flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

A touchscreen monitor incorporates the function of the pointing device into the display, replacing both mouse and keyboard. Interaction with the computer takes place via a system which detects contact with the screen surface.

Resistive screens are differentiated by the number of wires they have. The five-wire system compensates for their fragility, making them more durable and less prone to scratches and cracks.

Capacitive models respond to the transfer of electrical charges when touched, and cannot be used while wearing a glove. They are very bright, but have a fragile surface coating. Projected capacitive versions take advantage of the proximity transfer effect. Their surface is protected by reinforced glass.

Infrared technology uses light detection, the screen responding even before it is touched. However, it offers limited resolution and is prone to accidental activation. The most common type is the surface acoustic wave (SAW) screen. It responds to a wide variety of touch techniques, some screens even taking into account the amount of pressure applied. It is very bright and has excellent resolution.

In addition to size and resolution, choice of touchscreen will depend on the conditions under which it will be used and the possible need for multi-touch capability.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

Thanks to the wide range of sizes available and the high-resolution support of those devices (e.g. 768p, 1920~1200 pixels), faytech’s capacitive touch monitors are the perfect choice for a wide range of applications, including but not limited to POS systems, kiosk systems, for office/residence automation and as control panels in industrial fields.

All our Capacitive touch screens are made of an industrial A+ HD LCD capacitive multi-touch panel with energy-saving LED technology and a wide viewing angle. These characteristics make faytech Capacitive touch displays perfect solutions when it comes to fashion shows, industrial 4.0 projects, dealerships, wayfinding, supermarkets, sports arenas, interactive visualizations, and digital signage.

The potential use cases of those units are almost infinite. For residencies, condominiums, or apartment lobbies, the Capacitive Touch Monitors could be used as interfaces or as part of a residential automation system. In hotels, these capacitive touch screen monitors could help enhance communications between staff and residents, as well as being part of a security automation system. Beyond residential and hosteling settings, faytech capacitive touch displays would be a great addition to any educational system, being used to improve interactions between students and professors in classrooms, for personnel management, and as interfaces to plan and communicate about curricular and extracurricular events. Faytech Capacitive Touch Monitors are also a great option to make scheduling and inventory management easier, whether in a private company or a public/educational setting.

In retail environments like mall shops and department stores, the technologies provided by faytech Capacitive Touch Monitors will be a great addition not only for customers, helping them to easily check inventory details without having to ask store personnel, but also for managers, being an easy way to cut back on operating costs. One of the multiple advantages of our capacitive touch screens is that they can be easily integrated with external software applications that, in turn, can allow customers to try demo versions of the products or services they contemplate purchasing. All in all, faytech capacitive touch monitors can serve as a great interactive medium to facilitate the purchasing process and multiply your sales.

While faytech Capacitive Touch Monitors can for sure be used for single-touch applications, these touch devices truly shine in more complex use scenarios. These include for instance directories or maps, when the user may have to use finger-scroll, pinch-zoom, and panning functions. Indeed, one of the main differences between Resistive touch monitors and capacitive touch monitors concerns touch technology. While resistive touch monitors are most of the time equipped with a single touch panel, the capacitive touch monitors are on the other side built to effectively register multi-touch, going as high as ten touches at the same time! It is now even possible to use Capacitive Touch Monitors when wearing heavy gloves, which is a significant upgrade given that this feature was formerly the preserve of Touch Monitors using Resistive-touch technology. Thanks to their patented IP65 front with silicone seal, faytech Capacitive Touch Monitor also work under heavy rain, which makes them adapted to use in semi-outdoor environments.

Worth noting, Capacitive Touch screens can most of the time be divided into two sub-categories: Projected Capacitive Touch Screens (PCAP) and Surface Touch Screens.

Based on projected technology, faytech Capacitive Touch Monitors are suitable for use in some highly specialized industries, including the aerospace (including but not limited to avionic systems), medical, military, and industrial ones (serving for example as an automated equipment control). Particularly, the main advantages of faytech Projected Capacitive Touch Monitors concerning these specific industries are the variety of layers stack-up options available, resulting in unparalleled durability and color perception. The Capacitive Touch Monitors manufactured by faytech respond to all the obligations induced by such demanding industries, thanks to several outstanding features. Those include:

Along with these peculiar applications, faytech Capacitive Touch Screens are also ideally fitted for high usage environments when based on surface technology.

