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Toshiba Mobile Display Co., Ltd. (TMD) has announced the development of a new color active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD) module lineup for industrial applications. The new display modules incorporate light-emitting diode (LED) backlighting systems offering an MTBF3 of 100,000 hours. The modules are designed to satisfy the requirements of a broad range of industrial applications, such as test and measurement equipment, medical equipment, mobile computing devices and more, utilizing the latest LED backlight technology. The series includes eight new LCD products, available in four screen sizes (5.7-inch, 8.4-inch, 10.4-inch, and 12.1-inch).

Compared to CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamp) backlit displays, LED-backlit displays feature superior characteristics such as lower electromagnetic noise and lower power consumption, and offer a wider adjustable luminance range. The mercury-free1 LED-backlit displays also reduce environmental impact, in terms of both material content and energy consumption. Also, the new LED-backlit displays do not require the high-voltage and high-frequency circuits needed to control luminance in CCFL-backlit displays, thus enabling a higher level of flexibility in system design in terms of safety, electromagnetic interference (EMI) compensation, and system architecture.

In 2008, ahead of all other competitors, TMD started volume production of a new series of industrial TFT LCD panels that incorporated an LED backlight system with 70,000 hours MTBF3 at ordinary room temperatures (25°C). This year, in a new development, TMD has succeeded in implementing LED backlight systems with an MTBF3 of 100,000 hours at ordinary room temperatures (25°C). The innovative backlight system achieves increased longevity through design optimization for heat dissipation and luminous efficiency. TMD expects to start volume production of the new LCD display lineup in the next half.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The phosphors used in CRTs make them vulnerable to image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to image persistence.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers" policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.ISO 13406-2 standard.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard,ISO 9241, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

In 2004, researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.

Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range (HDR displays are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked resolution.

LCDs can be made transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

Limited viewing angle in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle. Special films can be used to increase the viewing angles of LCDs.

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to dim the display,CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT"s phosphor sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe eye-strain for some people.LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off faster than a CCFL lamp.

Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (218) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (224) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

Input lag, because the LCD"s A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

The production of LCD screens uses nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF3 is a potent greenhouse gas, and its relatively long half-life may make it a potentially harmful contributor to global warming. A report in Geophysical Research Letters suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide. As NF3 was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the Kyoto Protocols and has been deemed "the missing greenhouse gas".

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The Encore 2 tablet features an elegant Satin gold matte finish and the 8-inch model weighs less than a pound. It features a bright HD (1280x800) multi-touch display making it perfect for working on documents, web browsing, movie watching, gaming or on-the-go reading and entertainment. In addition, the Encore 2 provides an amazing video chat experience with an HD webcam and 5MP rear-camera with auto-focus.

Powered by the quad-core Intel® Atom™ processor, the Encore 2 tablet provides all the performance and speed necessary for enjoying productivity tasks and entertainment. It offers up to a 8.5-hour battery life and up to 64GB of storage. Sync, stream and share with connectivity features such as ultrafast 802.11n Wi-Fi®, microSD™ card slot supporting microSDXC™ cards up to 128GB, as well as a Micro-USB 2.0.

Your TOSHIBA computer comes equipped with many useful features. The following information lists these features as well as describes the features function and ability as well as show where to go for information for enabling and/or disabling the feature. Not all laptops are equipped with each feature. Refer to your Owner"s Manual for specifications and capabilities.

Most of the utilities are located using the search feature located in the START menu. These items can also be found using a drill-down method under START > ALL PROGRAMS in the TOSHIBA folder.

If the utility is not installed on your computer, you can verify if it is available for your specific model under "Downloads" on the TOSHIBA support web site (support.toshiba.com). Not all utilities are available for every model. When installing the utilities, install the TOSHIBA Value Added Package first.

The TOSHIBA Common Driver provides an essential link to system resources required by several TOSHIBA original program components for access to BIOS functions etc.

TOSHIBA eco Utility provides extended power control options to our customers over devices in Toshiba notebooks. Reduction in power consumption by switching to optimum power settings based on plugged-in or on battery power machine status, or remaining battery power percentage. For more information refer to eco Utility.

TOSHIBA HWSetup lets you customize your hardware settings according to the way that you work with your computer and the peripherals you use. For more information refer to HW Setup.

TOSHIBA Password Utility lets you set and maintain password security that restricts access to the computer. For more information refer to Password Utility.

TOSHIBA Flash Cards provides additional Hotkey (Function Fn keys) functionality to Toshiba notebooks and includes an intelligent user interface (UI) in the form of a graphical drop-down invoked by hotkey operation. This improves the user experience by allowing them to visually identify current status and available options at time of selection, saving them time spent blindly moving between the hot-key options to find the one they need. For more information refer to Flash Cards.

