fluorescent lamp in lcd panel testing pricelist

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​The mineral lights needed to prospect for our magnificent glow rocks are expensive,and serious lights are only available from a few manufacturers.There are many different kinds of lights out there; some are simply not suitable for fluorescent mineral collecting. They are usually the cheap alternative and the buyer will be greatly disappointed. For reference, an example of these types of lights is listed at

A very recent development for our hobby is SW (and MW) flashlights. This is a huge development and we"ll soon add a blog post about them showing the advantages and disadvantages.

You can expect to pay >$240 for a reasonable portable shortwave field mineral light, and powerful home display lights can be a thousand dollars or more. There are lower cost entry level lights which will allow you to play around and learn - see if this hobby is for you. But expect to invest some money in serious lights if you catch the glowbug. Below is a

There are many entry level lights on the market. Prices range from a few $ to a ridiculous price of $150. Some are simple 4 watt blacklights. Some are garbage 390/395nm LEDs. Some low-power shortwave lights might be a way to see if you"re really interested in the hobby before dropping several hundred dollars on a real light (but anything over $75 merits serious thought about a real light).

Be aware that the really cheap ones are.... cheap. Fluorescent tube blackights are longwave and really replaced by LED flashlights - fewer fluorescent minerals are found using a blacklight. Unfiltered shortwave lights are garbage.

The small 4W/6W/11W shortwave lights are very low power and will only light up a small area, in spite of outlandish claims of UV power. Some have ridiculously low-power LW/SW bulbs, and filter windows so small you"ll be lucky to light up a stamp.

The first SW light most people own is a medium power, portable fluorescent tube based shortwave field light. Battery powered, they are used to go collecting at night, at shows, club meetings etc. While there are a few low-end lights which will marginally do the job, if you"re serious about collecting there are only a few companies who offer lights made for today"s hobby.

A very new technology has recently come on the scene (Feb 22) - 255nm and 307nm flashlights. They offer most of the capabilities of their larger/bulkier tube based brethren, but in a flashlight form factor. They produce a bright "spotlight" which is more intense than a tube light, but lights up a much smaller area. Several models are being advertised with different powers (and prices).

Having midwave and shortwave flashlights is a real treat. They are not yet ready to replace tube based lights for exploring large areas efficiently but, due to the brightness of their spot can cause fluorescence in many specimens not usually seen with TLs (tube lights)

365nm longwave LED flashlights are a must. Note that these lights must have a UV pass/visible blocking filter - a must for any light used with fluorescent minerals - even LED lights.

High wattage lights (AC powered) are used to illuminate large collections, museum displays, and other types of mineral displays. The same manufacturers who offer portable field lights also sell a complete line of the high-powered lights. Learn about selecting a portable light and apply what you"ve learned when it comes time to spend $700 to $1,500 on a big light...

Colorgems is a small European company started from one person"s hobby and passion, collecting fluorescent minerals. They are new to the UV light business (late 2016) and, although it appears that they offer some interesting lights we discovered them too late to be included in the review.

The most exciting (to me) thing about Colorgems is they are located in the Netherlands - until now, we have not had a European manufacturer of lights. This should help expand the hobby for our friends across the pond.

The folks at Engenious were hobbyists at first, then realized everyone wanted their lights, there were very few options on the market for affordable UV light fixtures, and even fewer high quality fixtures. So after a bit of trial and error and playing with multiple lights and LEDs Engenious was born.

Compact ultraviolet lamps effective for gem and mineral inspection. These portable inspection lamps feature a powerful, high-intensity LED and a lightweight, yet rugged, anodized aluminum body, to minimize corrosion and assure long shop life.What makes it interesting? Write a catchy description to grab your audience"s attention...

UV Systems has been in business since 1992 and is recognized by most as the leading manufacturer of mineral lights for the fluorescent mineral hobby. They offer portable field lamps, as well as high-end display lamps and are well known for their technical contributions to our hobby.

UV Tools is a relatively new manufacturer of mineral lights. Their focus is on low-end, small battery powered lights. They offer a line of higher powered lights also. Their little low-cost "AA" powered light might be a great way to get your feet wet and learn about the hobby, upgrade to a more powerful, serious light later once you"ve caught the glowbug.

Way Too Cool offers a broad line of products with perhaps a dozen different field lamps of varying power and different combinations of shortwave, midwave, and longwave. Another long list of AC display lamps rounds out the product line.

Recently it appears that this link is not working and I cannot find Raytech""s mineral lights on the web. Raytech is another old-timer in our hobby, around since 1958. They offer a low-end line of mineral lights that have not changed for many years. Like UVP, their product line is aged and seems neglected. As of March, 2017 their web site doesn"t seem to be working beyond the front page. I"ll leave this link up until I get clarity....

UVP, back in its heyday, was an innovator in the world of mineral lights. Tom Warren (often called the grandfather of fluorescent minerals) was the founder of UVP. Today their product line is aged and seems neglected.

