from bus time tables through unlimited distribution of free videos through to online user-edited encyclopedias.

A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. Workstations are used for tasks such as computer-aided design, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, architectural modeling, and computer graphics for animation and motion picture visual effects.

Before the widespread use of PCs, a computer that could fit on a desk was remarkably small, leading to the "desktop" nomenclature. More recently, the phrase usually indicates a particular style of computer case. Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small models which can be tucked behind or rest directly beneath (and support) LCD monitors.

While the term "desktop" often refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer tower case, these varieties often rest on the ground or underneath desks. Despite this seeming contradiction, the term "desktop" does typically refer to these vertical tower cases as well as the horizontally aligned models which are designed to literally rest on top of desks and are therefore more appropriate to the "desktop" term, although both types qualify for this "desktop" label in most practical situations aside from certain physical arrangement differences. Both styles of these computer cases hold the systems hardware components such as the motherboard, processor chip and other internal operating parts. Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard, which are plugged into ports on the back of the computer case. Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they leave space on the desk for multiple monitors.

A gaming computer is a desktop computer that generally comprises a high-performance video card, processor and RAM, to improve the speed and responsiveness of demanding video games.

An all-in-one computer (also known as single-unit PCs) is a desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit. A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices, with some monitors including touchscreen capability. The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops, located behind the monitor, and configured similarly to laptops.

A nettop computer was introduced by Intel in February 2008, characterized by low cost and lean functionality. These were intended to be used with an Internet connection to run Web browsers and Internet applications.

A Home theater PC (HTPC) combines the functions of a personal computer and a digital video recorder. It is connected to a TV set or an appropriately sized computer display, and is often used as a digital photo viewer, music and video player, TV receiver, and digital video recorder. HTPCs are also referred to as media center systems or media servers. The goal is to combine many or all components of a home theater setup into one box. HTPCs can also connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be assembled from components.

Keyboard computers are computers inside of keyboards, generally still designed to be connected to an external computer monitor or television. Examples include the Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, MSX, Raspberry Pi 400, and the ZX Spectrum.

The potential utility of portable computers was apparent early on. Alan Kay described the Dynabook in 1972, but no hardware was developed. The Xerox NoteTaker was produced in a very small experimental batch around 1978. In 1975, the IBM 5100 could be fit into a transport case, making it a portable computer, but it weighed about 50 pounds.

Before the introduction of the IBM PC, portable computers consisting of a processor, display, disk drives and keyboard, in a suit-case style portable housing, allowed users to bring a computer home from the office or to take notes at a classroom. Examples include the Osborne 1 and Kaypro; and the Commodore SX-64. These machines were AC-powered and included a small CRT display screen. The form factor was intended to allow these systems to be taken on board an airplane as carry-on baggage, though their high power demand meant that they could not be used in flight. The integrated CRT display made for a relatively heavy package, but these machines were more portable than their contemporary desktop equals. Some models had standard or optional connections to drive an external video monitor, allowing a larger screen or use with video projectors.

IBM PC-compatible suitcase format computers became available soon after the introduction of the PC, with the Compaq Portable being a leading example of the type. Later models included a hard drive to give roughly equivalent performance to contemporary desktop computers.

The development of thin plasma display and LCD screens permitted a somewhat smaller form factor, called the "lunchbox" computer. The screen formed one side of the enclosure, with a detachable keyboard and one or two half-height floppy disk drives, mounted facing the ends of the computer. Some variations included a battery, allowing operation away from AC outlets.

Notebook computers such as the TRS-80 Model 100 and Epson HX-20 had roughly the plan dimensions of a sheet of typing paper (ANSI A or ISO A4). These machines had a keyboard with slightly reduced dimensions compared to a desktop system, and a fixed LCD display screen coplanar with the keyboard. These displays were usually small, with 8 to 16 lines of text, sometimes only 40 columns line length. However, these machines could operate for extended times on disposable or rechargeable batteries. Although they did not usually include internal disk drives, this form factor often included a modem for telephone communication and often had provisions for external cassette or disk storage. Later, clam-shell format laptop computers with similar small plan dimensions were also called "notebooks".

