au optronics lcd panel free sample

AUO Corporation ("AUO" or the "Company") (TAIEX: 2409; NYSE: AUO) will introduce its latest technologies and products at Display Taiwan 2009 (June 10-12 in Taipei, Taiwan). AUO will showcase featured products in various applications, including 52-inch touch function display, 52-inch "Eco Plus" and 46-inch Ultra Slim (only 9.8mm) Full HD TV green panels, 16:9 LED backlight panels for monitor and notebook applications and Public Information Display (PID).

The theme of AUO’s exhibition this year is "Connected to Digital Evolution", AUO’s goal is to bring more interactive experiences and delightful digital lifestyles to consumers by leveraging its innovative technologies.

"There will be two major trends in digital lifestyles. One is products with superior values, like AUO’s ultra-slim green panels, which assist our customers in providing must-buy products with best cost / performance ratio to consumers. The other is products offering whole new user experiences, such as innovative technologies like AUO’s 3D, touch panel and eBook that aim to provide consumers with total visual impacts," said Dr. L.J. Chen, President and CEO of AUO.

The exhibition area is divided into nine sections, including PID applications, green panels, advanced technology for Large-sized LCD, LCD TV applications, monitor applications, notebook PC applications, 3D displays, leading mobile technologies and in-cell multi-touch panels.

46-inch Ultra-slim TV panel is equipped with LED backlight, providing a thinner profile (only 9.8mm) and reduced energy consumption, an ideal panel choice for chic design and eco-friendliness.

AUO cordially invites you to personally experience its dynamics to display revolution at Display Taiwan 2009 and will host technology introduction sessions and raffle games at its booth during the exhibition.

AUO Corporation ("AUO" or the "Company") (TAIEX: 2409; NYSE: AUO) today announced its recognition by the Industrial Development Bureau of Ministry of Economic Affairs as the leading green TFT-LCD maker for its 46-inch “Eco-Plus” Full HD panel. This award again confirms AUO’s endeavors in “Green Solutions.” AUO will continue applying “Green Solutions” initiatives in all aspects of its innovative technologies, making real efforts in protecting the earth while seeking ways to offer convenient and delightful digital lifestyles to consumers.

The 46-inch“Eco-Plus” Full HD panel which received this award weighs less than 9 kg. Its weight is reduced by 30%, its thickness by 30%, and the panel brings power savings of up to 30%. The package efficiency is also increased by 66% due to the reduction in packaging space and delivery weight. Combined with AUO’s focus on Green Logistics, transportation efficiency is improved and consequently reduces the impact on the environment.

AUO was also highly recognized by the panel of judges in all seven areas of “Green Quality Evaluation,” including Selection and Labeling Production Material, End-of-Life Design, Quality Assurance and Improvement, Energy Management, Procedure for Recycle and Waste Management, and Environment Policy and Packaging.

Taking the area of Selection and Labeling Production Material as an example, AUO has not only followed the EU RoHS regulations, but has also led the industry to embrace a Halogen Free policy. Furthermore, AUO has developed its own Green Parts Aggregations and Reporting System (GPARS). This system enables AUO to communicate with its supply partners in real time, confirming that the materials it intends to purchase are in line with AUO green policy, international norms and customers’ requirements. The result is a realization of AUO’s hazard-free commitment in declining the use of parts or materials that are harmful to the ecosystem, environment and people.

In the area of packaging, AUO successfully developed a “Paper Cushion Structure for LCD TV panel package” by taking into account solutions in saving resources, in recycling, and in lowering pollution and logistics costs. This design was awarded the 2008 Green Package Design Award by the Environmental Protection Administration recently, making AUO the only non-professional packaging company to receive this award.

