sun visor lcd screen free sample

The present invention relates to a vehicle interior accessory. More particularly, the present invention relates to LCD auxiliary sun visors and their mounting means for electromechanically connecting such LCDs to existing sun visors or dashboard top.

In addition to conventional gauges like speedometer, tachometer, fuel and temperature gauges, newer vehicles present ever increasing operational information through the instrument panel indicators generally facing the driver through the steering wheel. For example, in a mini van model the LED indicators alone count to twenty eight or so though part of them will be turned on any one time requiring the driver"s attention while driving. Driving in rain or direct sun light, discussing with passengers or a phone caller and/or reading a paper map are known distractions many vehicle drivers experience, as with trying to follow the new navigator LCD displays for showing the vehicle"s changing driving locations with reference to the moving street names on LCD displays. Due to the crowded display space in the vehicle dashboard, the LCD displays must be positioned in the center fascia out of the line of sight of the driver. Normally tight tolerance to the front viewing area for the driver prohibits an additional blocking of views by such a navigation display even though it assists the driver in timely steering the vehicle. New displays are emerging such as a liquid crystal windshield display wherein a vehicle windshield itself is a liquid crystal display for playing semi-transparent graphics as suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,363 to Rofe. Current advancements in electronic data processing make use of conventional video display to show actually photographed scenes of roads superimposed with additional graphic information. Besides the liquid crystal windshield display, Heads Up Displays or HUD has been tried for applications in public use for some time. HUD beams an image from a dashboard-mounted projector to the windshield so that the driver safely keeps the eyes on the front road conditions with fewer distractions. The images may be a prerecorded video file or live video feeds from an onboard camera at the rear of the vehicle to monitor the backward area for any hazards. However, in order to apply the display advancement the major renovation is required to dismantle the permanent vehicle windshield which is performed only by professional windshield technicians.

There have been attempts to utilize existing convenience devices for additional displays of driving information. It has been suggested to designate a limited portion of the interior rear view mirror for transforming it between a reflective mirror surface and a transparent screen area with the use of a transflective coating on the rear view mirror to hide the LCD display normally but showing it temporarily when the vehicle is in the reverse gear. Others offered passenger-side sun visor replacements that can play a video for the front occupants to watch although driving with diverted attention from the traffic may be seriously compromising the safety of the entire passengers of the vehicle and others.

Other efforts to bring displayed information closer to the driver"s line of sight include U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,468 to King suggesting an incorporation of vehicle display into vehicle sun visor where a sun visor is lowered to reveal a digital display panel.

In view of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to provide a transparent display panel for use in a vehicle that doubles as an auxiliary sun visor with electronically controlled shading for an optimum protection against harmful lighting conditions.

According to the present invention, a tandem sun visor and display are combined for providing shading and transparent driving prompt image in a vehicle to the operator in control. The sun visor comprises an opaque and elongated sun visor member horizontally mounted about two pivot axes above the operator in the vehicle to block the direct sunlight from the upper front or upper side of the operator; a transmitter fixed to the vehicle for relaying vehicle operational information from an onboard processor and/or a satellite global positional output of the vehicle in a video format signal; an auxiliary shade member of transflective liquid crystal display extending in parallel with the sun visor member for receiving the video format signal to display a mid-air image of the vehicle operational and positional information in front of the operator with the aid of an external ambient light filtered through the shade member into the vehicle interior in place of a backlighting device; and a swivel mount for pivotally positioning the LCD display in front of the vehicle driver.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a tandem sun visor screen in a vehicle interior with the LCD screen section being deployed from the stowed visor section according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a partially exploded view of a bracket for mounting the LCD screen on the sun visor section showing the electrical leads to connect the terminals of the sun visor and screen sections through articulated joints.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the sun visor screen moved out of sight of the vehicle operator with the screen in a stowed position on the retracted sun visor.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the sun visor screen showing the tandem sun visor screen fully deployed to block and filter the sunlight and provide mid-air visual information to assist the operation of the vehicle.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a tandem sun visor screen with the LCD screen section being pivotally mounted in parallel with the visor section on ball joints of an arm erected from the dashboard according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the sun visor screen in operation as appeared in the cockpit of the vehicle in relation to the position of the operator.

