pls tft display vs ips lcd price

When it comes to choosing the right panel type of your LCD monitor, the options are seemingly endless. We’ve discussed the differences between AMOLED and LCD displays as well as the different types of touchscreen monitors that are commonly used for various devices and their benefits. Now it’s time to learn about the different features and specifications of PLS and IPS panels so you can decide which one is the most suitable choice for your specific personal or professional applications.

PLS stands for plane to line switching. Also referred to as Super PLS Panel, this technology boasts superior technological advancements such as a multitude of brightness setting options, crystal-clear image quality, and adjustable viewing angles without breaking the bank.

IPS stands for in-plane switching. It’s one of the most commonly used monitors for LCD displays and it consists of two glass panels that hold a layer of liquid crystals in between them. The liquid crystals become animated and perform predetermined actions such as moving in a specific direction or displaying certain colours when they’re charged with an electric current. These actions result in the high-quality images that appear on your television, laptop, or smartphone screen.

Both LCD monitor panel types have their advantages and disadvantages for various types of applications. Finding out how they work will help you determine which one is the best choice for your needs.

As mentioned, IPS LCD monitors contain hundreds of liquid crystals that are situated between two glass sheets in a parallel formation. As electric currents run through the liquid crystals when the screen is turned on, they become animated and move in different directions and backlighting passes through them. This is what produces the crystal-clear and instantaneous images you see on the screen. The excellent viewing angles are the result of the horizontal movements of the liquid crystals inside the panel.

PLS panels for LCD monitors have been on the market for over a decade and have proven to be a worthy adversary for their IPS predecessors. Although the technology is the same for the most part, IPS does offer some minor improvements. The main difference is that IPS panels offer more optimized liquid molecular alignment, which makes for a slightly better viewing experience. Hence, PLS screens offer 15% more brightness than IPS panel types.

From an aesthetic and logistical standpoint, PLS panel types are also thinner than IPS due to the fact that the glass sheets that hold the liquid crystals in place are positioned much lower in the screen configuration.

When it comes to comparing and contrasting the differences between IPS and PLS LCD monitor panel types, the competition is pretty stiff. Both monitors are fairly similar with the exception that PLS is meant to be an improvement on the previous technology. Here are the key factors that should be considered when deciding which one is the best monitor panel for LCD industrial displays.

PLS monitors offer superior viewing angles when compared to IPS displays. Unlike IPS displays, PLS monitors don’t have any noticeable colour distortions and they have significantly lower production costs.

Colour contrast and brightness is a central concern when purchasing a new commercial or industrial display. Whether you’re a gamer or graphic designer, your best option in this regard is to stick to IPS displays. They offer far more consistent image quality, colour contrast, and brightness that’s perfect for applications that rely heavily on high-quality image production.

Unfortunately, PLS and IPS monitors both have a fairly slow response time (the amount of time it takes for liquid crystals to shift from one colour or shade to another). For this reason, neither one is the ideal choice for gaming purposes, but they’re both suitable for graphic design projects that focus more on colour distribution and accuracy than response time.

PLS panel types have been proven to have superior colour distribution and accuracy compared to IPS panel types. PLS displays have a far more expansive colour gamut that’s ideal for users who require the most natural-looking images and colour options.

Backlight bleed occurs when the lights from the back of the screen leak through the edges, which results in uneven lighting or glow. This is a fairly common shortcoming of IPS screens when the brightness is adjusted to a particularly high level and can make for a poor viewing experience. PLS panel types don’t have this problem and offer even lighting regardless of the brightness settings.

The answer is inconclusive. Both IPS and PLS monitor types certainly have their advantages. Although PLS is slightly better in terms of backlighting and faster response times, the margins for improvement are fairly tight. It really just depends on what your preferences are as well as the applications that the monitors are being used for.

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If you want to buy a new monitor, you might wonder what kind of display technologies I should choose. In today’s market, there are two main types of computer monitors: TFT LCD monitors & IPS monitors.

The word TFT means Thin Film Transistor. It is the technology that is used in LCD displays.  We have additional resources if you would like to learn more about what is a TFT Display. This type of LCDs is also categorically referred to as an active-matrix LCD.

These LCDs can hold back some pixels while using other pixels so the LCD screen will be using a very minimum amount of energy to function (to modify the liquid crystal molecules between two electrodes). TFT LCDs have capacitors and transistors. These two elements play a key part in ensuring that the TFT display monitor functions by using a very small amount of energy while still generating vibrant, consistent images.

Industry nomenclature: TFT LCD panels or TFT screens can also be referred to as TN (Twisted Nematic) Type TFT displays or TN panels, or TN screen technology.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is like an improvement on the traditional TFT LCD display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but has more enhanced features and more widespread usability.

These LCD screens offer vibrant color, high contrast, and clear images at wide viewing angles. At a premium price. This technology is often used in high definition screens such as in gaming or entertainment.

