lcd panel bleed factory

The last thing you want on your monitor is light leaking around its edges. This is referred to as backlight bleeding. The backlight bleed test will help you determine if your monitor has this defect or no.

In many cases, you will not notice that your screen is suffering from too much light bleed until you use it in a dark room. Continue reading to learn more about a bleed test such as this, what causes this defect and how to prevent it.

Backlight bleeding is a screen defect that is likely to occur in new LCD displays that utilize a light source from the panel. The LCD panel itself is supposed to block out the excess backlight that is not needed when displaying an image/video.

Unfortunately, not all the light is blocked by the panel and as a result, light leaks around the edges of the frame. This is known as backlight bleeding and it can affect image/video clarity and spoil your gaming experience.

This is a type of backlight bleeding that is found on the corners of your monitor. In a serious case, the edges of the screen receive much more lighting whereas the center remains dimmer than on a normal monitor.

This is when there’re irregular patches of light still visible with a full black image screen. This type of backlight bleeding is more prevalent in larger displays than small ones.

The most common type of backlight bleed occurs along the edges of the screen. If you suspect your flat panel display suffers from possible backlight bleeding, you need to first make sure that you’re not mistaking it for an (In-Plane Switching) IPS glow.

In the case of IPS glow, dainty glows are visible around the corners of your IPS monitor particularly when watching dark content. IPS glow in some type of panels is unavoidable but it’s tolerable in most cases. Find out if these top gaming monitors under 500 USD suffer from it, or if it is a common case on your XBox One X monitor.

If you’re not sure whether it’s a backlight bleed or IPS glow experience, it"s time for you to run a backlight bleed test. To perform the bleed test, follow these steps;

1. Turn off the room lights before you begin the bleed test. A dark room and a black screen/monitor make it easy to see if it is an IPS glow or backlight bleed.

3. Open a pitch-black image or black screen and search whether there are spots of light being emitted around the edges of the monitor or at the corners. If you don’t notice any backlight bleed issue or IPS glow, then your monitor is good.

There is also a website, lightbleedtest that you can use to bleed test this defect. Apart from a bleed test on your monitors, you can use them for your laptops and mobile phones.

IPS displays are a type of LCD panel. IPS (In-Plane Switching) refers to the way molecules inside the liquid crystal display are positioned or oriented. IPS monitors are designed to widen the viewing angle without the image changing in color accuracy or contrast.

No matter how expensive an IPS panel is, it"s still an IPS panel and as such, it"s susceptible to the limitations and lighting-related defects that may arise as a result of;Both flashing and clouding can occur as a result of panel warping if the gaming monitor crews are too tight.

The above reasons cause pressure inside the LCD resulting in the disruption of liquid crystal alignments inside the panel. This damages the panel which causes light leaking in some areas much more than other parts.

The last thing you want to see after unpacking and powering your gaming monitor is a backlight bleed. Luckily for you, backlight bleeding can be treated in most cases. So, if light has started to creep through your monitor recently, do the following;Don’t try to fix it yourself first but rather get your monitor replaced. In case, it"s still covered by the warranty. Some companies will not accept it if it’s tampered with or the seal is broken.

2. Next, slightly loosen the screws at the back of your display. This should stop the problem. Turn on the display to see whether the backlight bleeding has stopped.

3. If not, switch it off again and then take the microfiber cloth and gently rub the areas where the backlight bleeding appears; in a circular pattern. You should only apply moderate pressure for the screen to warp slightly.

Unfortunately, massaging your monitor isn’t guaranteed to fix the screen 100% no matter how often you do it. In this case, the best thing to do is to make the backlight bleeding much more manageable.

If your monitor has a backlight bleed, one of the ways to remedy is to adjust the display brightness to around 30% to reduce the intensity of the bleed. Right away, your problem will be solved.

Some cases of backlight bleed are serious; if the warranty is still valid, take it back for replacement. Or, get a new quality display model with higher standards or zero/less backlight bleed.

To ensure you don’t get a monitor with severe backlight bleed, buy the best one with minimal or less backlight bleeding. Make sure to read user reviews and see if other people are complaining about the excessive glow on the model that you are interested in before you purchase it.

Be careful with your monitor. Avoid situations that will cause harm on your display as this can damage or put a strain on its frame leading to backlight bleeding.

