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The history of tablet computers and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and thus the development of tablets has deep historical roots.handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.

The tablet computer and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and the development of tablets has deep historical roots. The first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1914.

Tablet computers appeared in a number of works of science fiction in the second half of the 20th century, with the depiction of Arthur C. Clarke"s NewsPadThe Hitchhiker"s Guide to the Galaxy in Douglas Adams 1978 comedy of the same name, all helping to promote and disseminate the concept to a wider audience.

In 1968, Alan Kay envisioned a KiddiComp; while a PhD candidateDynabook in his 1972 proposal: A personal computer for children of all ages,laptop computer or (in some of its other incarnations) a tablet or slate computer with the exception of the requirement for any Dynabook device offering near eternal battery life. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the target audience was children.

In 1986, Hindsight, a startup in Enfield CT, developed the Letterbug, an 8086-based tablet computer for the educational market. Prototypes were shown at trade shows in New England in 1987, but no production models ever came out.

In 1987 Linus Technologies released the Write-top, the first tablet computer with pen input and handwriting recognition. It weighed 9 pounds and was based on MS-DOS with an electroluminescent backlit CGA display and a "resistive type touch screen in which a voltage is applied to the screen edges, and a stylus detects the voltage at the touched location." The handwriting had to be individually trained for each user. Around 1500 units were sold.

1988, Hermann Hauser, co-founder of Acorn Computers, with Olivetti, would establish the Active Book Company Ltd, to develop an ARM based pen computer, with GSM connectivity, and utilising a Smalltalk based touch OS.EO Personal Communicator.

In 1989, GRiD Systems released the GRiDPad 1900, the first commercially successful tablet computer. It weighed 4.5 pounds and had a tethered pen resistive screen like the Write-top. The handwriting recognition was created by Jeff Hawkins who led the GRidPad development and later created the PalmPilot. Its GRiDPen software ran on MS-DOS and was later licensed as PenRight.

In 1991, AT&T released their first EO Personal Communicator, this was one of the first commercially available tablets and ran the GO Corporation"s PenPoint OS on AT&T"s own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU.

In 1994, the European Union initiated the "OMI-NewsPAD" project (EP9252), requiring a consumer device be developed for the receipt and consumption of electronically delivered news / newspapers and associated multi-media.NewsPad name and project goals were borrowed from and inspired by Arthur C. Clarke"s 1965 screen play and Stanley Kubrick"s 1968 film: 2001: A Space Odyssey.Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branded the NewsPad. The device was supplied for the duration of the Barcelona-based trial, which ended in 1997.

In 1996, The Webbook Company announced the first Internet-based tablet, then referred to as a Web Surfboard, that would run Java and utilize a RISC processor.

Again in 1996, Fujitsu released the Stylistic 1000 tablet format PC, running Microsoft Windows 95, on a 100 MHz AMD486 DX4 CPU, with 8 MB RAM offering stylus input, with the option of connecting a conventional Keyboard and mouse.

In 1999, Intel announced a StrongARM based touch screen tablet computer under the name WebPAD, the tablet was later re-branded as the "Intel Web Tablet".

One early implementation of a Linux tablet was the ProGear by FrontPath. The ProGear used a Transmeta chip and a resistive digitizer. The ProGear initially came with a version of Slackware Linux, but could later be bought with Windows 98.

In 1999, Microsoft attempted to re-institute the then decades old tablet concept by assigning two well-known experts in the field, from Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, to the project.

In 2000, Microsoft coined the term "Microsoft Tablet PC" for tablet computers built to Microsoft"s specification, and running a licensed specific tablet enhanced version of its Microsoft Windows OS, popularizing the term tablet PC for this class of devices.rugged devices for field work.

In 2002, original equipment manufacturers released the first tablet PCs designed to the Microsoft Tablet PC specification. This generation of Microsoft Tablet PCs were designed to run Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, the Tablet PC version of Windows XP.Microsoft Windows superseded Microsoft"s earlier pen computing operating environment, Windows for Pen Computing 2.0. After releasing Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, Microsoft designed the successive desktop computer versions of Windows, Windows Vista and Windows 7, to support pen computing intrinsically.

X.org supports screen rotation and tablet input through Wacom drivers, and handwriting recognition software from both the Qt-based Qtopia and GTK+-based Internet Tablet OS provide promising free and open source systems for future development.