“As a global leading TFT-LCD supplier, we are actively taking serious steps to realize ideas envisaged in AUO Green Solutions, including Green Innovations, Green Procurement, Green Production, Green Logistics, Green Service and Green Recycling,” said Dr. LJ Chen, President and COO of AUO, who fully agrees that a company should play a key role in protecting the environment, “We are indeed happy to see government support in this area and look forward to seeing this initiative expanded to cover all stakeholders in the TFT-LCD industry, as a way to collectively upgrade the value of Taiwan’s flat panel display industry so as to meet or surpass international environmental standards, as well as to ultimately create more green opportunities.”

https://content.next.westlaw.com/practical-law/document/I4ec05f54e84e11e398db8b09b4f043e0/Commission-publishes-official-summary-of-LCD-panel-price-fixing-cartel-decision?viewType=FullText&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)

On 7 October 2011, the European Commission published in the Official Journal a summary of its decision to fine six manufacturers of liquid crystal display panels for engaging in an illegal price-fixing cartel, contrary to Article 101 of the TFEU.

Laptop Screens & LCD Panels└ Laptop Replacement Parts└ Computer Components & Parts└ Computers/Tablets & NetworkingAll CategoriesAntiquesArtBabyBooks & MagazinesBusiness & IndustrialCameras & PhotoCell Phones & AccessoriesClothing, Shoes & AccessoriesCoins & Paper MoneyCollectiblesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingConsumer ElectronicsCraftsDolls & BearsMovies & TVEntertainment MemorabiliaGift Cards & CouponsHealth & BeautyHome & GardenJewelry & WatchesMusicMusical Instruments & GearPet SuppliesPottery & GlassReal EstateSpecialty ServicesSporting GoodsSports Mem, Cards & Fan ShopStampsTickets & ExperiencesToys & HobbiesTravelVideo Games & ConsolesEverything Else

After an eight-week trial, the DOJ"s Antitrust Division secured a jury verdict convicting Taiwanese LCD manufacturer AU Optronics Corporation (AUO), its US subsidiary and two former top executives for fixing the prices of LCD panels. The jury determined that the combined gains of the entire LCD cartel totaled at least $500 million.

Under the Sherman Act, a price-fixing violation could result in fines up to $1 million for individuals and up to $100 million for corporations. However, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines allow for fine increases up to either twice the gain from the illegal conduct or twice the loss to the victims. Therefore, because the DOJ proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the overcharges resulting from the LCD cartel were at least $500 million, the AUO defendants face a potential $1 billion fine in addition to prison time for the convicted executives. The case also confirmed that the appropriate measure of harm under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines is the overcharge, or harm, caused by all the conspirators in the cartel and not just the harm caused by the defendants.

The AUO defendants will not be sentenced until later this year, and the company has stated its intention to appeal the verdict and any fine. However, the win will likely embolden the DOJ and allow it to take stronger positions when negotiating plea agreements with alleged cartel participants. Given the AUO outcome, targets of cartel investigations must consider the monetary effects of the cartel as a whole, and not just that caused by their own behavior, when calculating the risks of going to trial versus entering into a plea agreement with the DOJ.

The global mini LED display market size was valued at USD 4 million in 2021. It is expected to be valued at USD 1,244 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 88% during the forecast period (2022–2030). The light from mini light-emitting diode (LED) displays comes from tiny LEDs. The roots of the new mini LED technology can be found in the old backlit LCD technology. This technology uses thousands of tiny LED backlights instead of a single large or several smaller backlights that are dimmed locally. This makes the local dimming much better. There is no limit to the size or number of backlights in a mini LED panel, so it can be as small or as big as you want. But they are still limited by the size of the LCD matrix, which turns the white backlight into different colors.

One of the most important things driving the growth of the mini LED display market is the growing need for mini LED backlights in the electronics industry. The mini LED backlight for displays is getting a lot of attention in the consumer electronics market because big names like LG, Samsung, AUO, and others are planning to release products with this technology. AUO has released a line of displays with mini LED backlight technology. These displays include large monitors, desktop monitors, laptops, and even high-end applications like VR headsets and smart cars.