Some techies apply electrical insulation tape on the edges of the panel to block the excess lighting. Try it and am sure it will work on your monitor.

Check your display to ensure the screen is properly seating in its frame. If not, fix it by twisting it back into place and then check if the backlight bleeding problem has stopped.

To check for backlight bleed (commonly referred to as light bleed) on your display, play a full screen video or open a pitch-black image. Backlight bleed is the light that appears around the edges of the screen or in the corners.

Backlight bleed is a common issue with LCD displays, and unfortunately, there"s not much that can be done to fix it. The best solution is usually to try and adjust the viewing angle of the screen so that the bleed is less noticeable.

Backlight bleed is not always a defect, but it can be an indication of a defect. If there is too much light bleed from the backlight, it can cause a washed-out image on the screen. This is usually caused by a faulty or loose connection between the backlight and the screen.

ALL LED and LCD televisions, regardless of price or manufacturer, suffer from varying degrees of backlight bleed. Unfortunately, because the manufacturing process for these panels is significantly cheaper, it is extremely difficult to find a superior plasma television these days, as almost no one mass produces them.

Backlight bleeding occurs when light from the backlight of your monitor escapes through the screen"s edges. The light that was supposed to shine through the black screen now escapes along the edges, creating an uneven lighting pattern on the screen.

Backlight bleed is characterized by light leaking around the edges or corners of an LCD. This is due to the way these displays work; they use a light behind the panel that faces the display.

Backlight bleeding is simply some of the backlight leaking through. There are no ways to completely remove this, though it can be reduced in some scenarios. If you have too much backlight bleed, you might be able to RMA your display.

Your LED LCD, whether it’s a TV or a monitor, uses a LED backlight to create the image through the liquid crystal display panel. Some of that light might not get entirely blocked around the display’s bezels, which results in backlight bleeding.

Generally, some minor backlight bleeding is expected due to the nature of the display technology, and it is entirely tolerable given you won’t even notice it most of the time.

However, sometimes the backlight bleeding can be rather eye-searing and, in this case, you may be able to return your display and get a new model or a refund depending on the manufacturer’s RMA policy.

The former is common for curved VA panel displays and is often referred to as the ‘batman’ logo pattern (image above). Usually, the glowing patches are only visible with pitch-black scenes and unnoticeable when watching regular content.

In short, if you are experiencing too much backlight bleeding, you should try to RMA your display. In case the display manufacturer won’t accept it, you will have to get a new monitor/TV, preferably with an OLED panel that doesn’t suffer from these issues.

In case the backlight bleeding doesn’t bother you in real use, it’s not worth returning or replacing the display as another unit might have even worse backlight bleeding or other defects, such as dead or stuck pixels.

Unlike backlight bleeding, the intensity of IPS glow can be reduced by changing the angle or the distance you’re looking at the screen or by decreasing screen brightness and adding ambient lighting.

Backlight bleed and IPS glow are two common monitor issues that can impact your viewing experience. Although they have fundamentally different solutions and causes, they do look extremely similar. It can be helpful to identify which condition you’re dealing with so you can decide how to proceed.

On the other hand, backlight bleed often shows up on the edges as well as the corners of the monitor. Some monitors will only have bleeding in a single corner. Others might have different intensities of bleeding on every edge of the screen.

Do note that it’s impossible to get IPS glow unless the monitor uses an IPS panel. This is because IPS glow is, unfortunately, a quirk of the panel technology. You ideally wouldn’t purchase or keep a monitor that bleeds since backlight bleeding is a defect.

Once you’ve spotted the problem, it might not actually matter whether it’s IPS glow or backlight bleed. There is no fix for either condition–-they are both caused by a lack of quality control and poor manufacturing technique. Your best bet is to return the monitor and order a new one.

Although we covered how you can tell the difference between backlight bleed and IPS glow, there’s more to it than that. They have similar, but unique causes that could impact your future monitor purchases.

If you’re expecting a monitor to have none of this natural glow, then don’t get a display with an IPS panel. IPS is a kind of LCD technology that uses a backlight. It’s this backlight glowing through the panel that causes the IPS glow as we know it.

Since it’s partially related to the screen panel and how it’s installed, the exact same model of IPS monitor could have wildly different degrees of IPS glow. In that way, it’s very similar to backlight bleed.