Ebay is filled with SW lamps for $15 to $25 that offer up the world of fluorescence for pennies on the dollar. These lights are UNFILTERED and completely useless for the fluorescent mineral hobby. They will often be shown with a specimen of willemite/calcite from Franklin NJ and you will see a washed out glow from the rocks. That"s about the only rock you"ll be able to see any fluorescence in, and even those wonderfully bright fluorescent specimens will appear washed out. Even worse, some have photoshopped pics of our rocks with their lights, as if the light was causing the fluorescence.

Bottom line - if you don"t see a filter on the light (a dark glass allowing only a purple/violet light to escape), don"t waste your time. Our UV lights generate a lot of visible light in addition to the UV. This light must be filtered by UV pass, visible blocking filters. These filters are the most expensive part and many unscrupulous (or uneducated) sellers try to sell lights which don"t have them.

NOTE: There is one exception to this. The, recently marketed from China, uses a Nichia high-power 365nm LED. With a filter installed, it outperforms anylongwave portable light on the market today.

Longwave lights have their place in our hobby but the first time buyer must be aware that only a small percentage of fluorescent minerals will react to longwave (LW). The bright, multi-colored specimens you see in the Nature"s Rainbows photo gallery almost always require a good SW light.

Worse - there are many different types of cheap LW lights. Some are simple LED flashlights which put out more visible light than UV. Others are ordinary, low power blacklights. The first time buyer will quickly tire of these lights, and any attempt at photography will simply result in a blue blob. $20 probably won"t break the bank but these are not lights for serious collectors. For more about LED UV flashlights read

Olympus offers a variety of configurations when it comes to Delta offerings. The Delta classic is SiPin technology (no light elements Ti and above) Delta Standard has a small area SDD (faster with light elements) and the Delta Pro and Premium offer a large area SDD (fast with the lowest light element detection). Here is a menu of Delta offerings and as you scroll down you will see what calibrations (modes) are available for each and what elements are available for each. Read about XRF safety and sample preparation using a pulverizer for spectrometers.

Look through and see what analyzer and mode would best suit your requirements and application and get a quote made up specifically for you. Ballpark pricing is around $30,000 for a Classic and $35,000 for a Delta pro and premium for new units.

Olympus often suggests a Delta Pro with Alloy plus and precious metals addition with Karat I.D and possible a workstation for small sample analysis. You may be interested in mining plus or Geochem mode as well.

The XL3t 970 GOLDD+ Handheld XRF Analyzer with 50kV miniature x-ray tube and geometrically optimized large area drift detector (GOLDD+) and a camera for positioning small samples. Package includes the Portable Test Stand.

B: Electronic Metals Analysis; (Includes elemental analysis of: Ba, Sb, Sn, In, Cd, Pd, Ag, Mo, Nb, Zr, Se, Bi, Pb, Pt, Br, Au, Hg, Ta, Hf, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti)

Mobile laboratories are important to the exploration geochemist because they offer rapid chemical analyses of geologic materials in the field. This permits modification of the sampling plan in response to significant findings, rather than following a planned sampling scheme and leaving any follow-up to a later time. The U.S. Geological Survey has long had mobile laboratories of varying degrees of mobility and complexity, ranging from truck or trailer mounted optical emission spectrographic and atomic-absorption laboratories to simple prepared colorimetric test kits carried in the field.

The portable X-ray spectrograph, Portaspec, appeared to be suitable for adding X-ray spectrographic methodology to the field techniques. It is lightweight, consists of two 25- and 8-kg pieces, is of rugged construction, and requires only an electrical power supply. With a portable generator it can be used in a field camp or vehicle.

Sampling for geochemical studies may include the collection of a variety of materials; rocks, soils, water, plant-material, stream-sediments, and panned heavy-mineral concentrates of stream sediments. All have advantages, but to be suitable for a rapid field analytical technique such as that utilizing the Portaspec, the sampling and sample preparation must be rapid and require only mobile equipment. The sampling and sample preparation should provide enough sample with the elements of interest at a concentration sufficiently high to allow the analytical technique to detect significant geochemical anomalies.

For this study, the stream sediment was selected as the sample media. Stream-sediment samples require a minimum of sample preparation time and equipment in the field. They are dried and sieved.

Stream-sediment samples, which had been previously analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy and atomic-absorption spectroscopy were used in this study so that the results could be compared. The samples came from two different environments, a probable porphyry copper deposit and a zinc-lead sulfide deposit.

The X-ray spectrograph is a Portaspec portable X-ray spectrograph (Pitchford Scientific instruments Division of Hankison Corporation) Model 2501. The power supply and readout display weighs 25 kg and the probe head weighs 8 kg. A tungsten target beryllium window X-ray tube is operated at a fixed 30 kV with a lithium fluoride (200) analyzing crystal and sealed proportional detector. The only service required is 115V, 60 Hz, 300W electrical. A recirculating system for water cooling of the X-ray tube is used.

The probe head was operated in an inverted position to present a flat surface of the sieved stream-sediment sample to the X-ray beam. An inverted sample attachment is available commercially but was not used. A cup-shaped radiation shield enclosing the sample was used to provide radiation protection for the operator.

All determinations were made at 4 µm X-ray tube current for 20 seconds and read from a digital scaler. The K alpha line was used for Cu, Fe, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Zn and the L alpha line was used for Ba and Pb.