Mini LED backlight for displays is getting a lot of attention in the electronics market, and big names in consumer electronics like LG, Samsung, AUO, and others are planning to release products with mini LED technology. AUO has released a line of displays with mini LED backlight technology. These include large monitors, desktop monitors, laptops, and high-end applications like VR headsets and smart vehicles. These projects help take advantage of new growth opportunities for mini LED display technology. Also, many players in the LED supply chain are now actively looking for ways to use mini and micro-LED technologies.

The mini LED display market is expected to grow because more people are using smartphones, and its many features are becoming part of their daily lives. For example, Xiaomi and other top phone makers plan to put mini LED technology in their next phones. The most important benefits of mini LED displays are that they use less energy, have more color-reduction power, are brighter, have a higher contrast ratio, use less power, are less likely to burn in than OLED displays, and have the same thickness as OLED displays. The mini LED display market is growing with such developments in the mobile display market.

In the next few years, mini LED displays are expected to become more widespread in automotive applications. Mini LED technology has been used as the backlight for automotive displays like HUDs, dashboards, in-car infotainment systems, and rear-view mirror displays. Some LED makers also showed ideas for how mini LED technology could be used to light the outside of cars. Several top automotive manufacturers also use HDR and local dimming technologies in their vehicle displays to make them brighter and have better contrast ratios.

The cost of mini LED parts like LED chips, PCB backplanes, and driver ICs is a big part of how much it costs to make the whole device. The price of mini LED displays goes up because of the costs of these parts and the technologies needed to make them, such as testing, sorting, and SMT. Also, the cost of making mini LED backlight displays is currently higher than that of traditional LCD and OLED displays. This is likely to slow the growth of the mini LED display market.

Television holds the highest market share and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 86% during the forecast period. Mini LED TVs have surpassed OLED TVs and are expected to continue shaping the television industry in the coming years. Mini LED gives users a richer color layer, more depth to details, and a viewing experience that cannot be beaten in terms of striking and even brightness. In addition, a mini LED TV is an LCD panel with a quantum dot film and micrometer-sized LEDs that light up the back.

Automotive Displays are essential components of in-vehicle interaction visualization technologies. Interactive displays have become an important part of manufacturing processes, and many automakers use them. Mini LED displays are increasingly used in the automotive industry and are one of the most crucial display technologies in this field.

In Smartphones, OLEDs are a strong competitor to mini LEDs because their price-to-performance ratio has already given them a strong position in the high-end and flagship segments. However, mini LEDs will likely have a strong foothold in many small to mid-size high-value-added display segments. The mini LED display market is expected to grow with people’s increased smartphone use and its features becoming part of their daily lives.

The Automotive industry comprises many companies that work on designing, developing, marketing, and selling cars. The growth of the mini LED display market is driven by the auto industry"s use of new technologies. Mini LED has been used as a backlight for car displays, like HUDs, dashboards, in-vehicle infotainment systems, and displays in the rear-view mirror. Several car manufacturing companies are always looking for new ways to improve their products. Consequently, car manufacturers have started investing in mini LED technology and testing the next generation of high-tech products, which is why the said segment is growing rapidly.

Asia-Pacific is expected to be the largest region in terms of revenue generation and manufacturing capability, growing at a CAGR of 91%during the forecast period. This is because it has a large population, many leading manufacturers, and a high demand for display technologies. As LED TVs become more popular, new market opportunities are opening up. Additionally, the strong semiconductor industry in Asia-Pacific will give the market more chances to grow.

The European region is anticipated to earn a whopping revenue of USD 1,742 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 86%. Due to the rising popularity of smart TVs in Europe, the mini LED display market is expected to grow swiftly. The European market has immense possibilities for growth because more people are using new technologies. The display industry is getting huge investments. Germany has the biggest market share of all the European countries. This is because the government has taken action in the form of subsidiaries, acquisitions of smaller companies, and a rise in the use of mini LED.

