lcd module hd44780 controller manufacturer

The Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is an alphanumeric dot matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) controller developed by Hitachi in the 1980s. The character set of the controller includes ASCII characters, Japanese Kana characters, and some symbols in two 28 character lines. Using an extension driver, the device can display up to 80 characters.

The Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is limited to monochrome text displays and is often used in copiers, fax machines, laser printers, industrial test equipment, and networking equipment, such as routers and storage devices.

Compatible LCD screens are manufactured in several standard configurations. Common sizes are one row of eight characters (8×1), and 16×2, 20×2 and 20×4 formats. Larger custom sizes are made with 32, 40 and 80 characters and with 1, 2, 4 or 8 lines. The most commonly manufactured larger configuration is 40×4 characters, which requires two individually addressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as a single HD44780 chip can only address up to 80 characters.

Character LCDs use a 16 contact interface, commonly using pins or card edge connections on 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) centers. Those without backlights may have only 14 pins, omitting the two pins powering the light. This interface was designed to be easily hooked up to the Intel MCS-51 XRAM interface, using only two address pins, which allowed displaying text on LCD using simple MOVX commands, offering cost effective option for adding text display to devices.

R/W : Read/Write. 0 = Write to display module, 1 = Read from display module (in most applications reading from the HD44780 makes no sense. In that case this pin can be permanently connected to ground and no processor pins need to be allocated to control it.)

In 8-bit mode all transfers happen in one cycle of the enable pin with all 8 bits on the data bus and the RS and RW pins stable. In 4-bit mode, data are transferred as pairs of 4-bit "nibbles" on the upper data pins, D7-D4 with two enable pulses and the RS and RW pins stable. The four most significant bits (7–4) must be written first, followed by the four least significant bits (3–0). The high/low sequence must be completed each time or the controller will not properly receive further commands.

Selecting 4-bit or 8-bit mode requires careful selection of commands. There are two primary considerations. First, with D3-D0 unconnected, these lines will always appear low (0b0000) to the HD44780. Second, the LCD may initially be in one of three states:

The same command is sent three times, Function Set with 8 bit interface D7-D4 = 0b0011, the lower four bits are don"t care, using single Enable pulses. If the controller is in 4 bit mode the lower four bits are ignored so they can"t be sent until the interface is in a known size configuration.

In all three starting cases the bus interface is now in 8 bit mode, 1 line, 5×8 characters. If a different configuration 8 bit mode is desired an 8 bit bus Function Set command should be sent to set the full parameters. If 4 bit mode is desired 0b0010 should be sent on D7-D4 with a single enable pulse. Now the controller will be in 4 bit mode and a full 4 bit bus Function Set command sequence (two enables with command bits 7-4 and 3–0 on subsequent cycles) will complete the configuration of the Function Set register.

The original HD44780 character generator ROM contains 208 characters in a 5×8 dot matrix, and 32 characters in a 5×10 dot matrix. More recent compatible chips are available with higher resolution, matched to displays with more pixels.

ERM1602FS-3 is 16 characters wide,2 rows character lcd module,SPLC780C controller (Industry-standard HD44780 compatible controller),6800 4/8-bit parallel interface,single led backlight with white color included can be dimmed easily with a resistor or PWM,fstn-lcd positive,black text on the white color,high contrast,wide operating temperature range,wide view angle,rohs compliant,built in character set supports English/Japanese text, see the SPLC780C datasheet for the full character set. It"s optional for pin header connection,5V or 3.3V power supply and I2C adapter board for arduino.

Of course, we wouldn"t just leave you with a datasheet and a "good luck!".For 8051 microcontroller user,we prepared the detailed tutorial such as interfacing, demo code and Development Kit at the bottom of this page.

Modern Character LCD display modules have been possible since 1987 when Hitachi introduced the HD44780 LCD controller. Since then, Hitachi no longer manufactures this integrated circuit (IC), but modern LCD controller ICs make it a point to be HD44780-compatible.

The character LCD display modules offered by Crystalfontz America Inc. are no exception to this compatibility standard. This assures backwards compatibility with existing product infrastructure for our customers.

From time to time, we are asked to find a suitable replacement for an older LCD display. When our customer sent us the just-barely functional display in question to help verify we did have a compatible display we were delighted (in only the way Engineers can get delighted) that the old display had an old-school HD44780 controller.

Since the display was operational, we were able to find a suitable replacement for our customer. A few modifications were necessary to drive the backlight properly in the device the display is for, but otherwise, the display was functionally the same, thanks to the HD44780 compatible controller.

This gave us an opportunity to see the changes in how Character LCD displays are manufactured and assembled. The controller and drivers ICs are no longer discreet IC — they are bonded to the PCB and then covered with ‘blobs” to protect them. (Learn more about blobs on LCDs.) The improvements in PCB layout, design, and manufacturing are very apparent.

We invite you to contact our helpful customer support team via chat, phone, or email — to see what display will best suit your needs or answer any questions our LCD, TFT, and OLED modules.