Indeed, this technology stands out thanks to the high environmental robustness and increased resilience it offers. Monitors equipped with such a technology are vandal proof and can be used in areas with high traffic, serving in museums as an interactive display for instance. For example, it is now common to find such devices in electronic voting machines, an application in which security is key. Whether they come with a curved or flat surface, these devices are a perfect fit for any graphic-driven applications, such as ATMs (automated teller machines), game consoles, entertainment (including smartphones, tablets, and personal computers), banking, kitchen appliances, automobiles, and automats.

Technically speaking, on top of the front surface is applied a conductive coating, itself composed of wires connected to every four corners where a small voltage is applied. The system relies on the “capacitance” of the human body, which is to say that when one touches the screen, a small current flows to the touchpoint, generating a voltage drop detected at the corners.

This functioning makes screen surface technology more fitted to use on larger size (i.e. over 12 inches) applications. Besides, the single glass layer structure allows these devices to have excellent optical clarity and high light transmission (from 88 up to 92 percent). Of all the available technologies, it has the fastest touch response time. These monitors can also withstand regular cleaning using harsh chemicals. All in all, these functionalities make the capacitive touch monitors using surface technology especially suitable for commercial uses, such as the ones that we mentioned before.

On top of the potential use cases presented in this section, our Capacitive Touch Monitors can easily be integrated into any conceivable application and setup. Faytech NA is specialized in custom-made solutions and we will be glad to help you find the best Capacitive Touch Monitor for your specific needs and applications. Don’t hesitate to contact us to talk with one of our Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor specialists.

Touch panels have been evolving quickly and touchscreen technologies are becoming ever more sensitive to interactions with something as simple as the human finger.

The following are some important points regarding our touch panel company and some of the ways we are developing surface capacitive touch panel displays and devices.

A capacitive touchscreen can be found in many devices ranging from mobile phones to large touch panels to projected capacitive displays to kiosks with surface capacitance technology.

faytech NA specializes in the design, development, manufacturing, and marketing of specific computing solutions such as Touchscreen Desktops and Displays for Capacitive, Embedded, Industrial, Resistive, Rugged, Sunlight Readable, High Brightness, Open Frame, Kiosks and Accessories.

faytech NA currently manufactures 7–22” Monitors, 8–19” PCs, and the 32–42–55” PC LFT Series. Additionally, we have developed our own proprietary PC motherboard, which is manufactured exclusively by ASUS.

Thanks to the accurate touch sensors, capacitive touch screen monitors are implemented as a viable solution for situations where the mouse and keyboard systems cannot be used as suitably accurate. Capacitive touch panel touchscreens offer a rapid, or intuitive means of interaction with the content on the screen.

Touchscreens with controller-based firmware and touch sensor have been made available, historically, by a various after-market system integrators, and not by the  motherboard, chip, and display manufacturers.

However, chip and touchscreen manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged in the last few years the trend toward a wide acceptance of touch-friendly interface components as a highly desirable alternative and have begun to integrate this technology into the design of their products.

A capacitive touch screen monitor can be used similar to a keyboard that is invisible since it displays only as many button choices and as much data as users need to complete a particular task.

This is one of the reasons why touch panels are increasing in popularity in various applications from industrial machinery to kiosks and mobile phones.

In selecting the most suitable monitor for your application, the most important decision is in regard to the type of touch screen technology to use. Touch panels and touchscreens come in several types based on a few different technologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

A touch screen monitor is made of insulating material covered with transparent conductors. The most common material used as an insulator is glass. As a transparent conductor, indium tin oxide is usually used.

The resulted electric distortion is measured as a change in capacitance. In order to identify the touch display’s locations in a way can be used in various technologies, the location is then sent for processing to the controller of the capacitive touchscreen.

The difference from a resistive touch screen, is that users cannot work with a capacitive touchscreen through gloves and other types of electrically insulating material. In consumer electronics, this is a disadvantage because these smartphone and touch tablet PCs cannot be used in cold weather. However, this disadvantage can be overcome with a special-application glove or a special stylus.