North America gets a big chunk of the market"s income through major economies like the US and Canada. The mini LED display market is also expected to grow because more TVs and video games are using mini LED displays. North America is a leader in the mini LED display market because consumer electronics companies buy many new, innovative products. The mini LED display market is also expected to grow because there are wealthy customers, corporate offices, retail chains, and strict rules about energy efficiency in the North American region.

May 2022- AU Optronics Corp, NVIDIA, and ASUS ROG jointly announced the world"s highest refresh rate of 500Hz Esports Monitor with their collaboration.

We manufacture and stock backlight assemblies for many AUO LCD panels. We produce premium quality replacements to extend the life of your flat panel screen devices.  If you do not see your panel model listed here, please contact us to learn about our cost effective design and manufacturing process.  Simply mail us a sample of the backlight you are looking to replace, and we can recreate and supply you with what you need to meet you needs.

Some of the prominent players in the ecosystem are Sony Corporation, AJA Video Systems, Inc., Canon Inc., Au Optronics Corp., Planar Systems Inc., Cambridge Display Technology, Inc., Ritek Display Technology, Toshiba Mobile Display Co. Ltd., Samsung SDI Co., Plastic Logic Inc., Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd., Doosan Corporation., Merck KGaA., Nanosys Inc., Nanoco Group PLC., Universal Display Corporation., Samsung SDI., Toray Industries Inc., eLux Inc., Plessey., Quantum Material Corporation., Optovate., Jade Bird Display Inc

The world keeps on changing. Two-and-a-half years ago, I began writing about how AMOLED (active matrix organic light emitting diode) screens could begin taking over the display industry from LCD, just as LCD took over from CRT before it. Today, we are increasingly inundated with evidence of that change. Change is kind to some and very unkind to others. Shares of Universal Display (NASDAQ:OLED), a key provider of AMOLED technology, have more than doubled since I highlighted the "last chance sale" on them, and its Korean customers, Samsung (OTCPK:SSNLF) and more recently, LG Display (NYSE:LPL) have become the world"s leading screen producers in the process. By contrast, screen makers in Japan, like Sharp (OTCPK:SHCAY) and Toshiba (OTCPK:TOSYY), have been hurt very badly by the shift.

Then, there are those in the middle. Even though Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) has been left behind on the technology, its margins have benefited from being able to source cheap LCD screens from desperate Japanese manufacturers. Another company that has been caught in the middle is the world"s third-largest display manufacturer, AU Optronics (NYSE:OTC:AUO). Unlike Apple, AUO has been a pioneer of AMOLED technology from the very beginning. It developed the world"s first double-sided screen in 2004 and its list of more recent AMOLED technological achievements includes: 2013 - first 4K TV Panel

Yet, anyone who knows the industry will realize that technological excellence has not translated into broad market success, as it did in the early days of LCD, when AUO shares traded between $10 and $20. The company did not invest heavily and struggledwith manufacturing yields early on, thereby allowing Samsung to lead the way in mobile, while LG Display solved the large screen problem with its WOLED architecture for televisions. Still, there is reason to believe that Taiwan can leapfrog the Koreans.

Mitsubishi (OTCPK:MTLHF) and Pioneer (OTCPK:PNCOF) announced that they have started to mass produce color-tunable lighting panels using a wet coating process. This is potentially significant for displays as well as lighting in that such methods could be a precursor to ink jet printing of displays.

Kateeva also partnered with Sumitomo Chemical (OTCPK:SOMMY) at the beginning of the year to optimize YIELDJet for Sumitomo"s polymer materials. Sumitomo"s main customer is Samsung Display, which purchases panels for AMOLED touch screens. Sumitomo is now expanding its production capacity by 40% in order to meet increased demand and enable the use plastic substrates for bendable displays.