After years of development, our company has grown into a large high-tech group corporation integrating industry, technology and trading. With electronic information industry as our main business, we keep being top 10 in the board, shield, sensor, modules

The HD44780 type controller chip is used with a wide variety of Liquid Crystal Displays. These LCDs come in many configurations each with between 8 and 80 viewable characters arranged in 1, 2, or 4 rows.

The problem is that there is no way to inform the controller of the configuration of the display that it is driving. The controller operates exactly the same way for all displays and it is up to the programmer of the device that is controlling the LCD controller (usually a host microcontroller) to deal with this situation.

The controller contains 80 bytes of Display Data Random Access Memory which is usually referred to as DDRAM. When the controller is used with a 40 x 2 display (forty characters on each of two rows) the operation is quite straightforward and that operation will be explained first. Each of the other configurations introduces one or more quirks so it is best to understand the operation of the 40 x 2 before proceeding to the description of the operation of any of the others.

This is the most common Memory Map for the 80 bytes of DDRAM in the HD44780 controller. There is another rarely encountered configuration that will be presented later.

You can tell the controller where you want the first ASCII character that you send it to be stored, this is usually address 00h. After receiving that character it will automatically update its address pointer and put the next ASCII character you send into an adjacent memory location with no more addressing work on your part. You can specify whether to increment or decrement the address counter but normally it is incremented, so the next character will be put into address 01h. The LCD controller automatically accounts for the gap in addresses and after storing an ASCII code in address 27h it puts the next code in address 40h. Similarly it increments from address 67h back to 00h.

Here is a simplified diagram of the display on a 40 x 2 LCD Module. Each of the boxes in the diagram represents a location where a character can be displayed.

Here is a copy of the memory map of the controller. Remember, each of the memory locations in the controller chip is directly associated with one of the character locations on the display.

When the host controller wants to display a string of characters on the display all it has to do is specify a starting DDRAM address and then start sending the string of ASCII codes corresponding to the desired characters to the LCD controller, one after another. The LCD controller takes the first code that it receives, stores it at the specified address, and simultaneously displays the corresponding character on the display. It then increments it"s internal address counter and stores the next ASCII code that it receives in the next DDRAM location which causes the corresponding character to appear in the next location on the display. As mentioned before the LCD controller automatically accounts for the gap in addresses and after storing an ASCII code in address 27h it puts the next code in address 40h. Similarly it increments from address 67h back to 00h.

This display also has 80 characters, but the relationship between the DDRAM addresses and the character locations on the LCD is not quite as straightforward as the LCD with two rows of 40 characters. Here is a diagram of the device.

Here is the same memory map, rearranged this time to show how the memory addresses relate to the character positions on a 20 x 4 LCD. Note how the right half of the previous diagram is now below the left half and note the resulting sequence of starting addresses for each display row (00h, 40h, 14h, 54h).

Remember that the LCD controller still considers this to be two lines of RAM. It is important to understand that this way of picturing the DDRAM addresses helps relate the memory addresses to the character locations but does not change the fact that as far as the controller is concerned there are only two lines of memory. In other words, although this diagram shows the DDRAM differently than before, the actual DDRAM configuration and operation is exactly the same as described above for the 40 x 2 display since there is no way of telling the LCD controller that there are now 4 rows of 20 characters instead of 2 rows of 40 characters.

When a long string of ASCII codes is sent to this LCD controller the action is not quite as simple as for the 40 x 2 display. After the first row is full the characters will continue on to the third row. The normal automatic incrementing from 27h to 40h will then cause the display to continue on the second row, and from there it will continue to the fourth row. After that the following characters will appear back on the first row, and so on.

In order to get a coherent display on sequential rows it is necessary to compensate for the design of the LCD controller when programming the host microcontroller. Basically the program on the host microcontroller can keep track of the DDRAM addresses, and when appropriate it can set up a new starting DDRAM address.

For each of the above displays there are 80 addresses in memory and there are 80 character locations on the display so it should be obvious that any time you send an ASCII code to the controller the corresponding character will show up somewhere on the display. If you mess up the address the character may not show up where you expected it, but it will be visible somewhere. If you work back from where it actually appears you can usually figure out where you made your mistake. All of the displays that follow have fewer character locations on the display than memory addresses in the controller. This makes the operation somewhat more complicated and troubleshooting more difficult.

It is important to understand that, although this diagram shows only the part of the DDRAM that is normally used to display information on the 20 x 2 LCD, the actual memory map and controller operation is exactly the same as described above for the previous displays. Again that is because there is no way of telling the LCD controller that there are only 40 characters on the attached display.