TOSHIBA PC Diagnostic Tool can display the basic information of a computer and diagnose simple issues using Windows built-in toolset. For more information refer to PC Diagnostic Tool.

If TVAP is not installed on your computer, you can verify if it is available for your specific model under "Downloads" on the TOSHIBA support web site (support.toshiba.com). Prior to installing other utilities, install TVAP.

Select TOSHIBA laptops offer up to four convenient USB Sleep-and-Charge ports and the TOSHIBA Sleep Utility allowing charging of USB devices such as a cell phone, camera or media player (*1) with the computer in sleep mode or even shut down. The computer does not have to be connected to power to charge devices (*2)(*3) (without AC adapter connected).

Verify the device to be charged can do so through its power cable using a USB port. Each USB device may have its own specific charging specification. To charge your device in Standby/Sleep Mode, Hibernation Mode, or shutdown state, the suitable mode for your device has to be selected. Auto Mode (Default) is suitable for a wide range of digital audio players. However, determining which mode is suitable for your USB device is unknown without trying. Try each mode, use the procedure in the video, from Auto Mode to Alternate Mode (*4) to find the suitable mode for your USB device to charge. (*5)

To use "Sleep and Music", enable the function in the TOSHIBA Sleep Utility and connect an audio cable from the audio output of an audio player, to the Line-in/Mic jack with the "zzzz (musical note)" icon on the PC. Please use the controls on the audio player to control the volume and operate play, stop, etc.

This application allows your computer to automatically search for TOSHIBA software updates or other alerts from TOSHIBA that are specific to your computer system and its programs. When enabled, this application periodically transmits to our servers a limited amount of system information required to perform these updates or alerts. This feature is enabled by default.

A recovery image of your computer is stored on the hard drive. You can create recovery media from the image using TOSHIBA Recovery Media Creator. If you create recovery media in advance, you can recover the system from the recovery media even if you cannot recover the system from the hard drive.

Living the mobile life is great. Until the unexpected happens. One fall off a table, one sharp jolt on a cramped cross-country flight or crowded classroom and all your precious files, media and other data stored on your laptop could be in jeopardy. Fortunately, Toshiba has you covered.

You can thank Toshiba innovation for your first line of defense against unforeseen knocks, dings and drops. It"s called the Hard Drive Impact Sensor―a complex system of hardware and software designed to detect sudden movements (as when your laptop starts to fall off the table) and "park" the heads of your hard drive before damage occurs. It works faster than you can blink to help protect your laptop and all-important data.

Because everyone uses a laptop differently, we made sure you can customize the Hard Drive Impact Sensor to suit your situation. Safely docking your laptop on a desk for awhile? It"s okay to "tune" the sensor to its lowest sensitivity level. Taking your laptop around town? Putting it on a school desk or dining table? Better crank up the setting to help keep the unexpected from ruining your work.

The TOSHIBA PC Health Monitor proactively monitors a number of system functions such as power consumption, battery health and system cooling, informing you of significant system conditions.

Between theft, spills and jolts, prying eyes and lost wireless connections, the real world can be a real challenge, no matter how careful or smart you are with your laptop. So be prepared-with Toshiba EasyGuard® Technology*. Built into all our Tecra® and Portégé® laptop models, it’s like an added blanket of protection and convenience to help you go mobile with confidence. (Just what you’d expect from the world’s laptop experts.)

TOSHIBA Media Controller allows you to control your music, pictures and videos by streaming content to any compatible device in your home. Playing media on a compatible device is easy. Just drag and drop a media file or playlist onto the icon for the rendering device. For example, if you want to play a slideshow of your favorite pictures on a TV that supports the Digital Media Renderer (DMR) functions, simply drag the pictures onto the TV icon found in the DMR list.

TOSHIBA"s 3D laptops are top-notch entertainment machines with big screens, fast processors, powerful graphics cards, large hard drives, 6GB of memory, and Blu-ray Disc™ drives. What makes them capable of displaying 3D along with standard 2D imagery? These cutting-edge laptop PCs come with a specially manufactured screen, specialized software, active shutter glasses, and a few other features such as a button that lets you switch between 2D and 3D viewing. With the glasses-free F750 laptop series, you don’t even need the specs.

TOSHIBA Face Recognition is software that enables users to easily logon to Windows without entering a password, using a face verification library. The face verification library is used to capture and register the face of users and verify the user logon using that face data.