The dried stream-sediment sample is passed through a 0.58 mm opening sieve (30 mesh). A cylindrical polypropylene X-ray sample cell (23 mm diameter, 16 mm deep) is filled to near capacity and covered with 6 µm (¼ mil) mylar sheet. The inverted sample is then analyzed with the Portaspec with the above parameters.

Analytical working curves relating X-ray counts as a function of element concentration were determined for Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn. Standards for Fe, Mn, Rb, and Sr were prepared in a matrix containing Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, and K approximating the composition of the stream-sediment samples. Standards for Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn were prepared by adding oxides of Cu, Pb, and Zn and BaCO3 to a clean stream-sediment sample of granitic origin containing no detectable Pb and Zn and less than 5 ppm Cu determined by emission spectroscopy. The lower useful range of the analytical working curve for all elements was 100 to 200 ppm and was established for concentrations as great as 10 percent for Fe; 5 percent for Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn; 1 percent for Mn and Sr; and 0.5 percent for Rb.

The precision for the determination of approximately 2,000 ppm Cu, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Zn; 5,000 ppm Ba and Pb; and 2.3 percent Fe as determined from 20 replicate analyses of a granitic stream-sediment sample is shown in Table 1.

The effect of varying amounts of the rock-forming elements iron, calcium, and magnesium on the determination of approximately 2,000 ppm Cu, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Zn; and 5,000 ppm Ba and Pb was studied by adding 1, 2, and 5 percent Fe and Ca and 0.5, 1, and 2 percent Mg to a granitic stream-sediment sample. This sample had been determined to contain approximately 3 percent Fe, 2 percent Ca, and 1.5 percent Mg by emission spectroscopy prior to the above additions. The general decrease in apparent concentrations of Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn produced by the addition of Fe, Ca, and Mg is shown in Figure 1. The suppression produced by Fe is greater than Ca, which is greater than Mg. The effect is generally greatest on Pb and Ba and least on Cu and Zn. Variations in iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations encountered in stream-sediments samples will have an effect on the determination of from 100 to several thousand ppm concentrations of the elements studied.

Analysis of ore-grade material is subject to more serious matrix effects. Table 2 shows the analysis of six geochemical reference samples (Allcott and Lakin, 1978) for copper, lead, and zinc. These six samples exhibit a wide range of percentage composition (Fe 2-25, Ca 0.1-14, Mg 0.2-1.5, and Mn 0.015-0.5) as well as having ppm concentrations as great as As, 5900; Cu, 6500; and W, 3800. Table 2 shows the departure of counts to concentration from linear or curvelinear relationships due to absorption or interferences. The high concentrations of iron in samples GXR1 and GXR3 absorb the radiation from all three elements. An interference on the lead L-alpha line of GXR3 is due to the K alpha line from 4,000 ppm arsenic. The high copper concentration (6,500 ppm) in GXR4 interferes with both the zinc K alpha line and background measured at 40.5° 2θ. Attempts to correct element counts with background taken at 40.5° and 46.5° 2θ or using the tungsten X-ray tube target radiation as an internal standard were not successful.

The effect of high concentrations of copper on the determination of zinc noted with the samples in Table 2 was examined further when copper was added to a granitic stream-sediment sample (Table 3).

Stream-sediment samples from Sonora and Alaska were analyzed with the portable X-ray spectrograph by emission spectroscopy, and in some cases, by atomic-absorption spectroscopy. A comparison of the results for ten samples from Sonora selected as having a wide range in concentrations for copper, lead, and zinc is shown in Table 4. The atomic-absorption determinations were made following two different dissolutions, a partial nitric acid dissolution and a more complete hydrochloric-hydrofluoric acid dissolution. The different methods show good correlation despite significant bias.

In addition to the ten samples compared in Table 4, a set of 48 samples from Sonora and 74 samples from Alaska were compared. The high correlation of X-ray analyses with emission and atomic absorption analyses for all three sets of data is shown in Table 5. For calculation of correlation coefficients, an “N” was assigned a value of 0.5 of the detection limit and an “L”, 0. 7. Where no correlation is shown, the atomic absorption analysis was not made.

The usefulness of the portable X-ray spectrograph in geochemical exploration is best evidenced by the results produced. Does it locate anomalous mineralized areas? Previously collected stream sediment-samples from Koiyaktot Mountain, located in the Howard Pass 1° x 3° quadrangle of the western Brooks Range were analyzed with the Portaspec. The distribution of zinc is shown in Figure 2. A map of the previously determined mineral potential of this area is shown in Figure 3. This map summarizes the analyses by emission and atomic-absorption spectroscopy for silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc in a variety of sampling media (stream-sediment samples, nonmagnetic fraction of heavy-mineral concentrates, oxalic acid leach of iron- manganese oxide pebble coatings, and oxalic acid leach of veined stream rocks).

Rapid analyses in the field can be performed on easily obtained stream-sediment samples. The precision is approximately 1 to 3 percent relative standard deviation. Limitations are: (1) detection limits are about 100 ppm for most elements; (2) analyses may be significantly affected by high concentrations of other elements; and (3) a significant bias may exist with other methods of analysis. A geochemical anomaly similar to that at Koiyaktot can be found in the field using X-ray stream-sediment data.