Both TFT display and IPS display are active-matrix displays, neither can’t emit light on their own like OLED displays and have to be used with a back-light of white bright light to generate the picture. Newer panels utilize LED backlight (light-emitting diodes) to generate their light hence utilizing less power and requiring less depth by design. Neither TFT display nor IPS display can produce color, there is a layer of RGB (red, green, blue) color filter in each LCD pixels to produce the color consumers see. If you use a magnifier to inspect your monitor, you will see RGB color in each pixel. With an on/off switch and different level of brightness RGB, we can get many colors.

Winner. IPS TFT screens have around 0.3 milliseconds response time while TN TFT screens responds around 10 milliseconds which makes the latter unsuitable for gaming

Winner. the images that IPS displays create are much more pristine and original than that of the TFT screen. IPS displays do this by making the pixels function in a parallel way. Because of such placing, the pixels can reflect light in a better way, and because of that, you get a better image within the display.

As the display screen made with IPS technology is mostly wide-set, it ensures that the aspect ratio of the screen would be wider. This ensures better visibility and a more realistic viewing experience with a stable effect.

Winner. While the TFT LCD has around 15% more power consumption vs IPS LCD, IPS has a lower transmittance which forces IPS displays to consume more power via backlights. TFT LCD helps battery life.

Normally, high-end products, such as Apple Mac computer monitors and Samsung mobile phones, generally use IPS panels. Some high-end TV and mobile phones even use AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes) displays. This cutting edge technology provides even better color reproduction, clear image quality, better color gamut, less power consumption when compared to LCD technology.

This kind of touch technology was first introduced by Steve Jobs in the first-generation iPhone. Of course, a TFT LCD display can always meet the basic needs at the most efficient price. An IPS display can make your monitor standing out.

PLS (Plane to Line Switching) panel in an IPS-type panel made by Samsung; All IPS-type panels, such as Innolux’s AAS, AUO’s AHVA and LG’s AH-IPS and Nano IPS offer excellent color accuracy and wide viewing angles.

PLS stands for Plane to Line Switching and is produced by Samsung, who claims that a PLS panel offers 10% more brightness, better viewing angles, lower production costs (about 15%), better image quality and the possibility of having flexible panels.

There are several variations of IPS panels, such as AU Optronics‘ AHVA (Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle) panels. New AHVA panels are usually faster than other IPS panels but don’t have as wide color gamut. However, they can be paired with custom backlights and deliver an exceptional color gamut, such as the Acer XB323UGP with full Adobe RGB color space coverage.

In reality, most people don’t differentiate between IPS, AHVA and PLS since they are pretty much alike, which is why they are categorized under a single entity and simply called ‘IPS.’

Overall, whether a monitor has an IPS, PLS, or AHVA panel shouldn’t be the deciding factor when searching for a new display. You should check each monitor’s color gamut, brightness, response time and other specs to determine which monitor’s panel is better.

IPS (In-Plane Switching) lcd is still a type of TFT LCD, IPS TFT is also called SFT LCD (supper fine tft ),different to regular tft in TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, theIPS LCD liquid crystal elements inside the tft lcd cell, they are arrayed in plane inside the lcd cell when power off, so the light can not transmit it via theIPS lcdwhen power off, When power on, the liquid crystal elements inside the IPS tft would switch in a small angle, then the light would go through the IPS lcd display, then the display on since light go through the IPS display, the switching angle is related to the input power, the switch angle is related to the input power value of IPS LCD, the more switch angle, the more light would transmit the IPS LCD, we call it negative display mode.

The regular tft lcd, it is a-si TN (Twisted Nematic) tft lcd, its liquid crystal elements are arrayed in vertical type, the light could transmit the regularTFT LCDwhen power off. When power on, the liquid crystal twist in some angle, then it block the light transmit the tft lcd, then make the display elements display on by this way, the liquid crystal twist angle is also related to the input power, the more twist angle, the more light would be blocked by the tft lcd, it is tft lcd working mode.

A TFT lcd display is vivid and colorful than a common monochrome lcd display. TFT refreshes more quickly response than a monochrome LCD display and shows motion more smoothly. TFT displays use more electricity in driving than monochrome LCD screens, so they not only cost more in the first place, but they are also more expensive to drive tft lcd screen.The two most common types of TFT LCDs are IPS and TN displays.

Both screens are made up of Pixels. A pixel is made up of 3 sections called sub-pixels. The three sections are red, green and blue (primary colors for display tech).

The light is generated from a “backlight”. A series of thin films, transparent mirrors and an array of white LED Lights that shine and distribute light across the back of the display.

On some lower quality LCD screens, you can see bright spots in the middle or on the perimeters of screens. This is caused by uneven light distribution. The downside to using backlights, is that black is never true black, because no matter what, light has to be coming through, so it will never have as dark of a screen as an AMOLED screen. Its comparable to being able to slow a car down to 2 mph versus coming to a complete stop.

Each pixel is its own light source, meaning that no backlight is necessary. This allows the screen assembly to be thinner, and have more consistent lighting across the whole display.

The PLS panel is a panel developed and manufactured by Samsung’s as proprietary display design technology. Its performance is very close to that of IPS. The production cost is reduced by about 15% compared with IPS, so it is quite competitive in the market. Its advantages and disadvantages are similar to IPS, the only advantage is that it is lower cost than IPS.