The top manufacturers of capacitance displays continue to develop more accurate and thinner touch screens. For instance, by building the capacitors inside the display itself, mobile devices such as Samsung’s Super AMOLED screens are being produced now with “in-cell” technology that eliminates a layer.

This reduces the visible distance between what the user is touching on the screen and the user’s finger, enabling gestures and taps to be more responsive and creating a more direct contact with the content displayed.

Touch screens based on projected technology deliver interactive solutions for various applications and industries including aerospace, medical, military, and industrial.

Multi-touch projected technology has changed forever the way we interact with machines since the iPhone exploded on the market in the year 2007. Touch monitors with projected technology offer many substrate choices and stack-up options, delivering unmatched durability and outstanding optics.

Surface technology offers environmental robustness and increased durability. These monitors are proven to meet the harsh demands found in vandal prone access sectors, and areas with high traffic.

Curved and flat surface touch screens are suitable for graphic driven applications, such as vending machines, entertaining, gaming, banking, and ATMs. Itcomes with a conductive coating on top of the front surface. The conductive coating features wires connected to each corner. To each of these four corners is applied a small voltage. The operation is based on surface technology relies on the capacitance of the human body. A small current flows to the point when you touch the screen, causing a voltage drop that is then sensed at corners.

This screen surface technology can be used easily on a larger size (over 12 inches) applications. Because the structure is only one glass layer, they provide high light transmission (in the range of 88 to 92 percent) and excellent optical clarity. Of all the available technologies, it has the fastest touch response time. These monitors can also withstand regular cleaning using harsh chemicals.

Because the touch screen display is based on a durable technology, they can be employed in applications that require increased durability. Among their areas of application are included point-of-sale systems, kiosks, and industrial computer machinery. Another advantage is that they have a higher clarity than resistive-type (higher by 88-92 percent).

Interface: Your computer should communicate with the touch screen panels. The most common interface types USB and RS-232. The need for drivers has been eliminated by new HID-compliant touchscreen displays.

Mounting: Among the various mounting options are included free-standing, rack mount, and panel mount. In case that you want to use free-standing, make sure that you use a heavy-duty stand that was specifically designed for touch.

faytech North America’s capacitive touch screen monitor solutions will enhance an organization’s productivity. Contact us today to speak with our capacitive touch screen monitor specialists.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

There are often many questions when it comes to adding touch panels and touch screen technologies to an organization. Resistive touch screen technologies offer many benefits when it comes to commercial and industrial usage since it can be utilized with a stylus or stylus-like object, gloved fingers, and even bare fingers.

Resistive touch screens are made from multiple thin layers. When a user applies pressure to these touch panels, the top layer will bend and contact the bottom layer. In these resistive touch screens, this action will close the circuit and result in a current loop. Resistive touch screens are mainly used in single-touch devices. In general, resistive touchscreens are less expensive to manufacture and integrate since they are designed to respond to most forms of pressure. These touch screens are ideal for simple touch panels like controls or applications that need to be used with gloves.

Capacitive touchscreens typically utilize 2 layers and the multi touch panel responds to distortions in the electrostatic field of the panel from the human body or a conductive pen or stylus. Capacitive touch panels are designed to respond to multi-touch gestures, and typically require less pressure to register interactions.

While the production costs of touchscreen technology have been decreasing over the years, the differences in these technologies and how they respond to the pressure of multi touch or single touch inputs during operation is quite unique.

A resistive touch friendly surface is very popular in commercial settings like restaurants, airports, ATMs, industrial automation, in computer-based training, government and educational locations, and much more.

In fast food restaurants, customers use resistive touch screens and touch displays as ordering points where they can place their order on their own without dealing with the sales clerk.

In computer-based learning, a touchscreen is very helpful, especially since it keeps the learner focused on the screen and learners do not need any technical know-how to operate the keyboard or hardware.

The resistive touch screen monitor technology is implemented either in the form of all-in-one systems or stand-alone monitors. It is common for touch sensitive peripherals to be added to an ordinary computer display unit.

Once a touch controller is connected to the touch desktop PC, an inexpensive touchscreen solution can be quickly created. This controller communicates between the PC and the monitor, creating an interactive touch solution for users.