Ink Jet manufacturing of AMOLEDs should be far less costly and more material efficient than any current processes for any type of competing screen. For example, the Mitsubishi/Pioneer panels mentioned above use just one-third the material of the evaporative manufacturing methods now being used to make AMOLED panels in Korea. Consequently, I question the market"s assumption that UDC will continue to be the primary beneficiary, as implied by OLED valuation. Although, UDC has stated that its small-molecule phOLED emitters are compatible with soluble manufacturing techniques, that remains to be seen in practice. It is quite possible that polymer phOLED emitters could be better suited. Even if UDC is able to maintain its role through the transition, the efficiencies in material usage should go a long way towards balancing industry growth, as should continued pricing pressure. My concern is that the current flood of media on the company"s shares is an attempt by institutions to cash out.

For AU Optronics though, a jump forward in manufacturing represents a new opportunity to leverage its technology. Using solution-based processing will mean that existing manufacturers will have to go through the process of re-tweaking production to optimize yields all over again. A newly level playing field could well be just what AUO and Taiwan have been waiting for. Though Taiwan has trailed Korea in AMOLED production capacity, it arguably still leads in research and development. In fact, Taiwan"s research institute, ITRI, seems to have uncovered the most important breakthrough in recent memory with its PCOLED method of solving the blue problem. Combining this approach with AUO"s RGBY architecture should make for a clear lead in the mobile arms race.

Taiwan"s government has also shown willingness to support the industry, much as Korea and Japan have done, and foster cooperation in ways the chaebol have proven incapable of. In fact, the move may already be underway. The main thing that is needed to fast track such plans is a guaranteed critical mass of demand. That"s where Apple comes in. Whether by coincidence or not, many of Apple"s design aspirations seem to match up almost perfectly with AUO"s technology demonstrations. Compare, for instance, this flex-sensing screen patent, with the prototype that AUO showed just last month.

I think it is more than coincidence that Apple has opened a secret lab in Taiwan and employed former AUO workers. The interesting part here is that the lab also used to be used for Mirasol development. For those who don"t know, Mirasol was a very promising color display technology. In fact, it was the only one that I regarded as a potential competitor for AMOLEDs before Qualcomm (NASDAQ:QCOM) discontinued its commercialization efforts in favor of licensing the technology instead, in order to give some much needed attention to decisions surrounding its core business. AUO"s latest work in transflective watch faces shows that there may be great promise in combining these technologies.

Apple is already using LG Display"s for the AMOLED screen on its Watch, but there have been reports of dissatisfaction with that arrangement. In any case, neither LGD nor Samsung is an ideal source for Apple because both already produce competing mobile devices. By contrast, AUO is a potentially ideal partner because it is pure producer rather than a competitor. If Apple wants to leapfrog the display industry, the more than 15,300 patents and nearly 22,000 applications that AUO holds worldwide will be vital, especially considering that AUO has already been successful in proving them against both LG Display and Samsung.

The most difficult part about investing in developing technology is often projecting the pace of innovation. While Apple"s job postings and purchase of nearby pilot fabrication facilities indicate that its plans are fairly far along, delays and changes are always possible. Such uncertainty represents the biggest risk factor to the projections made here. That said, AU Optronics is not completely beholden to future developments. The company can continue to play both sides of the LCD/AMOLED battle in large screens via its alliance with 3M (NYSE:MMM) on QDTVs. Furthermore, AUO"s AMOLED screens for phones are finally competitive and the current lineup of watch faces looks to be clearly best in class and earning wins in new products already.

Hopefully, Apple has learned the dangers of trying to micro-manage developing technology, and in any case AU Optronics is no GT Advanced; its well-established business is easily profitable and its management ranked amongst the top 5% for corporate governance this year. The point here is that AUO doesn"t need to execute on all this new technology overnight in order to succeed. It can start by supplying faces for the next Apple Watch, or a niche version of the iPhone, such as the rumored 4" model, and AUO investors should profit very nicely in 2016, with more to look forward to. In fact, I think Samsung"s impressive sales of AMOLEDs to third parties shows that AUO doesn"t even necessarily need Apple to succeed, as that market remains production constrained. Nonetheless, there is evidence of an impending collaboration, and the two are ideal partners with complementary resources for adapting to a changing world. Change is good; especially for those who see it coming.