The full name of the PLS panel is called Plane to Line Switching. The driving method is that all the electrodes are located on the same plane, and the liquid crystal molecules are driven by vertical and horizontal electric fields. We can see the difference between the PLS panel in the drive mode and the VA class (including MVA and Samsung’s own PVA) and the IPS panel.

Although the PLS panel has been published in 11 years, it has not been widely publicized, so most people do not know the PLS panel. However, Samsung introduced the PLS panel display, which is mainly for mid-range and mid-end users. It can be seen that this time Samsung still wants to carry out large-scale publicity on the PLS panel. It is generally better than the IPS displays because of wide viewing angles, high brightness and colour accuracy.

According to the TFT technology classification, it can be classified into high-temperature polysilicon (HTPS), low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and IGZO. The other part can be classified into TN, IPS, VA, PLS, etc. according to the liquid crystal arrangement or imaging technology. It looks a bit messy, but it’s actually easier to judge.

The IPS panel is also known as the hard screen. It has a high viewing angle, fast response, good colour reproduction and moderate price. The shortcoming is that there is light leakage. The PLS is Samsung’s panel based on IPS standards, which is at the same level as IPS with a slightly better approach.

Using the PLS panel that Samsung uses to combat IPS, the feature is a wide viewing angle. The figure below shows that the panel performs well in terms of viewing angle in the left and right directions, with viewing angles of up to 178 degrees. The colour gamut also reached 72% NTSC, remember that I have said that the quality of 72% NTSC in the notebook screen is good. The display colour reaches 16.7M (8-bit) which provides a better colour display than a normal 6-bit screen.

Tried and trusted TFT technology works by controlling brightness in red, green and blue sub-pixels through transistors for each pixel on the screen. The pixels themselves do not produce light; instead, the screen uses a backlight for illumination.

By contrast the Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED) display requires no backlight and can light up or turn off each of their pixels independently. As the name suggests, they are made of organic material.

An AMOLED display has many other benefits which make it a superior looking display including exceptional vieiwng angles and a display that looks practically black when it is switched off.

So, why use a TFT display? Well, it is a mature technology meaning the manufacturing processes are efficient, yields high and cost much lower than AMOLED.

TFT displays also have a much longer lifespan than AMOLED displays and are available in a far greater range of standard sizes, which can be cut down to fit a space restricted enclosure for a relatively low cost adder.

Which type of display you choose really depends on your application, environment and users, so why not get in touch with us today to discuss your requirements.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

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AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode) and TFT (Thin Film Transistor) are the two types of displays that are used in mobile phones. TFT is actually a process of producing the displays and is used even by AMOLED but for most purposes, TFT is used to refer to LCD displays. The difference between them is the material as AMOLED uses organicmaterials, mainly carbon, while TFT does not.

There are differences between the two that are quite tangible. For starters, AMOLED generates its own light rather than relying on a backlight like a TFT-LCD does. This consequently means that AMOLED displays are much thinner than LCD displays; due to the absence of a backlight. It also results in much better colors than a TFT is capable of producing. As each pixel’s color and light intensity can be regulated independently and no light seeps from adjacent pixels. A side by side comparison of the two displays with the same picture should confirm this. Another effect of the lack of a backlight is the much lower power consumption of the device. This is very desirable when it comes to mobile phones where every single feature competes for the limited capacity of the battery. As the screen is on 90% of the time that the device is being used, it is very good that AMOLED displays consume less. Just how much of a difference is not very fixed though as it really depends on the color and intensity of the image. Having a black background with white text consumes much less energy than having black text on a white background.

The biggest disadvantage that AMOLED has is the shorter lifespan of the screen compared to TFT. Each pixel in the display degrades with each second that it is lit and even more so the brighter it is.  Despite improvements on the lifetime of AMOLED displays, AMOLED still only lasts a fraction of the lifetime of a TFT display. With that said, an AMOLED display is able to outlast the usable lifetime of the device before parts of it start to degrade.

The main hindrance to the massive adaptation of AMOLED is the low production numbers. TFT has been in production for much longer and the infrastructure is already there to meet the demands.

Rgb(Red,Green,Blue) - the number of color gradations and varieties visible to the human eye, which can be composed of basic colors (red, green, blue). Also, these are all the basic colors that a person can see. Monitor pixels consist of red, green, and blue pixels, which at a certain intensity intensity can make more complex colors. Therefore - the more advanced the monitor"s matrix is, the more it can display color gradations, and the more possible gradations it has for each of the red, green, and blue pixels. The quality of the color and the level of static contrast depend on the quality and type of the matrix.

Monitors with this matrix - the most common. First invented LCD  monitors were based on technology TN. Of 100  monitors in the world about 90  have TN  the matrix. Are the cheapest  and simple to manufacture and therefore the most massive.

Able to convey color in 18or 24-x bit range ( 6or 8  bit per channel Rgb), which, although a good indicator in comparison with the first LCD  monitors on TNIn our time, this is not enough for high-quality color reproduction.