The major usefulness of the instrument would be in providing timely information in the field on which decisions regarding the conduct of field operations could be based. The method would supplement other methods of analysis and sample media.

Proven, well-known traditional lamp manufacturers have lowered their pricing on LED linear lamps (like T8s). It no longer makes sense to choose products made by riskier, lesser-known lamp manufacturers that use lower pricing to attract customers. Additionally, warranties are important. You want to choose a manufacturer who will stand by its product.

Return on investments (ROIs) in less than a year are becoming more common today, depending on annual burn time, kWh rates, availability of utility rebates for DLC certified products, etc.

Unlike waiting for the next cool technological gadget, or for prices to drop, there is now a cost correlating to your wait to upgrade to more energy efficient lighting – energy and labor savings that you could be enjoying every day.

A plug-and-play, or direct fit, linear LED is probably what you"re imagining – a simple, one-for-one swap out of the original linear fluorescent lamp. This lamp works directly with the existing fluorescent ballast, so there is no rewiring or ballast change required. But you do want to make sure your ballast is compatible.

Bypass the ballast linear LEDs – also known as line voltage or direct-wire linear LEDs – work straight off the line voltage flowing directly to the sockets, requiring you to remove the original fluorescent ballast.

This linear LED solution requires a ballast change, except instead of replacing the ballast with another ballast, you will replace it with an LED driver and your fluorescent lamps are replaced with linear LED lamps.

Hybrid linear LED lamps are able to work both as a plug and play – with the existing ballast – and, once the ballast peters out, you can remove it and have the lamp run off of line voltage.

The lamp snaps into the existing fixture without any wiring modifications, meaning installation can be done by virtually anyone, as long as your existing ballast is compatible.

Lowest cost linear LED solutionAs a simple one-for-one lamp replacement, the cost of the lamps combined with the minimal labor to install them make them the less expensive option.

Ballast protectionFluorescent ballasts are designed to control the flow of current or voltage to the sockets, by regulating the current spikes that commonly occur throughout the day.

Even with the recent price reductions for linear LEDs, they are still usually 3-5 times the price of the existing fluorescent lamps. The positive news, though, is that it is not uncommon to achieve ROIs in under a year based on energy and labor savings.

While plug-and-play linear LEDs are getting better with ballast compatibility, it"s still something you should check. The best way to do this is to take a sample of your common ballasts and make sure they are listed on the manufacturer"s approved compatibility list. Our goal is to make lighting easier, so we put together a list of resources where you can check ballast compatibility.

Continued ballast maintenanceWhile LED lamps don"t put the same stress on a ballast that linear fluorescents do, on-going ballast maintenance is still required.

Less energy used through elimination of ballast drawAn extra couple of watts is consumed when you pair an LED lamp with a ballast. Since you"re bypassing the ballast, the wattage on the lamp is the wattage consumed. This is called ballast factor.

Safety riskThe most significant negative to a ballast-bypass linear LED is the risk of electric shock since the sockets carry line voltage. It"s a common practice to place a finger on the lamp pins while you are trying to install it, and this becomes a risky endeavor when using single-ended ballast-bypass lamps. Some LED manufacturers have included safety designs to address this, but we always recommend double-ended LED tubes over single-ended for Type B systems.

Fixtures must be rewiredIt can be argued this is a simple process. Disconnect the ballast from the circuit and wire the sockets to line voltage. There are several video tutorials available to demonstrate this task. Interestingly enough, most of these demos are performed with the fixture being rewired laying on a table. If you"ve done this before, you understand that doing this over your head while balancing on a ladder (and maybe before your morning coffee) can make things more complicated.

Exact wiring uncertaintyUnfortunately, there"s no industry-standard wiring schematic for ballast-bypass linear LEDs. Different manufacturers have a variety of approaches that the installer must consider. Among the 31 linear lamps tested in a DOE Caliper report, seven different wiring configurations were used. To complicate matters more, there are two common types of lamps – double-ended and single-ended. The type of lamp and the type of socket (shunted or non-shunted) will have an impact on the wiring. This type of variation among commercial products introduces a new layer of complexity, and for safety reasons we recommend using a qualified electrician.

Fluorescent lamp compatibility or snap-backWe hope that once you retrofit to LED you don"t decide to go back to fluorescent, but it"s possible that someone could inadvertently install a linear fluorescent lamp in a ballast-bypass fixture. When the LED lamp does need replacing, if you mistakenly try to replace it with a fluorescent, the lamp may not work or could be hazardous.

Title 24 requirementsIn California, there are Title 24 requirements that need to be met when you retrofit existing fixtures by replacing the ballast. Please refer to the current Title 24 requirements for more details.

Higher initial labor costsThe need to remove the original fluorescent ballast and rewire the line voltage to the sockets requires more labor than plug-and-play solutions that work with the existing fluorescent ballast.