TOSHIBA Flash Cards is a utility using a card type design. It replaces the "Hot Key Utility" which is a conventional utility for Windows. Pressing a specific key together with the Fn key executes the function assigned to the key (hot key function). When a hot key is pressed or the mouse cursor is moved to the end of the screen, the cards are displayed in a row at the end of the screen.

Book Place offers a completely interactive experience that not only brings books to life with sound, color and video, but gives you ReadAloud, integrated web search, hyperlinks, text-to-speech capabilities, exportable notes and much more. Just imagine reading your child a bedtime story where characters talk, images come alive, and each word is highlighted to give your child an unrivaled way to learn.

Toshiba Bulletin Board is like a customized mini homepage that keeps you on top of your busy life. Just drag, drop and pin your important pictures, files, notes, letters and links onto your board. No more searching endlessly through folders. It’s all right there in front of you. Then, just as easily “unpin” and remove them when the job’s done, or you want a different look.

From the Toshiba board, you can quickly access key utilities, programs and special offers. Get alert messages for product updates and special offers. Or instantly enter our support center when you need help. Because your time is precious, it’s time you started using Toshiba Bulletin Board.

Toshiba ReelTime™ is a graphical history/indexing tool that enables you to view recently accessed files in a fun and easy-to-use format. View and scroll through your history of opened or imported files via thumbnails in an intuitive user interface. Your ReelTime display can be customized to suit your user preferences.

Toshiba ReelTime™ replaces the old fashioned “hunt-and-click” method of finding your files with an visual timeline or “reel,” Now, instead of questions like, “Where is it?” you simply ask “When did I use it?” You’ll spend less time searching, more time doing and enjoying, and keep your day in high gear. Toshiba ReelTime™ shows a row of your most recent files as graphic previews at the bottom of your display, making it easy to see at a glance what’s there. Flick through your reel to find the file you need. Then, keep it handy by dragging and docking it nearby. A brush of your finger or mouse is all it takes. ReelTime simplifies searching by automatically tracking and indexing the documents and programs you open. It groups them and presents them as visual thumbnails so you can easily find what you’re looking for.

Toshiba ReelTime™ also lets you cut through the clutter by filtering out the files you don’t want, and honing in on the ones you do. Group your photos, files and clips by type or by program to look at last month’s book reports, queue up video clips for posting, or to prep for building another great photo album. For all the things you want to do, Toshiba ReelTime™ saves you serious time.

The TOSHIBA Reel Time will open. By default "Everything" is selected, showing all of your files in chronological order. You can then choose to view documents, photos, videos, as well as other items.

TOSHIBA Resolution+ is a Plug-in For Windows Media Player. This software is a Windows ® -based software which upconverts wmv and mp4 videos on Windows Media Player. What’s behind Toshiba’s Resolution+? Our exclusive upscaling algorithm designed to deliver contrast and color enhancements in real-time. Utilizing the advanced graphics processing capabilities of your laptop, standard definition video is converted from a low to a higher resolution so you can enjoy your DVD movies with sharper image clarity and contrast on your HD display. CLICK HERE for additional information about Resolution+.

Locate "Toshiba Resolution+ Plug-in for Windows Media Player" (or similar wording) and open the link with the newest date (as older versions may also be listed).

The TOSHIBA Video Player is a Windows-based software application that lets you view DVD movies, or video content recorded using home video camcorders. You can play DVD-Video, DVD-VR, and video files. Furthermore, you can convert 2D home videos and other 2D content you create into 3D and enjoy them in 3D. Use the on-screen control panel to operate the TOSHIBA VIDEO PLAYER. The video player also includes Resolution+.

With TOSHIBA Disc Creator, you can create original audio CDs, data CDs and DVDs, and backup discs of CDs and DVDs. When creating audio CDs, you can collect only your favorite music from multiple music CDs, and a "MyBest" or "Favorites" CD can be created. Moreover, an Audio CD can be created from audio files collected on the hard disk of your personal computer, such as MP3 and WMA files.

More advanced functions, such as image file creating from CDs/DVDs, creation of CDs/DVDs from an image file, and creation of bootable CDs and DVDs, is also supported.

Some laptops are equipped with "eco mode". This mode slightly lowers performance of some devices to reduce electric power consumption. You can realize measurable power savings by using it continuously. TOSHIBA eco Utility helps you monitor your power savings by showing approximate real time power consumption. Furthermore, it shows approximate accumulated power consumption and approximate accumulated power savings when using eco mode daily, weekly, and monthly. The utility also shows the approximate accumulated CO2 emission and savings while using eco mode. You can track power savings by using eco mode continuously.