Based on TN  monitors can be considered more eco-friendly  in comparison with monitors on other LCD matrixes. They consume the least electricity, due to the use of low-power backlights.

The main goal was to get rid of shortcomings. TN  matrices. Later, this technology was replaced by S —IPS(Super —IPS). Monitors with this technology produce Dell, LG, Philips, Nec, ViewSonic, ASUS  and Samsung(Pls). The main purpose of these monitors is to work with graphics, photo processing and other tasks that require accurate color reproduction, contrast and standards compliance. sRGB  and Adobe RGB. They are mainly used in professional work with 2D / 3D graphics, photo editors, and pre-print masters, but are also popular with those who simply want to please their eyes with a high-quality picture.

Matrix data (most), can reproduce chromaticity in 24 bita (by 8 bit  for each Rgb  channel) without ASCR. Of course not 32 bits  like u CRT  monitors, but pretty close to the ideal. In addition, many IPS  matrices ( P-IPSsome S-ips), already able to transmit color 30 bitsHowever, they are much more expensive and are not intended for computer games.

- even more significantly improved the contrast and removed the violet light when looking at the monitor from the side. With her release in 2006  year, now almost replaced monitors with S —IPS  by the matrix. May have like 6  bit so 8  and 10  bits per channel. From 16.7  million to 1 billion flowers.

- variety H-IPSbut cheaper in the production matrix, which provides a standard for IPS  color gamut in 24 bits  (by 8  on the RGB channel). The matrix is ​​specially highlighted, which makes it possible to use LED  backlights and less powerful CCFL. Aims at the middle and budget sector of the market. Suitable for almost any purpose.

- the most advanced IPS  matrix to 2011  years, continued development H-IPS  (but in essence, a marketing name from ASUS). It has a color gamut 30 bits(10  bit per channel Rgb  and is most likely achieved through 8 bits + FRC), better response speed compared to S-ips, an enhanced level of contrast and the best viewing angles in its class. Not recommended for use in low frame rate games. Slowdowns become more pronounced by superimposing on the speed of response, which causes blinking and blurring.

- variation IPS  from Samsung. Unlike IPSIt is possible to place the pixels more densely, but the contrast suffers (not very successful design of pixels). Contrast no higher 600:1  - the lowest among LCD  matrices. Even u TN  matrices this figure is higher. Matrices Pls  can use any kind of backlight. According to characteristics, more preferable than MVAPVA  matrices.

(since 2011) — most preferred IPS technology. The maximum color coverage of AH-IPS for 2014 does not exceed 8 bit + FRCThat in total gives 1.07 billion colors in the most advanced matrices. Apply technology that allows the production of matrices with high resolutions. The best color reproduction in the class (strongly depends on the manufacturer and purpose of the matrix). A small breakthrough was also achieved in the viewing angles, due to which, the AH-IPS matrices were almost on a par with the plasma panels. Improved light-transmittance IPS matrix, and hence the maximum brightness, coupled with the reduced need for powerful backlighting, which has a beneficial effect on the power consumption of the screen as a whole. Contrast is improved compared to S-IPS. For gamers, and in the general piggy bank, you can add a significantly improved response time, which is now almost comparable to.

Or you can look away e-IPS  matrix, which is very similar in characteristics to MVA/PVA. Although e-IPS  still preferable because it has the best time  response and has no problems with loss of contrast with a direct look.

This is convenient, because movies can be viewed almost full screen. The strips still remain, as modern films have a standard 21.5/9. Also, on such a monitor it is very convenient to work with documents in several windows or programs with complex interfaces.

High contrast  needed to better display the black color, shades and halftones. This is important when working with the monitor during daylight hours, since low contrast has a detrimental effect on the image when there is any light source besides the monitor (although brightness is more influential here). A good indicator is static contrast - 1000:1  and higher. Calculated by the ratio of maximum brightness (white color) to minimum (black color).

LCD Monitor Screens  (Liquid Crystal Display, liquid crystal monitors) are made of a substance (cyanophenyl), which is in a liquid state, but at the same time has some properties inherent in crystalline bodies. In fact, these are liquids that have anisotropic properties (in particular, optical) that are associated with orderliness in the orientation of molecules.

The first working LCD display was created by Fergason in 1970. Prior to this, liquid crystal devices consumed too much energy, their lifespan was limited, and the image contrast was depressing. The new LCD was presented to the public in 1971, and then it received hot approval. Liquid crystals (Liquid Crystal) are organic substances that are capable of changing the amount of transmitted light under voltage. The liquid crystal monitor consists of two glass or plastic plates, between which there is a suspension. The crystals in this suspension are arranged in parallel with respect to each other, thereby allowing light to penetrate through the panel. When an electric current is applied, the arrangement of the crystals changes, and they begin to prevent the passage of light. LCD technology is widely used in computers and projection equipment. The first liquid crystals were notable for their instability and were hardly suitable for mass production. The real development of LCD technology began with the invention of British scientists a stable liquid crystal - biphenyl (Biphenyl). The first-generation liquid crystal displays can be observed in calculators, electronic games and watches. Modern LCD monitors are also called flat panels, active dual-scan arrays, thin-film transistors. The idea of ​​LCD monitors has been in the air for more than 30 years, but the studies that were carried out did not lead to an acceptable result, so LCD monitors have not won the reputation of devices that provide good image quality. Now they are becoming popular - everyone likes their elegant look, thin camp, compactness, economy (15-30 watts), moreover, it is believed that only wealthy and serious people can afford such luxury