When bypassing the ballast, you may need to change your sockets from the most common shunted sockets to non-shunted sockets. Non-shunted sockets are required if you"re using single-ended tubes. This will require a small amount of additional material cost and more labor to replace them all. In addition, some manufacturers may no longer honor the socket warranty if line voltage is direct-wired to their sockets. If you"re using double-ended LED tubes, you typically do not need to change your sockets.One of our key partners recently came out with a product that could fix the socket compatibility problem. Sylvania"s LEDlescentdouble-ended ballast-bypass lamps are polarity neutral. That means they work in shunted or non-shunted sockets.

Better energy savingsLED drivers are more energy efficient than today"s ballasts. The wattage of the LED lamp is all that is consumed, whereas when used with a fluorescent ballast, the energy consumed increases by about two watts per lamp on average.

No ballast compatibility issuesLED drivers properly paired with the right linear LED lamps eliminate any ballast compatibility issues that are often common with plug-and-play LED lamps.

No snap-backThe term snap-back refers to replacing the energy efficient lamp with the older, less energy efficient technologies (in this case, linear fluorescents). When the LED lamp needs replacing, if you try to replace with a fluorescent, the lamp will not be compatible and not function properly with the LED driver.

Higher initial material costsReplacing both ballast with an LED driver and new LED linear lamps come with higher material costs when compared to the plug-and-play solutions. This is offset by the higher energy savings and reduced future labor costs.

Higher initial labor costsThe need to replace the original fluorescent ballast with a new LED driver requires more labor than plug-and-play solutions, which work with the existing fluorescent ballast.

Title 24 requirementsIn California, there are new Title 24 requirements that need to be met when you retrofit existing fixtures by replacing the ballast. Most Type C systems will meet Title 24 requirements, but refer to the current Title 24 requirements for more details.

The hybrid lamps were designed to work both with the existing fluorescent ballast and by bypassing it. You can start by using it like a plug-and-play lamp and then, when the ballast fails, you can direct wire it to line voltage.

Initial simplicity for installerThe lamp snaps into the existing fixture without any wiring modifications meaning installation can be done by virtually anyone.

Eventual safety riskThe most significant negative to bypassing the ballast with a linear LED – once the ballast burns out – is the risk of electric shock since the sockets carry line voltage. Most hybrids system use single-ended LED tubes. It"s a common practice to place a finger on the lamp pins while you are trying to install it, and this becomes a risky endeavor with ballast-bypass wiring.

Fixtures must eventually be rewiredIt can be argued that this is a simple process. Disconnect the ballast from the circuit and wire the sockets to line voltage. There are several video tutorials available to demonstrate this task. Interestingly enough, most of these demos are performed with the fixture being rewired laying on a table. If you"ve done this before, you understand that doing this over your head while balancing on a ladder (and maybe before your morning coffee) can make things more complicated.

DLC listing issuesTo be eligible for potential utility rebates, linear LED lamps usually need to be listed on the Design Lights Consortium (DLC) list of certified products. Hybrid lamps are often listed as DLC certified when used with the fluorescent ballast, but are not DLC approved when bypassing the ballast, as it is considered a fixture modification. Some manufacturers may be DLC listed for both.

Eventual extra laborOnce the original fluorescent ballast dies, the need to remove it and rewire the line voltage to the sockets requires additional labor.

Fluorescent lamp compatibility or snap-backWe hope that once you retrofit to LED you don"t decide to go back to fluorescent, but it"s possible that someone could inadvertently install a linear fluorescent lamp in the fixture after you rewire it directly to line voltage. When the LED lamp does need replacing, if you mistakenly try to replace it with a fluorescent, the lamp will not be compatible and not function properly.

Though the traditional fluorescent sockets have a plastic exterior, they have metal contacts on each side of the interior of the socket. For a lamp to properly be “seated” in a socket, it needs to snap securely into place to avoid coming loose or moving, and with both of the pins on the LED lamp coming into contact with the metal contacts inside the sockets.

You also want to make sure sockets are not cracked or broken. This could cause socket seating problems. Improper socket seating is the most common cause for fire hazards or melted tubes.

Many of the traditional emergency ballasts used with fluorescent lamps are not compatible with most of the LED linear solutions on the market today. The most common emergency ballasts that are compatible with LEDs are often much more expensive that the fluorescent versions. This will add to the material cost and labor to the retrofit project. Please make sure your emergency ballast is listed on the manufacturer"s compatibility list.

The first part of your linear LED decision should involve choosing a reputable manufacturer. You want to work with someone that has put their product through proper testing and will ultimately stand by it. In our experience, some of the best linear LEDs on the market include Sylvania’s SubstiTUBE products and Philips InstantFit. We also carry products from MaxLite and TCP.

The second part of your decision is which linear LED solution is best for your application. The most common decision is ballast-bypass vs. plug-and-play. For some, the ease of installation on plug-and-play products is attractive, but for others, the simpler long-term maintenance of a direct-wire LED is valuable. Both are viable options that will save your property time and money, but we strongly recommend either plug-and-play or a double-ended ballast-bypass.

If you choose ballast-bypass LED tubes, look for a direct-wire lamp that comes with a valid "modification" sticker to affix to the fixture and preserve its UL listing.