The cause of the backlight bleed is a problem with the way the screen is installed. The term “backlight bleed” explains exactly what is happening; the backlight is bleeding through the screen. This happens either by having the light pressed too close to the screen or by having an improper fit between the screen and the frame.

Since backlight bleed is directly related to having the backlight shine through, it won’t change intensity just because you look at it from a different angle. IPS glow does change intensity, both by different viewing angles or by distance from the display. If you think about it, this makes sense. IPS glow has to do with the screen technology and not just the backlight.

A very reasonable way to solve IPS glow and backlight bleed is to simply avoid playing in the dark. This is going to be the most effective tactic because dark environments make excess light more obvious.

The other solution is to try to stop the “excess light”–-in other words, turn down the brightness. Your monitor should have a similar brightness to your surroundings. If you’re dealing with backlight bleed, though, it’s completely reasonable to turn it down a bit.

In a well-lit environment, it’s very possible that you will never notice IPS glow or backlight bleed. Only very severe cases of IPS glow should be noticeable at all, generally speaking. If you’re seeing IPS glow even with the lights on and without staring at a black screen, you have a defective monitor.

The solution, in that case, is just to return the monitor and get a new one. It’s the same for backlight bleeding, too. Any monitor with IPS glow or backlight bleed that’s serious enough to bother you in an ideal environment has a serious enough problem that you should return it.

Although there’s no consistent way to remove backlight bleed, you can try to loosen the panel frame slightly by moving it around with your hands. Honestly, though, it might not be worth it. This only has a chance of working if the bleeding is caused by the panel frame pushing into the screen, and you could damage the monitor more.

As for backlight bleed, you would have to avoid purchasing any type of LCD monitor. That isn’t a very realistic option, since LCD monitors dominate the market. Plus, LED monitors can also have backlight bleeds. It just isn’t as common.

An easier solution that works for both backlight bleed and IPS glow is to spend more on your monitor in the first place. It can feel painful to spend a lot of money on a display, but it’s the best way to get a quality monitor.

Remember: severe IPS glow and backlight bleed are both signs of a low-quality monitor. Don’t accept them as the status quo, and don’t buy a cheap monitor expecting it to be well-crafted.

Backlight bleed is, hands down, a worse condition than IPS glow. It’s always the result of poor manufacturing and/or another monitor defect. Usually, backlight bleeding is more intense (which makes it more disruptive) and there’s no consistent way to change or fix it.

IPS glow is never really a serious condition, except in rare scenarios. At that point, it would also be considered a defect. Still, backlight bleed is generally worse even in that scenario.

At the very least, IPS glow is often restricted to the corners of the screen and is symmetrical. Backlight bleeding can show up around all of the edges of the screen and can be very distracting because it’s not always even.

There are also plenty of ways to reduce IPS glow since it’s rarely as bright as backlight bleeding. IPS monitors naturally have lower contrast ratios. They also have wide viewing angles, so there’s no reason you can’t tilt the screen slightly.

All in all, backlight bleeding will cause the most severe lighting problems with your monitor. If you’re dealing with a serious problem, though, just return or replace the monitor. There’s no real solution, and a defective monitor is worth replacing!

With advancements in visual technology, some potential issues can crop up from time to time. One of these issues is what enthusiasts might refer to as backlight bleed. Backlightbleed happens when light that is not needing for whatever you’re viewing is not blocked completely.

Some users may wonder if this bleeding effect goes away over time, or if can become even more problematic. We’ll get into the specifics of how backlight bleed works, and we’ll tell you how you might minimize or fix the issue as well.

Although the entire screen is lit up, it also has provisions for blocking out light that is not needed at a particular time or for certain imagery. However, sometimes this blocking does not happen as it normally should, and this is when the bleed occurs.

Some users may wonder if they should be concerned about backlight bleeding. In the technology world, the honest answer is often that it depends on several factors, and these factors can be different for everyone. However, let’s look at what backlight bleed is supposed to do. Later, we’ll get into how the bleed might affect performance for particular tasks.

If you want the absolute best, high-quality visuals with zero perceptible imperfections at all, you might be concerned about backlight bleeding. We should point out, though, that perception plays a key role here. Even if you are using a high-range LCD monitor, it is likely that you will deal with a tiny amount of backlight bleed in the course of your usage.