There are two types of LCD monitors: DSTN (dual-scan twisted nematic - dual-scan crystal screens) and TFT (thin film transistor - on thin-film transistors), also called passive and active matrices, respectively. Such monitors consist of the following layers: a polarizing filter, a glass layer, an electrode, a control layer, liquid crystals, another control layer, an electrode, a glass layer and a polarizing filter. The first computers used eight-inch (diagonal) passive black and white matrix. With the transition to active matrix technology, the screen size has grown. Almost all modern LCD monitors use panels on thin-film transistors, providing a bright, clear image of a much larger size.

The size of the monitor depends on the working space occupied by it, and, importantly, its price. Despite the well-established classification of LCD monitors depending on the screen size diagonally (15, 17, 19-inch), the classification according to the working resolution is more correct. The fact is that, unlike CRT-based monitors, whose resolution can be changed quite flexibly, LCD displays have a fixed set of physical pixels. That is why they are designed to work with only one resolution, called a worker. Indirectly, this resolution determines the size of the matrix diagonal, however, monitors with the same working resolution may have a different matrix size. For example, monitors with a diagonal of 15 to 16 inches basically have a working resolution of 1024Ѕ768, which means that this monitor actually has a physical 1024 pixels horizontally and 768 pixels vertically. The working resolution of the monitor determines the size of the icons and fonts that will be displayed on the screen. For example, a 15-inch monitor can have a working resolution of 1024Ѕ768 and 1400Ѕ1050 pixels. In the latter case, the physical dimensions of the pixels themselves will be smaller, and since the same number of pixels are used in both cases when forming the standard icon, then at a resolution of 1400Ѕ1050 pixels the icon will be smaller in physical dimensions. For some users, too small icons at high resolution of the monitor may be unacceptable, so when you buy a monitor, you should immediately pay attention to the working resolution. Of course, the monitor is able to display the image in another, different from the working resolution. This mode of operation of the monitor is called interpolation. In the case of interpolation, the image quality is poor. Interpolation mode significantly affects the display quality of screen fonts.

LCD monitors are inherently digital devices, so the native interface for them is considered a digital DVI interface, which can have two types of convectors: DVI-I, combining digital and analog signals, and DVI-D, transmitting only a digital signal. It is considered that DVI is more preferable for connecting an LCD monitor to a computer, although it is also possible to connect via a standard D-Sub connector. DVI-interface is also supported by the fact that in the case of an analog interface double conversion of the video signal takes place: first the digital signal is converted to analog in a video card (D / A conversion), which is then transformed into a digital electronic unit of the LCD monitor itself (ADC conversion), as a result, the risk of various signal distortion increases. Many modern LCD monitors have both D-Sub and DVI connectors, which allows you to simultaneously connect two system units to the monitor. You can also find models with two digital connectors. In low-cost office models, only the standard D-Sub connector is generally present.

The basic component of the LCD matrix are liquid crystals. There are three main types of liquid crystals: smectic, nematic and cholesteric. According to their electrical properties, all liquid crystals are divided into two main groups: the first one includes liquid crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy, and the second with negative dielectric anisotropy. The difference lies in how these molecules react to an external electric field. Molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy are oriented along the field lines of force, while molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy are perpendicular to the lines of force. Nematic liquid crystals have a positive dielectric anisotropy, and smectic, on the contrary, negative. Another remarkable property of LC molecules is their optical anisotropy. In particular, if the orientation of the molecules coincides with the direction of propagation of plane-polarized light, then the molecules have no effect on the plane of polarization of light. If the orientation of the molecules is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, then the plane of polarization is rotated so as to be parallel to the direction of orientation of the molecules. The dielectric and optical anisotropy of the LC molecules makes it possible to use them as a kind of light modulators that allow the desired image to be formed on the screen. The principle of operation of such a modulator is quite simple and is based on changing the plane of polarization of the light passing through the LCD cell. The LCD cell is located between two polarizers, the polarization axes of which are mutually perpendicular. The first polarizer cuts plane-polarized radiation from the light transmitted from the illumination lamp. If there were no LCD cell, then such plane-polarized light would be completely absorbed by the second polarizer. An LCD cell placed in the path of the transmitted plane-polarized light can rotate the plane of polarization of the transmitted light. In this case, part of the light passes through the second polarizer, that is, the cell becomes transparent (fully or partially). Depending on how you control the rotation of the polarization plane in the LCD cell, there are several types of LCD matrices. So, the LCD cell, placed between two crossed polarizers, allows you to modulate the transmitted radiation, creating a gradation of black and white. To obtain a color image, it is necessary to use three color filters: red (R), green (G) and blue (B), which, being installed on the white propagation path, will allow you to get three basic colors in the right proportions. So, each pixel of an LCD monitor consists of three separate subpixels: red, green, and blue, which are controlled LCD cells and differ only in the filters used, installed between the top glass plate and the output polarizing filter.