I love the way they look. It looks as though I’ve installed skylights in my office. The reaction people have when they first see them is hilarious - they are so surprised! I personally feel calmer in my office than I ever have before. But I am also excited to report that my employees have said the same types of things about them too!

I am in charge of a large IT team. We deal with a lot of stressful technical issues and personnel issues. Plus, we live in a grey and dreary area near the Great Lakes that has really long winters and really short summers.

I have two lights in my office that I put these into and everyone who has noticed them thinks they are so cool. One of my senior employees came to my office to see me about some disciplinary issues this week, and after we talked, he sat back in the chair and said “I feel more relaxed after coming in here today.” And then he looked up and said, “I wonder if it’s because of the clouds. I actually think they’re making me feel calmer.”

Several of my employees have commented on my office feeling calmer now that I’ve ‘installed skylights’ in my office (LOL). Others are envious and they think I need to get them put into all of the light fixtures.

These are quite thick and durable. I was extremely happy by the fact that even though they arrived rolled up like a tube, they flattened right out immediately and there are no curled ends or any lifting-up edges. They really are quite perfect and truly simple to put in.

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs. The lamps use a tube that is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp"s lifetime.mercury,

The principle of operation remains the same as in other fluorescent lighting: electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating, and into heat when absorbed by other materials such as glass.

CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.

White LED lamps compete with CFLs for high-efficiency lighting.General Electric has since stopped production of domestic CFL lamps in the United States in favour of LEDs.

Edmund Germer, Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner patented a high-pressure vapor lamp in 1927.General Electric to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941.1939 New York World"s Fair.

In 1980, Philips introduced its model SL*18, which was a screw-in or bayonet mount lamp with integral magnetic ballast.amalgam. This was the first successful screw-in replacement for an incandescent lamp, using new rare earth aluminum lattice phosphors to solve the problem of lumen depreciation that would normally occur quickly in such a thin tube; however, it wasn"t widely adopted, because of its large size, weight (over half a kilogram), pronounced 50 Hz flicker and 3-minute warm up time.Osram started selling its model Dulux EL, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast.

Volume was an issue in CFL development, since the fluorescent lamps had to fit in the same volume as comparable incandescent lamps. This required the development of new, high-efficacy phosphors that could withstand more power per unit area than the phosphors used in older, larger fluorescent tubes.

In 1995, helical CFLs, manufactured in China by Shanghai Xiangshan, became commercially available. They were first proposed by General Electric, who saw difficulties bending glass tubes into spirals using automated machinery. Xiangshan solved this problem by bending the tubes by hand, made possible by the then-low labor costs in China.

The rise of LED lighting, however, significantly affected CFL sales and production. As a result of decreasing cost and better features, customers increasingly migrated toward LEDs. In India, "nearly 60 per cent of the lighting market in India has been taken over by LEDs" by 2018.LED prices fell well below US$5 for a basic bulb in 2015.Energy Star rating.

There are two types of CFLs — integrated and non-integrated lamps, where CFL-i denotes an integrated ballast and CFL-ni denotes a non-integrated ballast. Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single unit. These lamps allow consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs. Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to fluorescent. 3-way lamps and dimmable models with standard bases are available.

Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently installed in the luminaire, and usually only the fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are larger and last longer compared to the integrated ones, and they don"t need to be replaced when the tube reaches its end-of-life. Non-integrated CFL housings can be both more expensive and sophisticated. They have two types of tubes: a bi-pin tube designed for conventional ballast, e.g. with G23 or G24d plug-in base, and a quad-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional ballast with an external starter. A bi-pin tube contains an integrated starter, which obviates the need for external heating pins but causes incompatibility with electronic ballasts.

Non-integrated CFLs can also be installed to a conventional light fixture using an adapter containing a built-in magnetic ballast. The adapter consists of a regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp"s connector.

CFLs have two main components: a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube (also called bulb or burner). Replacement of magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts has removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent lighting, and has allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchangeable with more sizes of incandescent light bulb.

Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with a bridge rectifier, a filter capacitor and usually two switching transistors, which are often insulated-gate bipolar transistors. The incoming AC current is first rectified to DC, then converted to high frequency AC by the transistors, connected as a resonant series DC to AC inverter. The resulting high frequency is applied to the lamp tube. Since the resonant converter tends to stabilize lamp current (and light emitted) over a range of input voltages, standard CFLs respond poorly in dimming applications and will experience a shorter lifespan and sometimes catastrophic failure. Special electronic ballasts (integrated or separate) are required for dimming service.

CFL light output is roughly proportional to phosphor surface area, and high output CFLs are often larger than their incandescent equivalents. This means that the CFL may not fit well in existing light fixtures.

To fit enough phosphor coated area within the approximate overall dimensions of an incandescent lamp, standard shapes of CFL tube are a helix with one or more turns, multiple parallel tubes, circular arc, or a butterfly.

Some CFLs are labeled not to be run base up, since heat will shorten the ballast"s life. Such CFLs are unsuitable for use in pendant lamps and especially unsuitable for recessed light fixtures. CFLs designed for use in such fixtures are available.cold-cathode CFLs or to replace such fixtures with those designed for CFLs.