The TOSHIBA Eco Charge Mode increases the battery life cycles by not charging to full capacity. This mode is recommended for users who most often use the PC with the AC adapter. The battery life per full charge is shorter in this mode. This mode is enabled/disabled through "Battery Manager".

The TOSHIBA HWSetup program will open allowing you to personalize certain settings on your computer. Before making any changes, read the information contained in your Owner"s Manual about the HWSetup program.

TOSHIBA Assist will open allowing you customize settings. For detailed information explaining TOSHIBA Assist and it"s abilities, refer to your Owner"s Manual.

In order to use the TOSHIBA Fingerprint Utility, you first need to create a Windows account password. If the current account has no Windows password, you can create one by going to START > CONTROL PANEL > USER ACCOUNTS.

The TOSHIBA HDD/SSD Alert includes wizard functions to monitor the Disk Drive operating status and execute system backup. TOSHIBA HDD/SSD Alert has the following features:

Notification of disk drive status - Disk Drive has the SMART Predict Failure function which monitors the Disk Drive operating status. TOSHIBA HDD/SSD Alert supervises this status and if a failure is predicted, it shows the alert message and recommends you backup data in the drive.

The TOSHIBA Password utility adds additional password security to your Toshiba computer. After registering a user password, you will be required to input it when booting the computer or starting the Password Utility. Refer to your Owner"s Manual for complete details.

The TOSHIBA Supervisor Password utility adds additional password security to your Toshiba computer equipped with Windows 8 pre-installed. This allows you to control the user passwords and access. Refer to your Owner"s Manual for complete details.

If this utility or feature is not installed on your computer, you can verify if it is available for your specific model under "Downloads" on the TOSHIBA support web site (support.toshiba.com). Not all utilities are available for every model and operating system. When installing any utilities, install the TOSHIBA Value Added Package first.

The TOSHIBA Security Assist Utility acts as a “command center” where you can set up various passwords or other security features, and see how these features can be used with each other to increase security even further, or to simplify the ways that you protect your system. For detailed information about TOSHIBA Security Assist Utility, refer to your Owner"s Manual.

The TOSHIBA Clickpad with Gesture control can be activated and deactivated to allow finger gestures to be used on the laptop clickpad. This feature may also be refered to asTouchpad with Gesture Control.

The "Advanced feature settings" window will open. Under the "Gestures" tab you can select available gestures to enable or disable depening on preference.

TOSHIBA Desktop Assist utility is installed on computers with Windows 8 (factory installed and upgrade). The Desktop Assist utility is designed to give users easy access to their programs, control panel, as well as files and folders, similar to the Start Menu in previous versions of Windows. Click on it for quick and easy access to a suite of handy help and service utilities, including PC Diagnostics.

Faced with a growing collection of personal and professional files, blossoming photo albums, and a raft of home movies from the ever-trusty camcorder, many have begun using a 3-1/2” external hard drive to ease the strain on their laptop. But if only they could transfer those files faster. Well, with the introduction of high-speed eSATA USB ports on new Toshiba laptops, now they can. You can connect either a standatrd USB cable or an eSATA cable.

Sad but true - all that digital “footage” of your darling new puppy comes at a cost. Typical home video files can range up to 1GB or more. Add thousands of pix, humongous amounts of music plus millions of miscellaneous files and even the biggest hard drive can feel the pinch. But with external storage and an eSATA port on your Toshiba laptop you can offload those files and transfer them faster than via a standard USB port. What a relief!

If you enjoy making movies on your notebook you know how quickly precious hard drive space can vanish. But with an external hard drive and an eSATA port on your Toshiba laptop you quickly gain access to tons of high-speed storage. What’s more, you also get a fast way to move around those chunks of video while making a saga of your big summer party.

Use an external hard drive to back-up your data? That’s a very smart solution. But with an eSATA port it quickly becomes an absolutely brilliant one. You can transfer your files up to 5 times faster than via a standard USB port. So you’ll be done in a flash and back enjoying the million or so things you can do on your Toshiba laptop.

The TOSHIBA System Settings program released with pre-installed Windows 8 is a tool that allows you to configure your computer - similar to TOSHIBA HWSetup on earlier models. Computers upgraded to Windows 8 from an earlier version use HWSetup.

If this utility or feature is not installed on your computer, you can verify if it is available for your specific model under "Downloads" on the TOSHIBA support web site (support.toshiba.com). Not all utilities are available for every model and operating system. When installing any utilities, install the TOSHIBA Value Added Package first is applicable.