The main technologies in the manufacture of LCD displays: TN + film, IPS (SFT) and MVA. These technologies differ in the geometry of surfaces, polymer, control plate and front electrode. Of great importance are the purity and type of polymer with the properties of liquid crystals, applied in specific developments.

The TN-type liquid crystal matrix (Twisted Nematic) is a multi-layer structure consisting of two polarizing filters, two transparent electrodes and two glass plates, between which the nematic-type liquid-crystal substance with positive dielectric anisotropy is located. Special grooves are applied to the surface of the glass plates, which allows creating initially the same orientation of all liquid crystal molecules along the plate. The grooves on both plates are mutually perpendicular, so the layer of liquid crystal molecules between the plates changes its orientation by 90 °. It turns out that LC molecules form a structure twisted in a spiral (Fig. 3), which is why such matrices are called Twisted Nematic. Glass plates with grooves are located between two polarization filters, and the axis of polarization in each filter coincides with the direction of the grooves on the plate. In the normal state, the LCD cell is open because the liquid crystals rotate the plane of polarization of the light passing through them. Therefore, plane-polarized radiation, formed after the passage of the first polarizer, will pass through the second polarizer, since its axis of polarization will be parallel to the direction of polarization of the incident radiation. Under the influence of the electric field created by transparent electrodes, the molecules of the liquid crystal layer change their spatial orientation, lining up along the direction of the field lines of force. In this case, the liquid crystal layer loses the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of the incident light, and the system becomes optically opaque, since all light is absorbed by the output polarizing filter. Depending on the applied voltage between the control electrodes, it is possible to change the orientation of the molecules along the field not completely, but only partially, that is, to adjust the degree of twist of the LC molecules. This, in turn, allows you to change the intensity of the light passing through the LCD cell. Thus, installing a backlight lamp behind the LCD matrix and changing the voltage between the electrodes, you can vary the degree of transparency of one LCD cell. TN matrices are the most common and cheap. They have certain disadvantages: not very large viewing angles, low contrast and the inability to get the perfect black color. The fact is that even with the application of maximum voltage to the cell, it is impossible to unwind the LC molecules and orient them along the field lines of force. Therefore, such matrices, even when the pixel is completely turned off, remain slightly transparent. The second drawback is associated with small viewing angles. To partially eliminate it, a special diffusing film is applied to the monitor surface, which allows to increase the viewing angle. This technology is called TN + Film, which indicates the presence of this film. Finding exactly which type of matrix is ​​used in the monitor is not so easy. However, if the monitor has a “broken” pixel caused by the failure of the transistor controlling the LCD cell, it will always glow brightly (in red, green or blue) in the TN-matrices, since the open pixel in the TN-matrix corresponds to the absence of voltage on the cell. You can recognize a TN matrix by looking at black at maximum brightness — if it’s rather gray than black, then this is probably the TN matrix.

IPS-matrix monitors are also called Super TFT-monitors. A distinctive feature of IPS-matrices is that the control electrodes are located in them in the same plane on the lower side of the LCD cell. In the absence of voltage between the electrodes, the LC molecules are parallel to each other, the electrodes and the polarization direction of the lower polarizing filter. In this state, they do not affect the polarization angle of the transmitted light, and the light is completely absorbed by the output polarizing filter, since the polarization directions of the filters are perpendicular to each other. When voltage is applied to the control electrodes, the generated electric field rotates the LC molecules by 90 ° so that they are oriented along the field lines. If a light is passed through such a cell, then due to the rotation of the polarization plane, the upper polarizing filter will let the light through without interference, that is, the cell will be in the open state (Fig. 4). By varying the voltage between the electrodes, it is possible to force the LC molecules to rotate at any angle, thereby changing the transparency of the cell. In all other respects, IPS cells are similar to TN matrices: a color image is also formed by using three color filters. IPS-matrices have both advantages and disadvantages compared with TN-matrices. The advantage is the fact that in this case it turns out perfectly black, and not gray, as in TN-matrices. Another indisputable advantage of this technology is large viewing angles. The disadvantages of IPS-matrices should be attributed to a pixel response time longer than for TN-matrices. However, we will return to the question of the pixel response time. In conclusion, we note that there are various modifications of IPS-matrices (Super IPS, Dual Domain IPS), allowing to improve their characteristics.