All that said, manufacturers do account for backlight bleed, and most of the good ones will do their best to reduce backlight bleed as much as they can when they test their products. Mostly, this should be sufficient for many viewing or gaming experiences.

Everyone is different, and you may apply your own standards to the acceptable level of backlight bleed you want to tolerate. As a good rule of thumb, you don’t need to worry that much about backlight bleed if it is not generally perceptible to your eye, or unless it is really affecting your experience.

If backlight bleed is a noticeable issue that is keeping you from enjoying your media fully, you may wonder if it can get better over time. For the purposes of our discussion, we will assume that users might wonder if backlight bleed might reduce itself on its own, with no input from them. The precise nature and causes of backlight bleeding can be complex. We can’t guarantee that all backlight bleeding will improve over time, but we’ll get to what you can do about that in another section.

What we can say is that there are cases where backlight bleed does seem to get better over time. This could be because of a variety of factors, but it is probably related to how much pressure is on the panel of the screen. If the backlight bleeding is a heavy issue when you first get your new monitor, you might notice that it is not such a big problem after a few days or weeks of use. For why this might be, the pressure on the monitor seems to make sense.

3. After some time, you may notice that the light from your monitor now has more even tones. This is one example where the backlight bleed could have improved, and that might be due to pressure lessening or evening out on the monitor itself.

Regardless, although there are several factors at play, it is true that backlight bleed can get better over time. It is good to keep in mind that this might not be the case with all monitors.

However, it is also true that if the backlight bleed is minimal, you may simply get used to it over time as you use the monitor. This is where a healthy dose of end user perception might come into play. Once a new monitor becomes familiar to you, small things that were imperfect might be easy for you to ignore as you enjoy your media. In this way, backlight bleed can get “better” as well.

We talked about how backlight bleed might lessen over time by itself. What can you do if backlight bleed is strong enough to be noticeable and doesn’t seem to be getting better after you give it some time?

There are things you might be able to do in order to mitigate the visibility of backlight bleed. We’ll touch on a couple of options in this section, but we should stress that a little bit of backlight bleed is in the nature of LCD technology, and there might be no way to reduce it to zero in particular monitors. Some users may need to exchange their monitors if the bleeding they cause is severe enough.

However, there are still fixes you can try in order to take care of backlight bleeding. One of the more common ways is to add more light-blocking materials to the monitor itself. While this can be effective, we should note that it is commonly used as a last resort, and it involves dismantling your monitor to add the materials.

If your monitor or screen is still under warranty, and if you really want to reduce severe backlight bleed, trying to exchange it for a different one should be your first effort. While the fix to eliminate the bleed can work, we stress that you should only do this at your own risk only, or if the monitor is no longer under warranty.

We’ve provided basic instructions on how you can dismantle your screen to apply more light-reducing materials. Before you try this, you can also go over the affected areas with a microfiber cloth in order to reduce clouding. Should you have exposed screws at the back of your screen, loosening them slightly might reduce the bleeding effect.

6. Your monitor should now be bare and ready for more materials. You can use dark black electrical tape as one easily obtained material that can block bleeding.

Whether backlight bleed affects performance in monitors is going to be up to individual user experiences. However, it is safe to say that only backlight bleed that is severe enough to be noticeable all the time and in conditions other than complete darkness might affect performance negatively. A bit of backlight bleed is common and accepted by many people who use monitors daily or care about specs.

Mostinstances of backlight bleed should not be noticeable enough to alter your viewing experience much. Even in conditions that are ripe for seeing the bleed more, it can depend on factors like the viewing angle to make any real difference. You should be fine even editing photos or playing games that go from very dark to very bright areas without noticing much bleed.

Current technology for monitors is amazing, but it can come with a few drawbacks. The inherent way that the screens are produced right now can lead to small visual effects like backlight bleed at the corners, or a general fogginess at the edges. However, while this effect is present, it is usually not noticeable. If it is noticeable, it may go away on its own over time, or you may get used to it and disregard it automatically. Should it be a bigger problem, there are a few fixes you could try, or you can attempt to swap it for an improved version of a similar monitor.