FIG. 10 is a simulated screen display of the current location of the vehicle on the sun visor screen by a connected navigator for conveniently superimposing the real scene with the virtual vision for the intuitive location recognition.

With reference to FIG. 1 illustrating a part of an automobile cabin, a vehicle tandem sun visor screen or sunscreen 10 of the first embodiment of the present invention may be installed above a dashboard 11 and has a sun visor section 12 mounted on a headliner 14 of the cabin interior by a swivel arm 16. Making sun visors is well known by many including U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,399 wherein a modern sun visor model is disclosed as comprising a Kraft paper foundation, a sturdy frame of plastic and the like defining round edges, soft pad, cloth cover, and a pivoting rod for adjustably holding the sun visor foundation onto a vehicle headliner for the purpose of providing a piece of shade for the vehicle driver or a passenger to block the direct sunlight through the front windshield and side window.

As in conventional designs, a bracket assembly 18 mounts swivel arm 16 of sun visor section 12 to vehicle headliner 14 near the driver side"s upper corner. Also formed in the sun visor section 12 is a pin 20 that may be pushed into a fixed clip (not shown) for holding sun visor 12 in a stowed position lying flat on headliner 14. Although not shown, a similar sun visor may be symmetrically installed at the side of the front passenger. As is customary in a vehicle structure, the cabin also holds a windshield 21, a steering wheel 22, a cluster visor 24 on dashboard 11, an instrument cluster 26 for displaying the current status of the vehicle such as speed, fuel level and others.

A prompter section 28 of sunscreen 10 of the present invention may be made of a transparent flat panel display based on a liquid crystal display or LCD element in a size to fit within sun visor 12 when they are folded flat onto each other. The LCD element may display video information by transparent pixels (picture elements) so that the background can be seen. The active prompter section 28 of the first embodiment is adapted to move in unison with the passive sun visor section 12 as they may be folded and unfolded with respect to each other though a folding leg 30.

The LCD element may be a blank LCD plate having a transparent protective cover layer less the conventional opaque backlighting layer so that the vehicle operator may see through the LCD element the ambient light from inside the vehicle cabin, which is almost always dark relatively. Alternatively, an organic light emitting diode or OLED display may be used for prompter section 28. In order to show their positional relationship well, prompter section 28 is depicted when it is just being spread from the exterior surface of sun visor section 12, which is still in a stowed position. In any case, the display should be able to be tuned in darkness and lightness so that the operator will receive optimum shading, or lack thereof. In any case, there are a wide variety of his ways that can provide shade that can be tuned so that the operator can see the environment as well as GPS map, messages or vehicle operational data.

Referring to FIGS. 2-4, a head plate 32 may be first attached to the top edge of prompter section 28 by provisional spot heat bonding or gluing before it is permanently affixed to prompter section 28 through multiple bores 32 by screws, not shown. In its top center, head plate 34 has a partial sleeve 36 that hooks over two opposing hinge tubes 37 formed at lower protrusions 38 of leg 30. Folding leg 30 may be formed into a hollow structure consisted of an upper body 40 and lower body 42 with a longitudinal parting line 44 running laterally between bonding surfaces. Folding leg 30 also has at its tubular top end two opposite hinge tubes 46 formed partly integral to upper and lower bodies 38, 40, respectively. Referring particularly to FIG. 3 where head plate 34 and upper body 40 of leg 30 have been removed, wire harness 48 may be inserted into one of lower hinge tubes 37 and exited from upper hinge tubes 46 in a concealed manner so that folding leg 30 connects prompter section 28 to sun visor section 12 electrically as well as mechanically. Wire harness 48 may include conventional power lines to energize an illuminator in connection with a convenience mirror installed on sun visors. Ends 50 of leads 48 are connected by soldering or other welding methods to input terminals 52 of prompter section 28 in order to supply the visual signals for operating the LCD element in this embodiment. In addition, lower body 42 of folding leg 30 has four slot posts 54 at the corners to which corresponding pins on upper body 40 are secured during assembly.