MVA is a development of VA technology, that is, technology with vertical alignment of molecules. In contrast to the TN and IPS matrices, in this case, liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy are used, which are oriented perpendicular to the direction of the electric field lines. In the absence of voltage between the plates of the LCD cell, all liquid crystal molecules are oriented vertically and have no effect on the polarization plane of the transmitted light. Since the light passes through two crossed polarizers, it is completely absorbed by the second polarizer and the cell is in the closed state, while, in contrast to the TN matrix, it is possible to obtain an ideally black color. If a voltage is applied to the electrodes located above and below, the molecules rotate 90 °, orienting themselves perpendicularly to the lines of the electric field. With the passage of plane-polarized light through such a structure, the polarization plane rotates by 90 ° and the light freely moves through the output polarizer, that is, the LCD cell is in the open state. The advantages of the systems with the vertical ordering of molecules are the possibility of obtaining ideally black color (which, in turn, affects the possibility of obtaining high-contrast images) and the short response time of the pixel. In order to increase the viewing angles in systems with vertical molecular ordering, a multi-domain structure is used, which leads to the creation of matrices of the MVA type. The meaning of this technology is that each subpixel is divided into several zones (domains) using special protrusions, which somewhat change the orientation of the molecules, causing them to align with the surface of the protrusion. This leads to the fact that each such domain shines in its direction (within a certain solid angle), and the combination of all directions expands the viewing angle of the monitor. The advantages of MVA-matrices include high contrast (due to the possibility of obtaining perfectly black color) and large viewing angles (up to 170 °). Currently, there are several varieties of MVA technology, such as Samsung"s PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment), MVA-Premium, and others, which further enhance the performance of MVA matrices.

Today, in LCD monitors, the maximum brightness declared in the technical documentation ranges from 250 to 500 cd / m2. And if the brightness of the monitor is high enough, then this is necessarily indicated in the advertising booklets and presented as one of the main advantages of the monitor. However, just this is one of the pitfalls. The paradox is that you cannot rely on the figures indicated in the technical documentation. This applies not only to brightness, but also to contrast, viewing angles and pixel response time. Not only can they not at all correspond to the values ​​actually observed, sometimes it is generally difficult to understand what these numbers mean. First of all, there are different measurement techniques described in various standards; Accordingly, measurements carried out according to different methods give different results, and you can hardly find out by which method and how the measurements were taken. Here is one simple example. The measured brightness depends on the color temperature, but when they say that the monitor brightness is 300 cd / m2, the question arises: at what color temperature is this maximum brightness reached? Moreover, manufacturers indicate the brightness not for the monitor, but for the LCD matrix, which is not at all the same. To measure the brightness, special reference signals of generators with precisely specified color temperature are used, therefore the characteristics of the monitor itself as the final product may differ significantly from those stated in the technical documentation. But for the user, the characteristics of the monitor itself, and not of the matrix, are of paramount importance. Brightness is a really important feature for an LCD monitor. For example, with insufficient brightness, you can hardly play various games or watch DVD movies. In addition, it will be uncomfortable working behind the monitor in daylight conditions (external illumination). However, on this basis, to conclude that a monitor with a declared brightness of 450 cd / m2 is something better monitor with a brightness of 350 cd / m2, it would be premature. Firstly, as already noted, the declared and real brightness is not the same thing, and secondly, it is quite enough that the LCD monitor has a brightness of 200-250 cd / m2 (but not asserted, but actually observed). In addition, the fact how the brightness of the monitor is regulated is also important. From the point of view of physics, the brightness can be adjusted by changing the brightness of the backlight lamps. This is achieved either by adjusting the discharge current in the lamp (in the monitors, cold cathode fluorescent lamp, CCFL cold cathode fluorescent lamps are used as backlight), or through the so-called pulse-width modulation of the lamp power. With pulse-width modulation, the voltage on the backlight lamp is supplied by pulses of a certain duration. As a result, the illumination lamp does not glow continuously, but only at periodically repeated time intervals, but due to the inertia of vision, it seems that the lamp is constantly lit (the pulse repetition rate is more than 200 Hz). Obviously, by varying the width of the applied voltage pulses, you can adjust the average brightness of the backlight lamp. In addition to adjusting the brightness of the monitor due to the backlight, sometimes this adjustment is carried out by the matrix itself. In fact, a constant component is added to the control voltage on the electrodes of the LCD cell. This allows you to fully open the LCD cell, but does not allow it to completely close. In this case, with an increase in brightness, black ceases to be black (the matrix becomes partially transparent even when the LCD cell is closed).

No less important characteristic of the LCD monitor is its contrast, which is defined as the ratio of brightness white background to the brightness of the black background. Theoretically, the contrast of the monitor should not depend on the brightness level set on the monitor, that is, at any brightness level, the measured contrast should have the same value. Indeed, the brightness of the white background is proportional to the brightness of the backlight lamp. In the ideal case, the ratio of the transmittance of light by the LCD cell in the open and closed state is a characteristic of the LCD cell itself, but in practice this ratio may depend on both the set color temperature and the set brightness level of the monitor. Recently, the contrast of the image on digital monitors has increased markedly, and now this figure often reaches the value of 500: 1. But here everything is not so simple. The fact is that the contrast can be indicated not for the monitor, but for the matrix. However, as experience shows, if a contrast of more than 350: 1 is indicated in a passport, then this is quite enough for normal work.