A laptop computer is designed for portability with "clamshell" design, where the keyboard and computer components are on one panel, with a hinged second panel containing a flat display screen. Closing the laptop protects the screen and keyboard during transportation. Laptops generally have a rechargeable battery, enhancing their portability. To save power, weight and space, laptop graphics chips are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM, resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to desktop machines, that more typically have a graphics card installed. For this reason, desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for gaming purposes.

Unlike desktop computers, only minor internal upgrades (such as memory and hard disk drive) are feasible owing to the limited space and power available. Laptops have the same input and output ports as desktops, for connecting to external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards. Laptops are also a little more expensive compared to desktops, as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive.

A desktop replacement computer is a portable computer that provides the full capabilities of a desktop computer. Such computers are currently large laptops. This class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers, and may have limited battery capacity or no battery.

Netbooks, also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks, were a subgroup of laptopsweb-based applications. Initially, the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an optical disc drive, smaller size, and lower performance than full-size laptops. By mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan.Ultrabooks and Chromebooks have since filled the gap left by Netbooks. Unlike the generic Netbook name, Ultrabook and Chromebook are technically both specifications by Intel and Google respectively.

A tablet uses a touchscreen display, which can be controlled using either a stylus pen or finger. Some tablets may use a "hybrid" or "convertible" design, offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment, or a screen that can be rotated and folded directly over top the keyboard. Some tablets may use desktop-PC operating system such as Windows or Linux, or may run an operating system designed primarily for tablets. Many tablet computers have USB ports, to which a keyboard or mouse can be connected.

Smartphones are often similar to tablet computers, the difference being that smartphones always have cellular integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.

The ultra-mobile PC (UMP) is a small tablet computer. It was developed by Microsoft, Intel and Samsung, among others. Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Linux operating system, and low-voltage Intel Atom or VIA C7-M processors.

A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (personal digital assistant, PDA) that runs the Microsoft Windows Mobile operating system. It may have the capability to run an alternative operating system like NetBSD or Linux. Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop PCs. Numerous applications are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are freeware. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like GPS receivers, barcode readers, RFID readers and cameras.

In 2007, with the release of Windows Mobile 6, Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme: devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC, while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile Professional.

Palmtop PCs were miniature pocket-sized computers running DOS that first came about in the late 1980s, typically in a clamshell form factor with a keyboard. Non-x86 based devices were often called palmtop computers, examples being Psion Series 3. In later years a hardware specification called Handheld PC was later released by Microsoft that run the Windows CE operating system.

Computer hardware is a comprehensive term for all physical and tangible parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. Some sub-systems of a personal computer may contain processors that run a fixed program, or firmware, such as a keyboard controller. Firmware usually is not changed by the end user of the personal computer.

Most 2010s-era computers require users only to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical desktop computer consists of a computer case (or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the power supply, motherboard, a storage device such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, and often an optical disc drive. Most towers have empty space where users can add additional components. External devices such as a computer monitor or visual display unit, keyboard, and a pointing device (mouse) are usually found in a personal computer.

The motherboard connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The RAM, graphics card and processor are in most cases mounted directly onto the motherboard. The central processing unit (microprocessor chip) plugs into a CPU socket, while the ram modules plug into corresponding ram sockets. Some motherboards have the video display adapter, sound and other peripherals integrated onto the motherboard, while others use expansion slots for graphics cards, network cards, or other I/O devices. The graphics card or sound card may employ a break out box to keep the analog parts away from the electromagnetic radiation inside the computer case. Disk drives, which provide mass storage, are connected to the motherboard with one cable, and to the power supply through another cable. Usually, disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage.

For large amounts of data, a tape drive can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case. The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I/O panel on the back of the computer case. The monitor is also connected to the input/output (I/O) panel, either through an onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphics card. Capabilities of the personal computer"s hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion cards connected via an expansion bus. Standard peripheral buses often used for adding expansion cards in personal computers include PCI, PCI Express (PCIe), and AGP (a high-speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters, found in older computers). Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots, with some having PCI slots as well.