The TOSHIBA System Settings will open allowing you to personalize certain settings on your computer. Before making any changes, read the information contained in your Owner"s Manual about the System Settings program.

Now enjoy all of your personal and online content on your big screen by simply wirelessly connecting your Toshiba laptop to your HDTV. Available on select Satellite® and Portégé® laptops featuring Intel® Core™ processors; Intel® Wireless Display (1) combined with an adapter enables you to project personal content, online TV shows, home movies, videos and more, all with great image clarity up to 1080p. No more crowding around the laptop - now you can gather around the TV to enjoy your PC content.

The Intel® Wireless Display feature on your Toshiba laptop is all about easy. Simply connect the PUSH2TV adapter to your TV, follow a few simple steps, then sit back and enjoy. You set it up once. And, after that, sharing your screen is quick as pushing a button.

Always at the forefront of innovation, Toshiba laptops are always designed to power your mobile lifestyle to the fullest, while minding the environment with high energy efficiency. Intel® Turbo Boost Technology, available on any of our laptops with Intel® Core™ i5 or i7 processors, automatically adapts to whatever you are doing on your PC, providing extra speed when you need it and increasing energy efficiency when you don’t.

Whether you’re using your notebook to catch up on e-mails, editing photos, or working on spreadsheets, the processor on your Toshiba PC automatically kicks into warp speed with Intel Turbo Boost Technology when needed then scales back down when the job’s done. Now that’s smart.

Because Intel® Turbo Boost technology delivers extra performance automatically, that helps make your Toshiba laptop more energy efficient overall. And that should make you feel better knowing you’re doing your part to help our planet.

Once you had to choose: either great performance for gaming and other graphics-heavy tasks, or great battery life rating to keep you e-mailing, browsing and studying longer unplugged. Not anymore. NVIDIA® Optimus™ technology gives you the best of both worlds—automatically. And it’s now available on select Toshiba laptop computers.

To achieve a 3D viewpoint without the aid of special glasses, certain TOSHIBA 3D laptops use the latest in auto-stereoscopic display technology. Equipped with a brilliant full HD TruBrite® display with Active Lens technology, the double parallax image display is able to project two sets of images at the same time, splitting them between the left and right eyes to create the 3D effect. Toshiba"s intuitive Face Tracking technology then taps into the laptop"s built-in webcam to further perfect the projection of the image by reacting to the motion and position of the viewer, delivering a broad viewing zone from which to view 3D content. The end result for consumers is the ability to view and enjoy real 3D, no glasses needed.

1 -3D Viewing: Important Safety Information. Due to the possible impact on vision development, viewers of 3D video images should be age 6 or above. Children and teenagers may be more susceptible to health issues associated with viewing in 3D and should be closely supervised to avoid prolonged viewing without rest. Some viewers may experience a seizure or blackout when exposed to certain flashing images or lights contained in certain 3D television pictures or video games. Anyone who has had a seizure, loss of awareness, or other symptom linked to an epileptic condition, or has a family history of epilepsy, should contact a health care provider before using the 3D function. See 3D Viewing: Important Safety Information Legal Footnote at www.info.toshiba.com.

The TOSHIBA Cooling Performance Diagnostic Tool is designed to test the cooling performance of the fan on your laptop which may be affected by the operating environment and frequenbcy of use.

If not pre-installed, the Cooling Performance Diagnostic Tool may be able to be downloaded and installed for your laptop model at support.toshiba.com. Links to the Cooling Performance Diagnostic Tool may be located through TOSHIBA Desktop Assist under "Support & Recovery" or directly on the Start screen.

When the room"s dim or the lights go down, you can keep right on typing thanks to a LED-backlit keyboard on your Toshiba Satellite® laptop. Great for working on planes or in poorly lit cafes; it not only looks cool, but helps make the laptop more energy efficient too.

To see if your laptop is equipped with a Blu-ray player, look for the "Blu-ray Disc" logo on the DVD drive itself or check the specifications for your specific laptop in your User"s Guide located on support.toshiba.com.

On certain TOSHIBA laptop models, the display is composed of Light Emitting Diodes with light emanating from the back, as opposed to the sides. The advantage is a backlit display will be brighter since the light is direct. LEDs use less energy as well, resulting in less power consumption.

The Panel Open Power On function will power up the laptop (when shut down) when the laptop lid is opened. This function must be manually enabled through the Power Options.

NOTE: In some versions of the control panel, the speaker mode is selected automatically by the hardware and cannot be changed. (Some speakers selections may not be available on all models.)

The Advanced Controls are accessed by clicking on the Advanced tab located at the bottom of the window. Based upon the content and output settin