A number of Linux-based OS projects are dedicated to tablet PCs. Since all these are open source, they are freely available and can be run or ported to devices that conform to the tablet PC design. In 2003, Hitachi introduced the VisionPlate rugged tabletpoint-of-sale device.Maemo (rebranded MeeGo in 2010), a Debian GNU/Linux based graphical user environment, was developed for the Nokia Internet Tablet devices (770, N800, N810 & N900). The Ubuntu Netbook Remix edition, as well as the Intel sponsored Moblin project, both have touchscreen support integrated into their user interfaces. Canonical Ltd has started a program for better supporting tablets with the Unity UI for Ubuntu 10.10.

Initially developed by Palm, Inc. in January 2009, as the Palm OS, webOS was purchased by HP to be their proprietary operating system running on the Linux kernel. Versions 1.0 to 2.1 of webOS uses the patched Linux 2.6.24 kernel. HP has continued to develop the webOS platform for use in multiple products, including smartphones, tablet PCs, and printers. HP announced plans in March 2011, for a version of webOS by the end of 2011, to run within the Microsoft Windows operating system to be used in HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012.

Nokia entered the tablet space with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made for their Nokia Internet Tablet line. The product line continued with the N900 which is the first to add phone capabilities. Intel, following the launch of the UMPC, started the Mobile Internet Device initiative, which took the same hardware and combined it with a Linux operating system custom-built for portable tablets. Intel co-developed the lightweight Moblin operating system following the successful launch of the Atom CPU series on netbooks.

MeeGo is an operating system developed by Intel and Nokia to support Netbooks, Smartphones and tablet PCs. In 2010, Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and Moblin projects to form MeeGo. The firstNeofonie WeTab. The WeTab uses an extended version of the MeeGo operating system called WeTab OS. WeTab OS adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR and provides a proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device.

Apple has never sold a tablet PC computer running Mac OS X, although OS X does have support for handwriting recognition via Inkwell. However, Apple sells the iOS-based iPad Tablet computer, introduced in 2010.

Before the introduction of the iPad, Axiotron introduced the Modbook, a heavily modified Apple MacBook, Mac OS X-based tablet computer at Macworld in 2007.Wacom. To support the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the Modbook was supplied with a third-party driver called TabletMagic. Wacom does not provide drivers for this device.

The tablet computer market was reinvigorated by Apple through the introduction of the iPad device in 2010.AT&T. Since then, the iPad 2 has launched, bringing 3G support from both AT&T and Verizon Wireless. The iPad has been characterized by some as a tablet computer that mainly focuses on media consumption such as web browsing, email, photos, videos, and e-reading, even though full-featured, Microsoft Office-compatible software for word processing (Pages), spreadsheets (Numbers), and presentations (Keynote) were released alongside the initial model. One month after the iPad"s release Apple subsidiary FileMaker Inc. released a version of the Bento database software for it.GarageBand) and video editing (iMovie). As of the release of iOS 5 in October 2011, iPads no longer require being plugged into a separate personal computer for initial activation and backups, eliminating one of the drawbacks of using a non-PC architecture-based tablet computer.

On 20 May 2010, IDC published a press release defining the term media tablet as personal devices with screens from 7 to 12 inches, lightweight operating systems "currently based on ARM processors" which "provide a broad range of applications and connectivity, differentiating them from primarily single-function devices such as ereaders".

Early competitors to Apple"s iPad in the market for tablet computers not based on the traditional PC architecture were the 5 inch Dell Streak, released in June 2010, and the original 7 inch Samsung Galaxy Tab, released in September 2010.

At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, over 80 new tablets were announced to compete with the iPad. Companies who announced tablets included: Dell with the Streak Tablet, Acer with the new Acer Tab, Motorola with its Xoom tablet (Android 3.0), Samsung with a new Samsung Galaxy Tab (Android 2.2), Research in Motion demonstrating their BlackBerry Playbook, Vizio with the Via Tablet, Toshiba with the Android 3.0 – run Toshiba Thrive, and others including Asus, and the startup company Notion Ink. Many of these tablets were designed to run Android 3.0 Honeycomb, Google"s mobile operating system for tablets, while others run older versions of Android like 2.3, or a completely different OS such as the BlackBerry Playbook"s QNX.

Hewlett-Packard announced its TouchPad based on the WebOS system in June 2011. HP released it a month later in July, only to discontinue it after less than 49 days of sales, becoming the first casualty in the post-PC tablet computer market.fire sale on TouchPad tablets when its price was dropped from US$499 to as low as $99 after it was discontinued resulted in a surge of interest.

