As we know, to print character symbol on LCD, we have to send ASCII code. LCD16x2 also has feature, where we can print our own custom character, which is not included in ASCII set of character.

Only four GPIO pins are connected to LCD data (D4-D7) pin which helps to save GPIO pins. By default, LCD16x2 is in 8-bit mode. To use LCD16x2 in 4-bit mode, we need to send some commands for LCD initialization and configuration. To send these commands following data formats should follow.

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Now, while printing a character on LCD16x2, we need to send the ASCII code of that character to LCD16x2. Suppose, we want to print a character ‘H’ on the LCD, then we should send 0x48 (ASCII code of ‘H’) data to the LCD16x2. The LCD16x2 has its own controller, which does the printing job on the LCD16x2.

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LCD16x2 has memory space of 64 bytes called as CGRAM (character generator RAM). It is used to make custom patterns. We just have to write custom pixel values in this memory space.

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The output of the code will be displaying "Hello!!!!" on the first row of a 16x2 LCD and two custom characters on the second row. The custom characters are generated and defined in the code using the createChar function and assigned to the characters with codes 0 and 1.

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This pin is used for adjusting the contrast of the display. Voltage on this pin defines contrast on display, lower the voltage, higher the contrast. We can connect 4.7 k pot for contrast adjustment or simply connect this pin to ground to get maximum contrast.

Liquid Crystal Displays don’t have their own light like seven segment displays. Therefore, the module has a backlight LED. Supply to this LED is provided through these pins.

This pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins D0 to D7. High to low pulse with a minimum width of 450 ns is required to latch the data to the display.

On LCD16x2 one character is made up by 5x8 pixel matrix. Consider that we have to design Bell shape custom character. As in diagram, we have to define pixel values, 0 for pixel OFF and 1 for Pixel ON.

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Note: To configure LCD 16x2 in a 4-bit mode, we should send 2 at higher nibble (D4 - D7) to LCD 16x2. As only four (D4 - D7) data lines need to be connected to the microcontroller, we need to send 0x02 as a command, which will write 0 to higher nibble (D4-D7) and then again write 2 to higher nibble, which will set the LCD in 4-bit mode. Note that we can provide any command with lower nibble as 2 i.e. 0x32, 0x42 etc. except 0x22 to initialize display in 4-bit mode.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is widely used in various electronics applications. It is commonly used in various systems to show different status and parameters. LCD16x2 has 2 lines with 16 characters in each line. Each character is made up of a 5x8 (column x row) pixel matrix.

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While interfacing an LCD16x2 with any microcontroller, firstly we need to initialize the LCD. For that, we need to send some commands. Similarly, to clear the display or for changing the position we need to send commands. So basically, we can say that LCD16x2 is controlled by using commands.

While providing the address of CGRAM, we have to keep DB6 line always high. This means that address starts from 0x40 to store custom character on CGRAM.

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