Reaction time, or pixel response time, as a rule, is indicated in the technical documentation for the monitor and is considered one of the most important characteristics of the monitor (which is not quite right). In LCD monitors, the pixel response time, which depends on the type of matrix, is measured in tens of milliseconds (in the new TN + Film-matrices, the pixel response time is 12 ms), and this leads to blurring the changing picture and can be noticeable by sight. Distinguish between on time and off time of a pixel. By the time the pixel is turned on is the time required for opening the LCD cell, and by the time it is off it is the time needed to close it. When they talk about the response time of a pixel, they understand the total time on and off of a pixel. The on time of the pixel and the time it turns off can vary significantly. When they talk about the response time of a pixel, indicated in the technical documentation on the monitor, they mean the reaction time of the matrix, and not the monitor. In addition, the pixel response time, indicated in the technical documentation, is interpreted differently by different matrix manufacturers. For example, one of the options for interpreting the on (off) time of a pixel is that it is the time of changing the brightness of a pixel from 10 to 90% (from 90 to 10%). So far, speaking of measuring the response time of a pixel, it is implied that we are talking about switching between black and white colors. If there are no questions with black color (the pixel is just closed), then the choice of white color is not obvious. How will the pixel reaction time change if measured when switching between different semitones? This question is of great practical importance. The fact is that switching from black to white or, conversely, in real applications is relatively rare. In most applications, transitions between semitones are implemented, as a rule. And if the switching time between black and white turns out to be less than the switching time between grayscale, then the pixel response time will not have any practical value and it is impossible to focus on this characteristic of the monitor. What conclusion can be drawn from the above? It"s very simple: the pixel response time claimed by the manufacturer does not allow us to unambiguously judge the dynamic response of the monitor. In this sense, it is more correct to speak not about the switching time of a pixel between white and black colors, but about the average switching time of a pixel between semitones.

All monitors are by nature RGB-devices, that is, the color in them is obtained by mixing in different proportions of the three basic colors: red, green and blue. Thus, each LCD pixel consists of three color subpixels. In addition to the fully closed or fully open state of the LCD cell, intermediate states are also possible when the LCD cell is partially open. This allows you to shape the color tone and mix the color shades of the base colors in the right proportions. At the same time, the number of colors reproduced by the monitor theoretically depends on how many color shades can be formed in each color channel. Partial opening of the LCD cell is achieved by applying the required voltage level to the control electrodes. Therefore, the number of reproducible color shades in each color channel depends on how many different voltage levels can be applied to the LCD cell. For the formation of an arbitrary voltage level, you will need to use high-resolution DAC circuits, which is extremely expensive. Therefore, in modern LCD monitors are most often used 18-bit DACs and less often - 24-bit. When using an 18-bit DAC, there are 6 bits for each color channel. This allows you to form 64 (26 = 64) different voltage levels and, accordingly, to obtain 64 color shades in one color channel. All in all, by mixing the color shades of different channels, it is possible to create 262,144 color shades. When using a 24-bit matrix (24-bit DAC scheme), each channel has 8 bits, which makes it possible to form 256 (28 = 256) color shades in each channel, and the whole matrix reproduces 16 777 216 color shades. At the same time, for many 18-bit matrices in the passport it is indicated that they reproduce 16.2 million color shades. What is the matter here and is it possible? It turns out that in 18-bit matrices, due to all sorts of tricks, it is possible to bring the number of color shades closer to what is reproduced by true 24-bit matrices. To extrapolate color shades in 18-bit matrices, two technologies (and their combinations) are used: dithering and frame rate control (FRC). The essence of dithering technology lies in the fact that the missing color shades are obtained by mixing the nearest color shades of neighboring pixels. Consider a simple example. Suppose that a pixel can only exist in two states: open and closed, with the closed state of the pixel forming black, and the open state forming red. If instead of one pixel we consider a group of two pixels, then, in addition to black and red, we can also get an intermediate color, thereby extrapolating from the two-color to the three-color mode. As a result, if initially such a monitor could generate six colors (two for each channel), then after such a dithering, it will reproduce already 27 colors. The dithering scheme has one major drawback: the increase in color shades is achieved by reducing the resolution. In fact, this increases the pixel size, which can adversely affect when drawing the details of the image. The essence of the FRC technology is to manipulate the brightness of individual subpixels with the help of their additional on / off. As in the previous example, it is considered that a pixel can be either black (turned off) or red (turned on). Each subpixel receives a command to turn on with a frame rate, that is, at a frame rate of 60 Hz, each subpixel receives a command to turn on 60 times per second. This allows you to generate red. If, forcibly, to force a pixel to be turned on not 60 times per second, but only 50 (at every 12th cycle, not turning on, but turning off the pixel), then the pixel brightness will be 83% of the maximum, which will allow to form an intermediate color shade of red. Both of the considered methods of extrapolating colors have their drawbacks. In the first case, this is a possible flickering of the screen and a slight increase in the reaction time, and in the second, the probability of losing image details. To distinguish by eye the 18-bit matrix w