In September 2011, Amazon.com announced the Kindle Fire, a 7-inch tablet deeply tied into their Kindle ebook service, Amazon Appstore, and other Amazon services for digital music, video, and other content. The Kindle Fire runs on Amazon"s custom fork of v2.3 of the Android operating system.Gmail as one of the several webmail services it can access.selling content through it, as well as the device acting as a storefront for physical goods sold through Amazon.

Despite the large number of competing tablets released in 2011, none of them had managed to gain considerable traction as the market continued to be dominated by the iPad and iPad 2. Several manufacturers had to resort to deep discounts to move excess inventory, as what happened with the HP TouchPad (after its announced discontinuation) and the BlackBerry Playbook. It has been suggested that many companies, in their rush to jump on the "tablet bandwagon", had released products that might have had decent hardware but lacked refinement and came with software bugs that needed updates.

According to IDC, Android have 63% of all "media tablet" sales in 2013 and rising and Windows is also rising in market share. Apple"s iPad had 83% of all "media tablet" sales in 2010 and 28% of market share in 2013.

On 14 September 2011, IDC announced that in the second calendar quarter of 2011, the market share of the iPad increased to 68.3% from 65.7% in the previous quarter, while market share for Android-based tablets decreased from 34.0% the previous quarter down to 26.8% in the second quarter. Besides being affected by the introduction of the iPad 2 in March 2011, this can also be partially attributed to the introduction of RIM"s PlayBook tablet, which took 4.9% share of the market in the quarter.

On 22 September 2011, Gartner lowered their forecast for sales of tablet computers based on the Android OS by 28 percent from the previous quarter"s projection,

In October 2011, at the Launch Pad conference Ryan Block from gadget site gdgt showed slides identifying the makeup of the site"s users who bought tablets in 2011 consisting of 76% iPad (39% iPad 2, 37% original iPad), 6% HP TouchPad, and no other tablet at over 4%. He noted that the numbers did not include previous purchases of the iPad or other tablets in 2010. In a breakdown by platform he showed a chart indicating Apple"s iOS at 76%, Google"s Android at 17%, HP"s webOS at 6%, and RIM"s PlayBook OS at 2%.

A report by Strategy Analytic showed that the share of Android tablet computers had risen sharply at the expense of Apple"s iOS in the fourth quarter of 2011. According to Strategy Analytic, Android accounted for 39% of the global tablet market in the final three months of 2011, up from 29% a year earlier. Apple"s share fell to 58% from 68%. A total of 26.8 million tablet computers were sold in the quarter, up from 10.7 million a year ago, the report said.

In China, according to an AlphaWise survey of 1,553 Chinese consumers across 16 cities over the summer of 2011, Apple"s iPad currently holds a 65% share of that nation"s tablet market. When asked about future purchases, 68% of those surveyed indicated an intent to buy an iPad, versus other brands" shares of 10% for Asus, 8% for Lenovo, 6% for Samsung, and 3% or less for any other brand.

According to eMarketer & Forbes, advertisers will spend nearly $1.23 billion on mobile advertising in 2011 in the US, up from $743 million last year. By 2015, the US mobile advertising market is set to reach almost $4.4 billion. This includes spending on display ads (such as banners, rich media and video), search and messaging-based advertising, and covers ads viewed on both mobile phones and tablets.

Stanislaw Lem describes an Opton, a portable device with a screen "linked directly, through electronic catalogs, to templates of every book on earth" in the 1961 novel "Return from the Stars".

The Hitchhiker"s Guide to the Galaxy is broadcast as a radio comedy on BBC Radio 4. The series was named after a fictional touch screen electronic tablet used in the play.

Pencept of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.

Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle, an application that captured a screen from a MS-DOS application, and let users add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like tablet computers.

The Apple Newton entered development; although it ultimately became a PDA, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching abilities) resembled the hardware of a tablet computer.

IBM releases the ThinkPad, IBM"s first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the IBM ThinkPad 750P and 360P.

Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates the first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of the "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition" operating system)COMDEX.

In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.

Dixons Retail unveils the Advent Vega, a 10-inch tablet PC running Android 2.2, having a micro SD card slot, a USB port and a 16h battery life for audio playback and 6.5h for 1080p video.

Sony releases the Sony Xperia Tablet Z as well as having Ingress Protection Ratings of IP55 and IP57, making it dust-resistant, water-jet resistant, and waterproof.