Touch screen monitors save a lot of space and require virtually no maintenance, and this has made them popular for information kiosks, dry/wet room usage and in most industrial and commercial settings that require quick input interactions. These displays come either in the form of  add-on panels that are fixed over a regular one.

These screens are the perfect solution for medical facilities, scientific applications, research laboratories, industrial plants, and commercial environments.

Resistive display technology has been around since the 1970s and there are several companies like faytech North America that manufacture touch screen equipment.

The screen is a touch sensitive device that includes the video unit and the input devices (keyboard and mouse). With the screen, users can do away with the multiple hardware systems that were required to make use of a computer system.

There are several touch-sensitive technologies applied in manufacturing faytech NA touchscreen monitors. They can utilize capacitive, resistive, or surface wave sensor technology.

The touchscreen PC is one where a thin metal-based resistive layer functions as the main sensory layer. This layer is receptive to touch, transmitting touches as an electrical signal.

The other alternative, the surface wave interface to, utilizes ultrasonic waves which pass over the touch panels. These waves will be absorbed when a person interacts with the screen.

The wave alteration initiates the touch event and the location. Touch-screen technology uses advanced principles of physics and simplifies communication tremendously. With user-friendly operation and an attractive interface, the displays are highly preferred for games, training, and at information desks.

What is the best resistive touch screen monitor for a business and what are the major differences between the touch screens? The most important differences depend on what the individual needs of the business itself would be. Which option is the recommend one for you – resistive touch or capacitive touch? It depends on the following:

The higher quality resistive touchscreen monitors can handle dust, debris, and the accidental scratch without compromising the integrity.  Kiosks have their own individual factors when it comes to touch screen features:

Mechanic shops, busy restaurants kitchens, even work areas where high-pressure water is being used now, have successfully adapted to LCD display technology with the help of all of the new protective rugged monitors that are now readily available. LCD touch technology has long been proven to be a viable, long-term business investment that has withstood the test of time.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

Remanufacturer and distributor of liquid crystal, panel and touch screen displays. Available with 100 VAC to 240 VAC power supply. Features include front bezels, USB support, windows, auto-adjust buttons, built-in power supply and USB cable brackets. AutoCAD files accepted. Most items available in stock. 24/7 services provided. RoHS compliant. UL and cUL listed. CE certified. Two year warranty.

Manufacturer of custom rugged displays for military, marine, industrial, avionic, medical, transportation, commercial and other applications. Diverse engineering team able to design to fit any enclousure. Many types of touch screen technologies available, including surface capacitive, projected capacitive, resistive, SAW, infrared, optical, DST. Other features include sunlight readable, NVIS, waterproof, flip-up, flip-down, rack mount drawer, panel or rack mount, and much more. All sizes are available, from small to large. Suitable for workstations, cockpits, medical devices and other safety- or mission-critical applications. Manufactured, serviced, and supported in the USA.

Manufacturer of standard and custom liquid crystal display (LCD) displays. Thin film transistor (TFT) and graphical displays are available. Offered with LED backlight and integrated capacitive or resistive touchscreen. Suitable for medical devices, embedded systems, airplanes, amusement parks, golf carts and vehicles. Serves automotive, automation, gaming, security and OEM industries.

Distributor of touch screen panel liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Available in 10.1 in. sizes. Inventory management services are also offered. Serves the electronics, computer, telecommunications, aerospace, aviation, medical, automotive and transportation industries. ITAR registered. Stock items available.

Manufacturer of optically bonded, non-touch and touchscreen displays. Features vary depending upon model, including vision 2 display controllers with quad-core multimedia processors, liquid crystal displays, auto-dimmable display backlights, housings with powder-coated die-cast front, horizontal and vertical viewing angles, membrane keyboards, internal temperature sensors, programmable software and resistive touch screens. Meets ASME and OHSAS 18001 standards. CSA and NFPA approved. API registered. CE certified.

Manufacturer of flat-panel industrial monitors and displays rated for Division 1 and Division 2 environments. Custom engineered, designed, and manufactured to handle the dust, dirt, debris and chemical exposure common to rugged and hazardous applications in the oil and gas, pharmaceutical and food processing, manufacturing and chemical industries. Types of monitors include military grade, LCD, rugged, washdown, high definition, wide screen, panel mount, rack mount, flush mount, gas purged, and more.