A peripheral is "a device connected to a computer to provide communication (such as input and output) or auxiliary functions (such as additional storage)".USB flash drives provide portable storage using flash memory which allows users to access the files stored on the drive on any computer. Memory cards also provide portable storage for users, commonly used on other electronics such as mobile phones and digital cameras, the information stored on these cards can be accessed using a memory card reader to transfer data between devices. Webcams, which are either built into computer hardware or connected via USB are video cameras that records video in real time to either be saved to the computer or streamed somewhere else over the internet. Game controllers can be plugged in via USB and can be used as an input device for video games as an alternative to using keyboard and mouse. Headphones and speakers can be connected via USB or through an auxiliary port (found on I/O panel) and allow users to listen to audio accessed on their computer; however, speakers may also require an additional power source to operate. Microphones can be connected through an audio input port on the I/O panel and allow the computer to convert sound into an electrical signal to be used or transmitted by the computer.

Computer software is any kind of computer program, procedure, or documentation that performs some task on a computer system.application software such as word processors that perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems that interface with computer hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware that controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

Children being taught how to use a laptop computer in 2005. An older (1990s-era) desktop personal computer"s CRT monitor is visible in the background.

Software applications are common for word processing, Internet browsing, Internet faxing, e-mail and other digital messaging, multimedia playback, playing of computer game, and computer programming. The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most software written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "user-friendliness" in mind. However, the software industry continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.

An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating computer networking, and managing files.

Common contemporary desktop operating systems are Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Solaris and FreeBSD. Windows, macOS, and Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the Unix operating system.

Early personal computers used operating systems that supported command line interaction, using an alphanumeric display and keyboard. The user had to remember a large range of commands to, for example, open a file for editing or to move text from one place to another. Starting in the early 1960s, the advantages of a graphical user interface began to be explored, but widespread adoption required lower-cost graphical display equipment. By 1984, mass-market computer systems using graphical user interfaces were available; by the turn of the 21st century, text-mode operating systems were no longer a significant fraction of the personal computer market.

Generally, a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task.System software supports applicationsanalogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system):

Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and LibreOffice,user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. Often, they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user; for example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application.

End-user development tailors systems to meet the user"s specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts; even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.

PC gaming is popular among the high-end PC market. According to an April 2018 market analysis done by Newzoo, PC gaming has fallen behind both console and mobile gaming in terms of market share sitting at a 24% share of the entire market. The market for PC gaming still continues to grow and is expected to generate $32.3 billion in revenue in the year 2021.esports, with games such as

In 2001, 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977.billion personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time. Of the latter figure, 75% were professional or work related, while the rest were sold for personal or home use. About 81.5% of personal computers shipped had been desktop computers, 16.4% laptops and 2.1% servers. The United States had received 38.8% (394 million) of the computers shipped, Europe 25% and 11.7% had gone to the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest-growing market as of 2002. The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008.Western Europe had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40% of homes in United Kingdom, compared with only 13% in 1985.

As of June 2008, the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion,Western Europe and Japan accounted for 58% of the worldwide installed PCs. The emerging markets were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70% of the second billion PCs. About 180 million computers (16% of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12% annually.

Based on International Data Corporation (IDC) data for Q2 2011, for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively. This trend reflects the rising of emerging markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions.

In the developed world, there has been a vendor tradition to keep adding functions to maintain high prices of personal computers. However, since the introduction of the One Laptop per Child foundation and its low-cost XO-1 laptop, the computing industry started to pursue the price too. Although introduced only one year earlier, there were 14 million netbooks sold in 2008.

In 2011, Deloitte consulting firm predicted that, smartphones and tablet computers as computing devices would surpass the PCs salesGartner showed a similar decline for the same time period.Lenovo Group bucked the general trend as strong sales to first-time buyers in the developing world allowed the company"s sales to stay flat overall.Windows 8, which was designed to look similar to tablet/smartphone software, was cited as a contributing factor in the decline of new PC sales. "Unfortunately, it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only didn"t provide a positive boost to the PC market, but appears to have slowed the market," said IDC Vice President Bob O’Donnell.

In August 2013, Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75% of the operating profit share of the PC industry to Microsoft (operating system) and Intel (semiconductors).

In the second quarter of 2018, PC sales grew for the first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline.

Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for around only US$400, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another $2,000, and the resultant system was of use only to hobbyists.

At their introduction in 1981, the US$1,795 price of the Osborne 1 and its competitor Kaypro was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982, Michael Dell observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about US$3,000 was made of components that cost the dealer about $600; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around $1,000.$4 billion, comparable to total sales of pet food. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below $1,000.

Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste generated annually, according to the United Nations Environment Programme. To address the electronic waste issue affecting developing countries and the environment, extended producer responsibility (EPR) acts have been implemented in various countries and states.Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and BAN (Basel Action Network) teamed up with electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of electronic waste. Some organizations oppose EPR regulation, and claim that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use.

Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010), The iPad"s Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right, Popular Science, retrieved 2010-10-14, The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.

Weidendorfer, Josef (2011). Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, Intel Core Microarchitecture, x86 Processor Family. Boston, MA: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-09765-7.

Green, Wayne (February 1976). "Believe Me – I"m No Expert!". 73 Magazine. No. 184. Peterborough, NH: 73, Inc. p. 89. Wayne Green visited MITS in August 1975 and interviewed Ed Roberts. Article has several paragraphs on the design of the Altair 8800.

Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. S2CID 32243439. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.

Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-262-53203-7. "This announcement [Altair 8800] ranks with IBM"s announcement of the System/360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing."

"Computing Japan". Computing Japan. 54–59: 18. 1999. Retrieved February 6, 2012. ...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember.

Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin (1993). "Workstation". Encyclopedia of Computer Science (Third ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-27679-9.

"Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry", The New York Times, April 1, 2009, retrieved 2010-10-14, AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... "The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year," said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.

Kinser, Jason (2015). Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices. Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices. Morgan and Claypool. Bibcode:2015klmd.book.....K. doi:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1. ISBN 978-1-6270-5627-4.

"The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy". The Financialist. Credit Suisse. August 8, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.

Kateri M. Drexler Icons of business: an encyclopedia of mavericks, movers, and shakers, Volume 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 0-313-33863-9, p. 102

Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x. S2CID 154297251. Retrieved August 23, 2014.

Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can"t get a date, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992), ISBN 0-201-57032-7

Our technicians ensure that your equipment is functioning properly by completing any maintenance and install enhancements,  including engineering change notice updates.

Keeping your equipment in top-running shape with factory or onsite calibration services helps ensure your network will continue to operate at peak performance. A variety of options allow you to manage the logistics of calibrating your equipment, while maximizing your maintenance investment. Performing regular calibration of equipment ensures the accuracy of its measurements. Improper calibration, however can compromise a network and impact services.

Keep your equipment in top-running shape with VIAVI On-site Services that help to ensure your network continues to operate at peak performance. It"s the most cost-efficient and effective way to maintain equipment on a timetable that meets your requirements.

VIAVI offers self-paced technical and product training as a flexible, efficient, and cost-effective training delivery option. Self-paced training offers a flexible training option for small groups of employees or those located remotely or in multiple locations. It’s an ideal training solution for instructing technicians who work in the field and cannot attend on-site classes.

VIAVI Care Plan Priority Services and Technical Expert Application Center (TAC) Service Levels for Field Portable Instruments used to test fiber, cable TV, xDSL, metro and wireless networks

The hallmark of our test platforms is evolving, modular test features to allow customers to keep pace with advancing communications technologies. The learning process is not just “one and done,” and field teams often have high rates of turnover.

Batteries and bags wear out with daily use and charge cycles. To ensure these items don"t slow you down, our 5 year plans include a replacement over the life of your 5 year plan.

VIAVI will provide a one-time replacement of bad battery and worn soft bag/glove within the duration of a 5-year SilverCare or MaxCare Support Plan. Replacement will only be replaced when the instrument is returned to VIAVI for repair or calibration service. Hard cases are excluded, and coverage is not applicable for instruments sold without bag/battery.

Instrument products come with accessory cables and connector tips. To ensure reliable, accurate testing we will cover the replacement of one accessory annually, to ensure good test results.

When an accessory has been determined to be defective or faulty, VIAVI will, at no charge to customer, either repair the accessory or exchange at VIAVI’s discretion. Exchanged accessories may be new or refurbished. All returned accessories become property of VIAVI. The following limitations apply: no more than one accessory may be exchanged per 12 month period; applicable accessories include only those accessories that are considered essential to the operation of the instrument and were shipped with the original purchased product. The Customer is responsible for shipping faulty accessory back to VIAVI when there is a concern or during a calibration or repai