Many will assume bleed is normal, or bleed is no big deal. That is who most manufacturers cater to, unfortunately. An example would be my brother-in-law ... I checked out his lousy TN display, and noticed he didn"t even run it at the correct resolution. I corrected it for him, explained why running an LCD at the wrong res matters... yet he didn"t care. He just liked the fact that text was big and the monitor was bright.

But good manufacturers should still care. Perhaps as consumers get better educated, realize every manufacturer uses the same panel as everyone else, that quality control and extra features is what makes certain manufacturers stand out. Although if all manufacturers stink, then we just play the buy/return game, a lot.

Sony states that this is a common phenomenon on all LCD TVs.Backlight Bleed is when some screen areas are lighter than others due to spillover from a backlight or uneven backlighting.

Perhaps you still want to get an LED TV due to the lower price point. In that case, your best bet is to read reviews to determine if others are experiencing backlight bleed issues with a particular TV model.

When light bounces off any surface around the edges of the screen, it can result in Flashlighting, or extra light at the edges or corners, making the lighting of the LCD panel uneven.

Clouding occurs when layers of the screen become uneven due to misalignment, damage, pressure, or temperature changes. The misalignment results in the light not being evenly distributed.Flashlighting is the type of backlight bleed experienced at the corners or edges of a screen.

Backlight bleed goes by various names, including light leakage, screen bleed, light bleed, clouding, blooming, mura, banding, and un-uniform brightness.

Excessive LED backlight bleed can be caused by the following:Temperature changes result in materials expanding or contracting, including the LCD panel or frame.

Temperature changes may result in some components moving or warping slightly. Backlight bleeding could be reduced after either cooling down or warming up, depending on how the TV was designed.

Some possible ways to fix LED backlight bleed or make it less noticeable include:Give it time: Some new TVs experience an increase in backlight bleeding which can slowly disappear after a few weeks or months.

Reduce screen brightness: Reducing brightness can reduce the backlight intensity, which may cause the backlight bleeding to be less noticeable or even impact the screen"s temperature.

Enable local dimming or LED dynamic control if your TV supports it: Reduce backlight bleeding for darker scenes by dimming darker portions of the scene.

Use a microfiber cloth to gently rub the portion of the screen where the backlight bleeding is prominent: This may help with clouding by evening out an uneven LCD panel.

Take apart the TV and apply electrical tape around the edges of the LCD: While likely to void your warranty, this could reduce light escaping and reflecting around the edges of the screen.

If the backlight bleed is not too distracting, there"s nothing to worry about. Backlight bleed typically will not get worse over time on its own. However, frequently moving a TV around or improper handling could result in bending the tv frame or components, resulting in backlight bleed.

Some manufacturers do not allow returns based on general backlight bleeding, which is typical of LED backlighting. For example, Sony considers bleeding that is only visible on "black images and in a dark or very dim room" to be considered within specification. Are you experiencing backlight bleeding in bright scenes and a well-lit room? If so, you may be able to return the TV to your manufacturer for a replacement.

To determine the maximum amount of backlight bleed possible with a TV, you can: increase screen brightness, turn off auto-brightness, view the TV in a dark room, and disable local dimming. These are not settings for optimal viewing but can be used for testing the worst-case scenario.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The phosphors used in CRTs make them vulnerable to image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to image persistence.

LCDs are themselves slowly being replaced by OLED displays, which can easily be made into different shapes, have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given size, a slimmer profile and potentially lower power consumption. OLED displays, however, are more expensive for a given display size. An attempt to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs is the quantum dot display.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers" policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.ISO 13406-2 standard.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard,ISO 9241, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

In 2004, researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.

Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range (HDR displays are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked resolution.

LCDs can be made transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

Limited viewing angle in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle. Special films can be used to increase the viewing angles of LCDs.

Uneven backlighting in some monitors (more common in IPS-types and older TNs), causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges ("backlight bleed").

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to dim the display,CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT"s phosphor sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe eye-strain for some people.LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off faster than a CCFL lamp.

Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (218) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (224) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

Input lag, because the LCD"s A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

The production of LCD screens uses nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF3 is a potent greenhouse gas, and its relatively long half-life may make it a potentially harmful contributor to global warming. A report in Geophysical Research Letters suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide. As NF3 was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the Kyoto Protocols and has been deemed "the missing greenhouse gas".

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