Manufacturer of resistive touchscreen HMI displays with anodized aluminum housings, USB and Ethernet. Available in four screen sizes, 6.102 to 11.535 in. width, 2.283 in. depth and 5.315 to 8.78 in. height. Surrounding air operating temperature ranges up to +55 degrees C. Serves the automotive, railway system, power engineering, building, lighting, marine, offshore and process industries. Most items available in stock. RoHS compliant. UL listed. CE certified. JIT delivery.

Distributor of integrated touch screen displays. LCD, sunlight readable TFT, monochrome, chip on glass, TFT LCD, LED, automotive rear seat and OLED displays are also available. Vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs and stock items available. Meets AS9100 Rev C standards. Kanban and JIT delivery.

Manufacturer of Industrial touchscreen displays suitable for railway sign, airport control tower, digital signage, agriculture, factory automation, kiosk and retail applications. Available in 10.4 to 21.5 in. display size, -10 to 60 degrees C operating temperature and 9 to 50 volts DC voltage. Some monitors are offered with fanless and rugged design, LCD display, front panel IP65 waterproof, dual speakers, resistive and capacitive (PCAP) touch options available. EPA registered.

Manufacturer of touchscreen panel displays for medical and industrial applications. Available in 10.1 to 27 in. display sizes. Features vary depending upon model, including LED backlights, plastic design, USB, flat, power connectors, optional side brackets, input video signal interfaces and terminals. Accessories such as power adaptors, cords, cables and stands offered. Meets EN 60601-1-2 standards. Custom options depending upon applications are also provided.

Manufacturer of standard and custom thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (LCD) including human machine interface diagonal touchscreens. Available in 5 VDC power at 200 mA current, 4.3 in. screen sizes, 0.92 in. depth, 4.75 in. width and 3.70 in. height. Features include programmable, graphical operating systems, front panel mountable enclosures, protective overlays, built-in copy protection options and power management controllers. Serves the pharmaceutical packaging identification, instrumentation, emergency response service, recording and bioprocessing industries. Made in the USA.

Distributor of new, surplus, and used medical touchscreen LED and LCD displays. Same day shipping is offered. Serves oil, petrochemical, energy, food processing, mining, pulp, and paper industries.

Manufacturer and distributor of touchscreen, sound, video and theatrical displays. Types include counter top, back-up, extension, dual USB charger, heads up and four sided color changing displays. Available in a variety of configurations. Features vary depending upon model and include LED light strips, wireless remote control, LCD widescreen rear view mirrors and license plate cameras.

Manufacturer of wall mountable and desktop displays. Available in screen sizes ranging from 22 to 70 in. Features vary depending upon model, including removable computer module, echo canceling mic and speaker, portrait, landscape, tabletop orientation, LCD touchscreen, and multi-user interaction. Suitable for retail, hospitality, healthcare, and commercial applications. Serves the health and safety, government, education, and public sector industries.

Manufacturer of touchscreen displays for home automation, video intercom and door entry system. Features include up to 16 control functions, intuitive operation and capacitive touch display. Lifecycle management, engineering, consulting, installation, maintenance, replacement and training services are provided. Serves the automotive, chemical, marine, metal, food, beverage, mining, power generation or distribution, solar power, printing, aluminum, cement, automation, water, wind power, pulp and paper industries.

Manufacturer of alphanumeric, touchscreen and LCD displays. Features vary depending upon model, including built-in Ethernet ports, hand-held versions, single port multi access (SPMA), integrated simulation functions, analog resistive touch, multiple communications, compact flash memory cards and FTP web interfaces. Serves the automotive, food/packaging, electronics, life sciences, material handling, machine tool, oil and gas, water, wastewater, security, detection, entertainment and other industries. 24/7 predictive maintenance services also provided.

ISO 9001 certified worldwide manufacturer of touchscreen terminals, monitors & displays. Graphics touchscreen terminals enable operating, monitoring & control of large scale projects with different PLC"s simultaneously. Features include plain text messages & graphical overview screens for user-friendly diagnostics. Touchscreen terminals are available in sizes of 5.7 in., 6.5 in., 10.4 in. 12.1 in. & 15 in. Terminal features also include Microsoft Windows ® CE.net operating system, USB interfaces, serial interfaces, Ethernet interface, IP65 front, IP20 back & PCMCIA slots.