As technologies mature, they influence market trends and market opportunities. Additionally, the increasing use of HD interfaces in smartphones influences market revenue. Furthermore, the increasing trend of live streaming and OTT content positively impact the market growth. OLED technology is rapidly replacing existing LED and LCD technologies from various smartphone brands.

Conversely, the high cost of OLED and AMOLED displays is a major factor impeding the market growth. Nevertheless, the augmenting demand for high image quality and better image resolution would support the market growth throughout the assessment period. The display quality is measured by contrast ratio, color calibration, brightness, and sunlight legibility.

There are many types of displays available in the market today. These include LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), IPS-LCD (In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode), AMOLED (Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode), and others. The screen combined with the touch element is a major element of the user interface. LCDs consist of a matrix of Liquid Crystals and can be very visible in direct sunlight.

IPS-LCDs have become a common display type for mid-range to high-end phones, providing a superior viewing angle and better color reproduction. OLEDs & AMOLEDs emit light, which eliminates the need for the backlight and, therefore, can allow a potentially thinner panel. The main benefit of OLED and AMOLED displays is that they can produce their own light, eliminating the need for a backlight and cutting down on energy requirements.

AMOLED technology is far superior to LED and LCD technology and has low power consumption. The increasing adoption of these displays across the smartphone industry boosts the market size. Additionally, the growing demand for energy-efficient displays for smartphones and other electronic devices escalates the market on the global level.

The smartphone display market is segmented into types, display technologies, sizes, resolutions, and regions. The type segment is sub-segmented into capacitive, resistive display screens, and others. The display technology segment is sub-segmented into TFT-LCD, IPS-LCD, OLED, AMOLED, and others.

North America gains the second spot globally in terms of smartphone display market revenues. The market is primarily driven by vast advances in display technologies and the proliferation of smartphones in the region. Moreover, the strong presence of notable industry players, such as Apple Inc. and Google, pushes the regional market growth. Augmented demand and availability of quality smartphone displays in the region drive the growth of the market.

The highly competitive smartphone display market witnesses the presence of several well-established players. These players focus on innovations and improvements in product, service, and product innovations. Players incorporate strategic initiatives such as collaboration, acquisition, partnership, product & technology launch, and expansion to gain a larger competitive share.

For instance, on Aug.27, 2022, Samsung, a leading smartphone brand, announced that it is developing a dual-screen phone featuring a transparent display on the back. The patent application for the new Samsung dual-screen phone was submitted in January 2022. The World Intellectual Property purportedly develops the dual-screen technology of this smartphone Organization (WIPO), a South Korean tech business.

In another instance, on Sep.08, 2022, Apple launched its most advanced smartphone display with iPhone 14, featuring battery life and camera upgrades over its predecessor. Its four new models have larger screens between 6.1 and 6.7 inches in length and a more powerful processor. Besides, all are equipped with a larger yet lightweight sensor able to produce low-light photographs than the previous generation"s quality.

Automotive Head-Up Display Market/ Automotive HUD Market Research Report: Information by Component, Product Type, Fuel Type, End-User and Region- Forecast till 2030

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

In 1888,Friedrich Reinitzer (1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie (Wien) 9, 421–441 (1888)).Otto Lehmann published his work "Flüssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). In 1911, Charles Mauguin first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and presented in 1960.Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure would reduce the resolution by around 25%. This means that a 4K TV cannot display the full UHD TV standard. The media and internet users later called this "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because the announced 4K UHD resolution but still being incapable of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacts the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which is especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers" policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.ISO 13406-2 standard.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard,ISO 9241, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

In 2004, researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no r