A back plate 56 is adapted to mate head plate 34 at its partial sleeve 36 engaging hinge tubes of leg 30 and has a complementary sleeve portion 55 adapted to form a complete sleeve closed around lower hinge tubes 36 to have an articulated joint with a tight grip between folding leg 30 and prompter section 28. Adding annually arranged teeth along the outer surfaces of the sleeve of back plate 54 and a checking protrusion on the side of leg 30 will enhance the gripping force between them. Back plate 56 also has multiple bores 58 formed at corresponding positions to bores 32 of prompter section 28 to secure back plate 56 to section 28 using fasteners, which are threaded through bores 58, 32 and similar bores 60 formed in head plate 34. Then, the hinged prompter assembly may be mounted onto sun visor section 12.

Solar cell plates 62 may be positioned on the top edge of prompter section 28 and attached to side arms 64 of head plate 34 taking the positional advantage of this sun visor facing the sunlight during operation thereby producing the required electric energy for prompter display. In between solar cell plates 62 a light sensor may be mounted for connection to an LCD driver circuit that is located in folding leg 30 to add or subtract variable degrees of electric shading with changing background signals with respect to the current weather condition to maintain an appropriate filtration of incoming sunlight as well as the optimum transparency of the visual display projected on prompter section 28.

To receive folding leg 30 of the prompter assembly, sun visor section 12 has two raised eyelets 66 positioned centrally of its front surface, which will face the vehicle operator in the stowed position and the sunlight when it is swung open outwardly. Eyelets 66 may be made by shaping a first core sidewall 68 of a plastic material for structurally supporting sun visor section 12 to have semicircular lateral openings and by forming an opposing seat 70 on a second sidewall 72 folded over first sidewall 68 as shown in FIG. 3. Core sidewalls 68, 72 may be finished with a cover cloth 74.

In order to facilitate the insertion of hinge tubes 46 of folding leg 30 into eyelets 66, hinge tubes 46 are tapered distally. Once pressed into eyelets 66 along slanted side edges 76, hinge tubes 46 and thus prompter section 28 are firmly attached to the vehicle interior through the double articulating joints of folding leg 30 and the swivel connection of sun visor section 12. Adding annually arranged teeth along the round end surfaces of leg 30 between hinge tubes 46 and forming a checking protrusion on the opposing seat 70 in sun visor section 12 will enhance the gripping force between them.

FIG. 4 shows in cross section the mounting of swivel arm 16 on headliner 14. Arm 16 is an L shaped tube having a vertical section 78 protruding through headliner 14 and a horizontal section 80. Arm 16 may be made of a plastic material reinforced with a tubular metal core to support the weights of sun visor 12 and prompter 28 sections. Horizontal arm section 80 extends deep into sun visor section 12 and held therein by an appropriate bracket to permit sliding adjustment of sun visor screen 10 to suit the need of the user. To prevent disengagement of sun visor screen 10, a node 82 is formed on arm 16 near its distal end.

Besides wire 48, a radio transmitter 84 may replace the physical conductor to supply the operational data to the LCD section 28 allowing section 28 for a freedom of location from being tethered to the body of sun visor section 12. A receiver 85 paired to transmitter 84 may be positioned inside folding leg 30 or other similar pivoting structure that is necessarily attached to prompter section 28 in another embodiment of the present invention.

Top end of arm 16 has a neck portion 86 that extends above headliner 14 and is held by a ring member 88 fixed by fasteners 90 through washers 92 to headliner 14 so that arm 16 is limited to move about vertical section 78. Thus, the user may rotate sun visor screen 10 between the front and side edges of headliner 14. At the same time, screen 10 may be stowed flat on headliner 14 away from blocking the windshield as shown in FIG. 5 wherein sun visor 12 and prompter 28 sections are completely folded within each other"s area and virtually flush with headliner 14. Conversely, when deploying sun visor screen 10 to the full extent, the user may pull down screen 10 by grabbing leg 30 into the position illustrated in FIG. 6. Here, the vehicle operator may see through prompter 28 to gain valuable information without distracting the primary attention from the road ahead. Due to the positional freedom of prompter section 28 with respect to sun visor section 12, the user may have a wide variety of choices with sun visor screen 10 between the configurations shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

For example, prompter 28 alone may be articulated into the operational position in front of the driver with sun visor 12 in its stowed position. According to the ambient condition surrounding the vehicle such as the intensity of sunlight and its angle of intrusion, the user may easily set the three-dimensional position of prompter 28 and thus its display mid-air virtually anywhere in the cockpit. And with prompter 28 staying flat on sun visor 12 only the sun visor 12 will appear to the operator as it blocks the sunlight from reaching inside the vehicle. In short, prompter 28 may be swiftly moved by the operator up and down and fore and aft before it is readily locked in the best position to prompt the operator with semitransparent vehicle data from GPS navigator, speedometer, tachometer, fuel and temperature gauges, or the entire car instrument panel may be projected near the windshield.

FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative mounting method of the present invention wherein an LCD prompter 100 as an aftermarket system is installed on a dashboard 110 of a vehicle product without the heads-up display option. Semitransparent prompter 100 may be located near a driver side corner 112 by a side arm 114 to provide a functional sunshade that assists an existing sun visor 116 depending from a headliner 118 to optimize the lighting condition for the safest vehicle driving possible. Besides filling the uncovered space by sun visor 116, prompter 100 receives various operational information to turn it into a transparent visual effect across the space between windshield 120 and the operator behind a steering wheel 122. Side arm 114 is adapted to hold prompter 100 in numerous effective positions due to its double articulation structure.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the sun visor screen in operation as seen in the cockpit of the vehicle in relation to the position of the operator. The screen shows a message which is an Amber alert with the make, model and license plate number of a vehicle. A wide variety of messages can be received from the receiver 85 that are shown on the prompter section 28. The prompter section 28 is preferably an LCD screen providing a view of an environment through the prompter 28.

FIG. 10 is a simulated screen display of the current location of the vehicle on the sun visor screen by a connected navigator for conveniently superimposing the real scene with the virtual vision for the intuitive location recognition. When the user looks through the prompter section 28, a graphical layout and depiction of a map of the area can assist the driver with navigation. The main idea of the invention is to provide a superimposed image that can guide the driver while allowing the driver to see the road and environment as well. Therefore, the LCD display prompter section 28 is transparent so that the user can see the environment behind the LCD display prompter section 28. The user compares the environment with the information output on the prompter section 28 allowing the user to have a reality check of the information output. For example, in the figure, the lower section shows what the user should see, the user can correlate the lower section graphic with the upper section actual background environment and the eye will naturally and quickly make a comparison. Thus, having the screen transparent allows the user to instantaneously verify the accuracy of the data output shown on the screen. The arrow shown in the prompt area provides the user with an unambiguous and easily understood direction to change a lane and proceed parallel to the bridge.

In any case, the Tuttle device is widely used in the market place and a variety of OBD connectors can plug into the OBD port under the out of the car. These connectors then can wirelessly transmit a variety of information. The receiver 85 can receive the wirelessly transmitted information and display the wirelessly transmitted information on the display. The shade control is also integrated with the display so that the display changes in darkness depending upon sunlight conditions. The receiver 85 receives operational information such as engine information and forwards the operational information to the prompter 28. The prompter 28 may display relevant operational information, continuously or when preset criteria are met.

With the active shade control capability, the sun visor screen of the present invention may also become an excellent heads-up display surface to project images from portable projectors that are being developed in a size tiny enough to fit in mobile phones and other small electronic products carried onboard to integrate more knowledge into informed vehicle operations in a safety-minded way.

Active shade is implemented on the prompter 28 by adjusting the LCD contrast and brightness controls in response to sunlight so that the prompter section 28 operates as an automobile sun visor. The prompter 28 can also partially operate as an automobile sun visor because it has active LCD control. The LCD can be controlled in response to photo receptive elements such as a solar cell or solar cell plate 62 which is located in the top frame portion of the prompter. The solar cell plate 62 constantly receives the state of the sun light generally available and coming through the windshield 21. The solar cell plate 62 then transmits the amount of solar data to the data processing circuit. The data processing circuit can then adjust the LCD automatically in response to the state of the sunlight through windshield 21. Other light sensors other than the solar cell plate 62 can be used.

Therefore, while the presently preferred form of the sun visor screen has been shown and described, and several modifications thereof discussed, persons skilled in this art will readily appreciate that various additional changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, as defined and differentiated by the following claims.