Characteristic spectral power distributions (SPDs) for an incandescent lamp (left) and a CFL (right). The horizontal axes are in nanometers and the vertical axes show relative intensity in arbitrary units. Significant peaks of UV light are present for CFL even if not visible

CFLs emit light from a mix of phosphors, each emitting one band of color with some bands still in the ultraviolet range as can be seen on the light spectrum. Modern phosphor designs balance the emitted light color, energy efficiency, and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four phosphors to achieve a "white" light with a color rendering index (CRI) of about 80, where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of colors under daylight or other sources of black-body radiation such as an incandescent light bulb (depending on the correlated color temperature).

Color temperature can be indicated in kelvins or mireds (1 million divided by the color temperature in kelvins). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a black body that has the same chromaticity (i.e. color) as the light source. A notional temperature, the correlated color temperature, the temperature of a black body that emits light of a hue that to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp, is assigned.

The color temperature is characteristic of black-body radiation; practical white light sources approximate the radiation of a black body at a given temperature, but will not have an identical spectrum. In particular, narrow bands of shorter-wavelength radiation are usually present even for lamps of low color temperature ("warm" light).

As color temperature increases, the shading of the white light changes from red to yellow to white to blue. Color names used for modern CFLs and other tri-phosphor lamps vary between manufacturers, unlike the standardized names used with older halophosphate fluorescent lamps. For example, Sylvania"s Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3500 K, while most other lamps called daylight have color temperatures of at least 5000 K. In United States, Energy Star"s specification provides a set of named color temperatures for certified luminaries.

CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6000–15,000 hours, whereas standard incandescent lamps have a service life of 750 or 1000 hours.voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature, among other factors.

The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently or is used in a totally enclosed fixture. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. The US Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem.exponential, with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is first used. By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to emit 70–80% of their original light output.logarithmic. That is, while the human eye is highly sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting.

Fluorescent lamps get dimmer over their lifetime,Energy Star products in 2003–04, one quarter of tested CFLs no longer met their rated output after 40% of their rated service life.

Because the eye"s sensitivity changes with the wavelength, the output of lamps is commonly measured in lumens, a measure of the power of light as perceived by the human eye. The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumens emitted for each watt of electric power used. The luminous efficacy of a typical CFL is 50–70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 10–17 lm/W.680 lm/W), CFL lamps have lighting efficiency ranges of 7–10%,

Because of their higher efficacy, CFLs use between one-seventh and one-third of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps.terawatt-hours (1.47 exajoules) per year, 2.5% of world electricity use. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all incandescents would save 80 TWh yearly.carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual CO2 reductions of 230 Mt (million tons), more than the combined yearly CO2 emissions of the Netherlands and Portugal.

If a building"s indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat emitted due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates, or in office or industrial buildings where air conditioning is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of the lamps. However, in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the heating system must replace the reduced heat from lighting fixtures. In Winnipeg, Canada, it was estimated that CFLs would only generate 17% savings in energy compared to incandescent bulbs, as opposed to the 75% savings that could have been expected without space heating considerations.

While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3–10 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8–15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy. A US article stated "A household that invested $90 in changing 30 fixtures to CFLs would save $440 to $1,500 over the five-year life of the bulbs, depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and imagine a 12% discount to estimate the savings."

CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps. Using average U.S. commercial electricity and gas rates for 2006, a 2008 article found that replacing each 75 W incandescent lamp with a CFL resulted in yearly savings of $22 in energy usage, reduced HVAC cost, and reduced labour to change lamps. The incremental capital investment of $2 per fixture is typically paid back in about one month. Savings are greater and payback periods shorter in regions with higher electric rates and, to a lesser extent, also in regions with higher than U.S. average cooling requirements.

The current price of CFLs reflects the manufacturing of nearly all CFLs in China, where labour costs less. In September 2010, the Winchester, Virginia, General Electric plant closed,Osram Sylvania and the tiny American Light Bulb Manufacturing Inc. the last companies to make standard incandescent bulbs in the United States.

According to an August 2009 newspaper report, some manufacturers claimed that CFLs could be used to replace higher-power incandescent lamps than justified by their light output.

In addition to the wear-out failure modes common to all fluorescent lamps, the electronic ballast may fail, since it has a number of component parts. Ballast failures are usually due to overheating and may be accompanied by discoloration or distortion of the ballast enclosure, odors, or smoke.

Only some CFLs are labeled for dimming control. Using a dimmer with a standard CFL is ineffective and can shorten bulb life and void the warranty.wall sconces in a dining area. Below the 20% limit, the lamp may remain at 20% or flicker or the starter circuitry may stop and restart.

When a CFL is dimmed, its color temperature (warmth) stays the same. This is counter to incandescent light sources, where color gets redder as the light source gets dimmer. The Kruithof curve from 1934 described an empirical relationship between intensity and color temperature of visually pleasing light sources.

Voltage and current for a 120 V 60 Hz 30-watt compact fluorescent lamp. Because the current is heavily distorted, the power factor of this lamp is only 0.61. The lamp takes 29 watts, but 39 volt-amperes due to this distortion.