Apple releases the iPad Air and the iPad Mini 2 in November (first 64-bit tablets with iPhone 5S smartphone being the first 64-bit mobile device the month before)

Microsoft released fourth generation of the Surface Pro, the Surface Pro 42-in-1 convertible tablet that could be folded like a laptop called the Surface Book,

Apple released the iPad Pro, being one of the largest tablet devices ever made. It features a 12.9-inch display. It also released accessories at the same time such as its first tablet point device, the Apple Pencil.

TOKYO, April 1 (Reuters) - Toshiba Corpsaid it would buy out its liquid crystal display (LCD) joint venture with Panasonic Corpfor about 2 billion yen ($20.3 million), aiming to speed up decision-making and restructuring to turn around the loss-making venture.

Toshiba will buy Panasonic’s 40 percent stake in Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology, which is the world’s second-largest maker of small and midsized LCD panels used in cellphones, car navigation systems and other devices.

Toshiba, which expects to have fallen into its worst-ever annual loss in the year ended last month, said the move is part of its restructuring measures to cut 300 billion yen in costs in the current business year.

Hit by falling prices and sluggish demand, Toshiba Matsushita Display is expected to post an operating loss of 30 billion yen on sales of 270 billion yen last business year.

For Panasonic, the deal should allow the world"s top maker of plasma TVs to focus more resources on large displays, though it will still hold 25 percent in another small and midsized LCD venture majority-owned by Hitachi Ltd.

After making the venture wholly owned and changing its name to Toshiba Mobile Display Co, Toshiba plans to focus on displays using organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology, it said.

Before the announcement, Toshiba shares closed up 5.9 percent at 269 yen and Panasonic finished 1.2 percent higher at 1,082 yen. The benchmark Nikkei averagegained 3 percent. (Reporting by Sachi Izumi; Editing by Chris Gallagher)

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The new unit would overtake Sharp Corp as the leading maker of small liquid-crystal display (LCD) panels, and comes as others in the industry have teamed up to tap the burgeoning market for high-tech portable devices.

In addition, the selling of a stake in the unit to the government would help industrial conglomerate Toshiba and consumer electronics giant Sony to focus on their core businesses, industry watchers said.

“This should be a good move for both companies since it will allow them to invest more in their core businesses, as well as enjoy a collaboration through the merger of their (non-core) small LCD panel operations," said Nobuo Kurahashi, an analyst at Mizuho Investors Securities in Tokyo.

The new company may use the funds to introduce cutting-edge production lines at a Sony plant in Aichi Prefecture’s Higashiura, and will develop technologies to mass-produce OEL (organic electroluminescence) panels, which deliver higher resolutions than LCD panels while consuming less power, the paper added.

Toshiba Mobile Display Co had 9.2% of the global small LCD panel market in 2010 while Sony Mobile Display Corp had 6.1%, behind top-ranked Sharp’s 14.8% share, according to research firm iSuppli.

Increasing demand for smaller panels used in popular devices such as Apple’s iPad and iPhone last week led Sharp to forecast an unexpected jump in operating profit for its current business year.

Analysts expect global tablet sales to soar to more than 50 million units in 2011. Apple boasts 80% of the market, but it is attracting many new entrants.

There are some caveats, of course: it"s a low-end device. It"s not aiming to replace an iPad, a snazzy Samsung Galaxy tablet or even a Windows PC -- it"s to "complement" such devices.

Accordingly, the innards are predictably so-so, akin to what we used to call "netbook specs" before tablets became a big deal: an Intel Atom processor (Toshiba hasn"t told us the speed but the model number used suggests it will be at least 1.3GHz), 1GB of RAM, a 1,024x600-pixel LCD display (170 ppi) and a 2-megapixel rear-facing camera with a 0.7-megapixel front-facing companion.

Storage? You"re looking at microSD really, which is supported up to a 128GB capacity. Microsoft lets device manufacturers install Windows at zero cost to them or customers, but only on devices that fall below a certain hardware specification. Specifically that includes no more than 16GB of on-board storage, so don"t expect any more than that when Toshiba"s little tab hits shelves later this year.

On the up side it comes with Microsoft Office 365 Personal, which keeps you covered for documents and spreadsheets etc, plus 1TB of cloud storage from Microsoft. That"s yours for a year and included in the price of the tablet, which is a bargain in itself given you can then access Office 365 on a desktop PC -- that"s a £60 product normally.

In short it"s an interesting product that"s aggressively priced, but with a chance of disappointing certain people who think they"re getting a £99 tablet that negates the need for a higher-performing model or a laptop. For Toshiba"s sake, good marketing needs to come with a product like this and hopefully it will, because getting a pocket-sized Windows 8.1 machine for less than £100 is a smart little idea.