The global virtual visor market size was significantly robust in 2020 and is expected to register a steady revenue CAGR over the forecast period. Robust market revenue growth is primarily attributed to increasing incidence of car accidents or road mishaps, rising automotive safety concerns, rapid integration of high-tech safety features in automobiles, and rapid penetration of passenger and commercial vehicles globally. Increasing purchasing power – especially in developed regions of the world such as North America and Europe – rising demand for luxury cars and high-end autonomous vehicles, and stringent government regulations and standards for automotive safety are other key factors driving revenue growth of the global virtual visor market.

A virtual visor comprises a transparent LED or LCD screen with an integrated driver-monitoring camera. Unlike the traditional sun visor used in automobiles, the virtual visor effectively blocks the visor areas through which the sun rays can penetrate and strike the eyes of the driver, blurring the view while driving. Sun visors that are used conventionally block the sunlight, while also blocking major portions of the driver’s field-of-view; this can rather lead to major car accidents. The virtual visor, on the other hand, makes the driving experience safer and more comfortable. Its transparent LCD screen blocks the blinding sun glare and provides enhanced visibility and comfort.

Based on product type, the global virtual visor market is mainly segmented into hardware and software. The hardware segment emerged as the most dominant in terms of revenue share contribution in 2020, and the segment is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Integration of advanced displays such as LCD and LED and high-tech cameras in virtual visors for enhanced visibility and driver’s safety is the key factor driving growth of this segment.

Based on application, the global virtual visor market is mainly segmented into passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles (light and heavy commercial vehicles). The passenger vehicles segment is expected to account for largest revenue share contribution over the forecast period. Key factors contributing to robust growth of this segment are increasing global production and sales of passenger vehicles, escalating demand for luxury and autonomous cars with high-end safety features and solutions, and rapid adoption of virtual visors for improved driver safety and road visibility.

Among regional markets, Europe was the most dominant in terms of revenue in the global virtual visor market in 2020. Europe has been at the forefront of automotive technology innovation, and the region is home to many globally renowned technology companies including Bosch, which is a pioneer in the global virtual visor industry. Hence, revenue growth of the Europe market is supported by high purchasing power of consumers, rising sales of luxury cars and premium electric vehicles, and stringent government norms related to driver and passenger safety.

The virtual visor market in North America is projected to register fastest revenue growth rate over the forecast period. Rapid adoption of cutting-edge automotive technologies, growing demand for electric and autonomous cars, and increasing concerns about automotive safety are major factors bolstering North America market growth.

Major companies have well-established facilities and enter in acquisitions and mergers, and strategic agreements, and engage in various research and development activities and initiatives to develop and deploy new and more efficient technologies and products in the global virtual visor market. Some major players operating in the global virtual visor market are:

In January 2020, Robert Bosch GmbH, which is a global leader in engineering and technology, came up with the ground-breaking Virtual Visor technology to replace conventional automotive sun visors. The German tech major unveiled the new product at the CES (International Consumer Electronics Show) held in 2020. The AI-powered virtual visor comprises a transparent LCD panel and an integrated camera visor, and it selectively blocks the areas of sunlight, rendering the driver a clearer and well-defined view.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The phosphors used in CRTs make them vulnerable to image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to image persistence.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures appear to be fading on the screen.

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers" policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.ISO 13406-2 standard.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard,ISO 9241, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

In 2004, researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.

Color performance: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display. Color gamut is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the content being shown on the screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain specification.white point and gamma correction, which describe what color white is and how the other colors are displayed relative to white.

Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range (HDR displays are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked resolution.

LCDs can be made transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

Limited viewing angle in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle. Special films can be used to increase the viewing angles of LCDs.

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to dim the display,CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT"s phosphor sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe eye-strain for some people.LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off faster than a CCFL lamp.

Only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using 1:1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to run off the lower or right edges of the screen.

Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (218) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (224) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

Input lag, because the LCD"s A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or after a period of use. A stuck pixel will glow with color even on an all-black screen, while a dead one will always remain black.

In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal management, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

The production of LCD screens uses nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF3 is a potent greenhouse gas, and its relatively long half-life may make it a potentially harmful contributor to global warming. A report in Geophysical Research Letters suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide. As NF3 was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the Kyoto Protocols and has been deemed "the missing greenhouse gas".

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