The input stage of a CFL is a rectifier, which presents a non-linear load to the power supply and introduces harmonic distortion on the current drawn from the supply.power quality, but significant quantities of them in a large facility can have an adverse effect. The power factor of CFLs does not significantly affect their energy-saving benefits for individual consumers, but their use in large numbers, such as in commercial applications or across millions of homes in a distribution system, could require infrastructure upgrades. In such cases, CFLs with low (below 30 percent) total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factors greater than 0.9 should be selected.

Electronic devices operated by infrared remote control can interpret the infrared light emitted by CFLs as a signal; this may limit the use of CFLs near televisions, radios, remote controls, or mobile phones. Energy Star certified CFLs must meet FCC standards, and so are required to list all known incompatibilities on the package.

CFLs are generally not designed or rated for outdoor use and some will not start in cold weather. CFLs are available with cold-weather ballasts, which may be rated to as low as −28.8 °C (−20 °F).Cold-cathode CFLs will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design.

Incandescent lamps reach full brightness a fraction of a second after being switched on. As of 2009amalgam can take up to three minutes to reach full output.

According to the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the ultraviolet and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light emitted by some single-envelope CFLs at distances of less than 20 cm (7.9 in) could lead to ultraviolet exposures approaching the current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double-envelope CFLs "largely or entirely" mitigates any other risks.

Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength) radiation.

For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use a bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs.

A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which the study"s authors conjectured was attributable to damage in the bulbs" internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study"s authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of "double-walled" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor-coated layer.

When the base of the bulb is not made to be flame-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard.

Net mercury emissions for CFL and incandescent lamps, based on EPA FAQ sheet, assuming average U.S. emission of 0.012 mg of mercury per kilowatt-hour and 14% of CFL mercury contents escapes to environment after land fill disposal

CFLs, like all fluorescent lamps, contain mercurymercury is poisonous, even these small amounts are a concern for landfills and waste incinerators where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water pollution. In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs.RoHS law.

In areas where electric power is mostly generated in coal-fired stations, replacing incandescent bulbs by CFLs actually reduces mercury emissions. This is because the reduced electric power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned, more than offsets the amount of mercury released from broken and discarded CFL bulbs.

In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that if all 270 million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year).

Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The amount of mercury released by one bulb can temporarily exceed U.S. federal guidelines for chronic exposure.Chronic, however, implies exposure for a significant time, and it remains unclear what the health risks are from short-term exposure to low levels of elemental mercury.3 in air close to the carpet, even weeks after the initial breakage.

Health and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed.

In the United States, most states have adopted and currently implement the federal Universal Waste Rule (UWR).Vermont, New Hampshire, California, Minnesota, New York, Maine, Connecticut and Rhode Island, have regulations that are more stringent than the federal UWR.chain stores make free CFL recycling widely available.

In the European Union, CFLs are one of many products subject to the WEEE recycling scheme. The retail price includes an amount to pay for recycling, and manufacturers and importers have an obligation to collect and recycle CFLs.

According to the Northwest Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project, because household users in the U.S. Northwest have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste, in Oregon "a large majority of household CFLs are going to municipal solid waste". They also note the EPA"s estimates for the percentage of fluorescent lamps" total mercury released when they are disposed of in the following ways: municipal waste landfill 3.2%, recycling 3%, municipal waste incineration 17.55% and hazardous waste disposal 0.2%.

The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury-absorbing filter or cold trap to contain mercury vapor. Many municipalities are purchasing such machines.

In some places, such as Quebec and British Columbia in 2007, central heating for homes was provided mostly by the burning of natural gas, whereas electricity was primarily provided by hydroelectric power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas heating.tonnes in CO2 emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles."

CFLs are produced for both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) input. DC CFLs are popular for use in recreational vehicles and off-the-grid housing. Various aid agency initiatives exist in developing countries to replace kerosene lamps, which have associated health and safety hazards, with CFLs powered by batteries, solar panels or wind power generators.

Due to the potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution, various organizations have encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Efforts range from publicity to encourage awareness, to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means to reduce electric demand; and so delay further investments in generation.

In the United States, the Program for the Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting (PEARL) was created to be a watchdog program. PEARL has evaluated the performance and Energy Star compliance of more than 150 models of CFL bulbs.

The UN Environment Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Facility (GEF) initiative has developed "The Global Efficient Partnership Program", which focuses on country-led policies and approaches to enable the implementation of energy-efficient lighting, including CFLs, quickly and cost-effectively in developing and emerging countries.

In the United States and Canada, the Energy Star program labels lamps that meet a set of standards for efficiency, starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products.Energy Star Light Bulbs for Consumers is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps. There is ongoing work in improving the "quality" (color rendering index) of the light.

In the United States, new standards proposed by the United States Department of Energy could result in LED lamps replacing CFLs. In the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council, most CFL bulbs would not meet the standards.

In the United Kingdom, a similar program is run by the Energy Saving Trust to identify lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines.

The G24 (624Q2) and GU24 lamp fitting socket systems were designed to replace the traditional lamp sockets, so that incandescent bulbs are not installed in fixtures intended for energy efficient lamps only.

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