Six Sigma capable, ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 14000 certified manufacturer of touchscreen displays including flat panel monitors. Types of flat panel monitors include DVI/RGB and hazardous location compatible. Flat panel monitors feature front USB interface, 256K or 16 million color display, analog resistive touch panel, serial/USB touch interfaces, on-screen-display menu for brightness & contrast control, & VESA standard wall mounts. Available with a 2-year warranty. Markets served include industrial, automotive, oil & gas, water/wastewater, semiconductors & agriculture. Modbus-IDA, OMAC & ODVA affiliated. Products are UL® listed, CSA® approved, and ATEX & CE certified. Products are RoHS compliant.

Precision CNC machining, sheet metal fabrication and assembly services. Repair services are also provided. Fiber optic junction boxes, converters, latches and switches are offered. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), liquid crystal displays (LCD), racks, consoles, multiplexers, control panels and quad-core processors and servers are also available. Serves aerospace and defense industries.

Custom manufacturer of touchscreen displays for stationary storage, equipment, electric and hybrid vehicles. Battery management systems and vehicle control systems are offered. Fleet management software is also provided. Consulting is available as value added service. Serves the e-mobility, automotive and mobile robotics industries.

Manufacturer of standard and custom digital signage, including a large variety of displays. Display types such as LCD, digital sign, animated, touchscreen, video, and a large array of point of purchase (POP) displays are offered. Industries served include retail, convenience, and healthcare.

Manufacturer of position and process LCD touchscreen multifunction displays. Available in 96 x 48 mm and 92 x 45 mm sizes and 18 to 30 VDC power supply. Working temperature ranges from -20 to +60 degrees C. Features include scalable analog outputs, four switching, two relay outputs and RS232 interfaces. Repair services are also offered. Serves the drive/elevator technology, mobile automation, heavy crane, steel, wind turbine, solar energy, packaging and bottling plant industries. RoHS compliant.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

Touch Think" industrial-grade capacitive touch screen monitors have an elegant and modern sleek look with true-flat edge-to-edge front panels. Capacitive touch screens offer you the perfect touch experience even in harsh environments.

- Excellent Heat conductivity: Touch Think fanless monitors are built from Aluminun alloy and arc-shaped designhousing, helps to keep the industrial monitor within a safe temperature range, even in extreme wide temperatures.

This touch screen monitor is designed with IP65-rated ruggedized front metal frame. Touchscreens are resistant to industrial contaminants such as water, dirt, oil and grease, and are often built with durability.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

Find Price and Availability on any Pro-Face Pro-Face FP5700 Series Flat Panel Monitor part by clicking on the Buy It Now button. If you cannot find what you are looking for, call our Customer Support team at 1-866-599-6523 or email at sales@cimtecautomation.com.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

Choose from flat panel display choices ranging from 8.4" through 21", integrated with a touchscreen for operator input. Flat panel computers are powered by either an Intel® -based engine, including Core™ 2 Quad processors and offering all PC-compatible functions or low-power, wide temperature range and diskless operation systems. Flat panel computers and Industrial PCs are available in a variety of mechanical configurations ranging from open-frame to complete enclosed products with plastic enclosures and full agency approvals.

Flat panel monitors allow the advantages of a flat panel operator interface to be realized with almost any video signal, including standard RGB, Synch-on-Green (SOG), Composite Synch, NTSC and PAL. As an industrial flat panel monitor manufacturer, we offer systems with flat panel displays ranging from 6.4" through 47" are available as open-frame solutions or with a variety of enclosure and mounting options.

flat panel touch screen monitors manufacturer

real estate offices, business offices, gaming, trendy bars, restaurants, and fitness studios. Big touch screens carry your professional image into business conference rooms, control centers, shopping centers and stores.

Choose from the simple Add-On Large Touch Screens to interactive multiple touch interactive touch screens for indoors, and the rugged air conditioned external outside touch displays. Touch Screens Inc. at www.TouchWindow.com has many choice selections. Eliminate cables with the touch-computer models which come with a built-in computer all-in-one touch computer system.