When a long string of ASCII codes is sent to this LCD controller the action is not quite as simple as for either of the 80 character displays. Assume that the host controller is sending a string of characters as described above. Consider what happens after the LCD controller stores an ASCII code in address 13h and displays the corresponding character at the right end of the top row on the LCD. It then stores the next ASCII code in address 14h, which has no corresponding location on this 20x2 display. As more ASCII codes are sent to the LCD controller they are stored in the DDRAM but do not appear on the display until the LCD controller finally increments it"s address counter from 27h to 40h at which time subsequent characters start to appear on the second row of the display. As far as a viewer of the display is concerned there is a gap of 20 missing characters. The same thing will happen on the second row when ASCII codes are stored in addresses 54h - 67h.

In order to prevent any missing characters the program on the host microcontroller can keep track of the DDRAM addresses, and when appropriate it can set up a new starting DDRAM address. On the other hand the display can be shifted to display those missing characters, but the techniques to do that will not be covered here.

This is a commonly found configuration and its operation is almost identical to that of the 20 x 2. The relationship between the DDRAM addresses and the character locations on the LCD is a subset of the example shown above. Here is a drawing of the device.

Once again it is important to understand that although this diagram shows only the part of the DDRAM that is normally used to display information on the 16 x 2 LCD the actual DDRAM configuration and operation is exactly the same as described above for the 40 x 2 display. This is because there is no way of telling the LCD controller that there are only 32 characters on the attached display.

There are actually two different varieties of 16 x 1 LCD displays and the initialization and operation of each is different so it is important to determine which one you have.

When power is first applied to any of the multi-row LCD modules and before the controller is initialized you will see that the character locations corresponding to the first line of memory are dark and the others are light (assuming that the contrast adjustment is properly set). If you apply power to a 16 x 1 LCD module and only the left 8 character locations are dark you have what I will call a type 1 module. If only the right 8 character locations are dark this is also a type 1 module but it is upside down! If all 16 character locations are dark then it is what I will call a type 2 module. This is my own terminology used only for the purpose of keeping them differentiated while describing their operation. The type 1 modules will have only one IC on the back of the pcb while the type 2 will have 2 (I guess this tidbit gives away the source of my "type" designations). This distinction may apply to newer devices with epoxy blobs instead of ICs, but I believe that sometimes one blob may cover more than one equivalent IC function.

From this you can see that although the display has only a single row of characters, as far as the LCD controller is concerned it is using two lines of memory and it must be considered to be a 2 line device when initializing the controller.

Here you can see that if the host controller sends a long string of characters without periodically adjusting the DDRAM starting address then after each 8 characters are displayed the next 32 will "disappear".

Also, to display a message of more than 8 characters on the 16 character display the host controller will have to readjust the DDRAM address after displaying the first 8 characters.

Here you can see that if the host controller sends a long string of characters after the first 16 characters are displayed the next 64 will "disappear".

At the expense of an extra IC you get some slightly easier programming since, in order to display a message of more than 8 characters on the 16 character display, the host microcontroller does not have to readjust the DDRAM address after displaying the first 8 characters.

Since only one line of memory is in use this LCD module should be configured as a 1-line device. As far as I can determine, this changes the multiplex frequency which changes the display brightness and/or contrast. Also, there are some single row LCDs that are capable of displaying a larger 5x10 font instead of the more common 5x7 font.

Here is the same memory map, rearranged this time to show how the memory addresses relate to the character positions on a 16 x 4 LCD. Note how the center of the previous diagram is now below the left part, the right part is missing, and the resulting sequence of starting addresses for each display row is different than for the 20 x 4 (00h, 40h, 10h, 50h).

Here you can see that if the host controller sends a long string of characters without periodically adjusting the DDRAM starting address then after the first row is full the characters will continue on to the third row. After the third row is full the next eight characters "disappear". The normal automatic incrementing from 27h to 40h will then cause the display to continue on the second row, and from there it will continue to the fourth row. After the fourth row is full the next eight characters will "disappear" and then it"s back to the first row.

The 40 x 4 LCD is treated essentially as two 40 x 2 devices stacked one on top of another in the same glass enclosure. Electrically it uses what amounts to two HD44780 controller chips and it therefore has two separate memory maps each with the same address range. One is used for the top two lines and the other is used for the bottom two lines. The memories are accessed individually by strobing the desired Enable pin of which there are now two. Here is a diagram of the device.

To display a really long string of characters on this display the host controller would start out just like it did for the 40 x 2 display. It would specify a starting DDRAM address (typically 00h) and then start sending the string of ASCII codes corresponding to the desired characters to the LCD controller, one after another, making sure to strobe the enable pin associated with the upper memory bank.   After storing an ASCII code in address 67h the LCD controller will automatically increment to address 00h as before and at this time the host controller must stop strobing the enable pin for the upper bank and start strobing the one for the lower bank.

There are other LCD configurations available but I believe that any of them can be handled by a technique similar to one of the examples above. If you have a display that seems to be considerably different from any of these I would like to hear from you.

(2) As implied above the number of rows of characters that can be displayed on the LCD is not the same as the number of lines of memory used by its controller.   Only some of the 16x1 displays use "one line" of memory, all of the other displays including most 16x1 displays, use "two lines" of memory.

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