ips und tft display unterschied made in china

We emphasize advancement and introduce new products and solutions into the market each year for Difference Between Ips And Tft Display, Tft Display, Touch Screen Panel, Whole Tft Lcd Monitor,Bar Lcd Panel. Our company maintains safe business mixed by truth and honesty to keep long-term relationships with our customers. The product will supply to all over the world, such as Europe, America, Australia,Lahore, Hungary,Brasilia, Finland.We have been sincerely looking forward to cooperate with customers all over the world. We believe we can satisfy you with our high-quality products and solutions and perfect service . We also warmly welcome customers to visit our company and purchase our products.

We hold strengthening and perfecting our items and repair. At the same time, we get the job done actively to do research and progress for Tft And Ips Display Difference, Lcd Inverter, Flexible Lcd, Tft Display For Car,Memory Lcd. We fully welcome shoppers from all around the world to ascertain stable and mutually effective enterprise interactions, to have a dazzling long run jointly. The product will supply to all over the world, such as Europe, America, Australia,Amsterdam, Serbia,San Francisco, Brazil.They are sturdy modeling and promoting effectively all over the world. Never ever disappearing major functions within a quick time, it"s a have to for you of fantastic good quality. Guided by the principle of "Prudence, Efficiency, Union and Innovation. the corporation. ake an excellent efforts to expand its international trade, raise its organization. rofit and raise its export scale. We are confident that we are going to have a bright prospect and to be distributed all over the world in the years to come.

IPS (In-Plane Switching) lcd is still a type of TFT LCD, IPS TFT is also called SFT LCD (supper fine tft ),different to regular tft in TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, theIPS LCD liquid crystal elements inside the tft lcd cell, they are arrayed in plane inside the lcd cell when power off, so the light can not transmit it via theIPS lcdwhen power off, When power on, the liquid crystal elements inside the IPS tft would switch in a small angle, then the light would go through the IPS lcd display, then the display on since light go through the IPS display, the switching angle is related to the input power, the switch angle is related to the input power value of IPS LCD, the more switch angle, the more light would transmit the IPS LCD, we call it negative display mode.

The regular tft lcd, it is a-si TN (Twisted Nematic) tft lcd, its liquid crystal elements are arrayed in vertical type, the light could transmit the regularTFT LCDwhen power off. When power on, the liquid crystal twist in some angle, then it block the light transmit the tft lcd, then make the display elements display on by this way, the liquid crystal twist angle is also related to the input power, the more twist angle, the more light would be blocked by the tft lcd, it is tft lcd working mode.

A TFT lcd display is vivid and colorful than a common monochrome lcd display. TFT refreshes more quickly response than a monochrome LCD display and shows motion more smoothly. TFT displays use more electricity in driving than monochrome LCD screens, so they not only cost more in the first place, but they are also more expensive to drive tft lcd screen.The two most common types of TFT LCDs are IPS and TN displays.

If you want to buy a new monitor, you might wonder what kind of display technologies I should choose. In today’s market, there are two main types of computer monitors: TFT LCD monitors & IPS monitors.

The word TFT means Thin Film Transistor. It is the technology that is used in LCD displays.  We have additional resources if you would like to learn more about what is a TFT Display. This type of LCDs is also categorically referred to as an active-matrix LCD.

These LCDs can hold back some pixels while using other pixels so the LCD screen will be using a very minimum amount of energy to function (to modify the liquid crystal molecules between two electrodes). TFT LCDs have capacitors and transistors. These two elements play a key part in ensuring that the TFT display monitor functions by using a very small amount of energy while still generating vibrant, consistent images.

Industry nomenclature: TFT LCD panels or TFT screens can also be referred to as TN (Twisted Nematic) Type TFT displays or TN panels, or TN screen technology.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is like an improvement on the traditional TFT LCD display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but has more enhanced features and more widespread usability.

Both TFT display and IPS display are active-matrix displays, neither can’t emit light on their own like OLED displays and have to be used with a back-light of white bright light to generate the picture. Newer panels utilize LED backlight (light-emitting diodes) to generate their light hence utilizing less power and requiring less depth by design. Neither TFT display nor IPS display can produce color, there is a layer of RGB (red, green, blue) color filter in each LCD pixels to produce the color consumers see. If you use a magnifier to inspect your monitor, you will see RGB color in each pixel. With an on/off switch and different level of brightness RGB, we can get many colors.

Winner. IPS TFT screens have around 0.3 milliseconds response time while TN TFT screens responds around 10 milliseconds which makes the latter unsuitable for gaming

Winner. the images that IPS displays create are much more pristine and original than that of the TFT screen. IPS displays do this by making the pixels function in a parallel way. Because of such placing, the pixels can reflect light in a better way, and because of that, you get a better image within the display.

As the display screen made with IPS technology is mostly wide-set, it ensures that the aspect ratio of the screen would be wider. This ensures better visibility and a more realistic viewing experience with a stable effect.

Winner. While the TFT LCD has around 15% more power consumption vs IPS LCD, IPS has a lower transmittance which forces IPS displays to consume more power via backlights. TFT LCD helps battery life.

Normally, high-end products, such as Apple Mac computer monitors and Samsung mobile phones, generally use IPS panels. Some high-end TV and mobile phones even use AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes) displays. This cutting edge technology provides even better color reproduction, clear image quality, better color gamut, less power consumption when compared to LCD technology.

This kind of touch technology was first introduced by Steve Jobs in the first-generation iPhone. Of course, a TFT LCD display can always meet the basic needs at the most efficient price. An IPS display can make your monitor standing out.

In market, LCD means passive matrix LCDs which increase TN (Twisted Nematic), STN (Super Twisted Nematic), or FSTN (Film Compensated STN) LCD Displays. It is a kind of earliest and lowest cost display technology.

LCD screens are still found in the market of low cost watches, calculators, clocks, utility meters etc. because of its advantages of low cost, fast response time (speed), wide temperature range,  low power consumption, sunlight readable with transflective or reflective polarizers etc.  Most of them are monochrome LCD display and belong to passive-matrix LCDs.

TFT LCDs have capacitors and transistors. These are the two elements that play a key part in ensuring that the TFT display monitor functions by using a very small amount of energy without running out of operation.

Normally, we say TFT LCD panels or TFT screens, we mean they are TN (Twisted Nematic) Type TFT displays or TN panels, or TN screen technology. TFT is active-matrix LCDs, it is a kind of LCD technologies.

TFT has wider viewing angles, better contrast ratio than TN displays. TFT display technologies have been widely used for computer monitors, laptops, medical monitors, industrial monitors, ATM, point of sales etc.

Actually, IPS technology is a kind of TFT display with thin film transistors for individual pixels. But IPS displays have superior high contrast, wide viewing angle, color reproduction, image quality etc. IPS screens have been found in high-end applications, like Apple iPhones, iPads, Samsung mobile phones, more expensive LCD monitors etc.

Both TFT LCD displays and IPS LCD displays are active matrix displays, neither of them can produce color, there is a layer of RGB (red, green, blue) color filter in each LCD pixels to make LCD showing colors. If you use a magnifier to see your monitor, you will see RGB color. With switch on/off and different level of brightness RGB, we can get many colors.

Neither of them can’t release color themselves, they have relied on extra light source in order to display. LED backlights are usually be together with them in the display modules as the light sources. Besides, both TFT screens and IPS screens are transmissive, it will need more power or more expensive than passive matrix LCD screens to be seen under sunlight.  IPS screens transmittance is lower than TFT screens, more power is needed for IPS LCD display.

As you might already be aware, there’s a large variety of versatile digital display types on the market, all of which are specifically designed to perform certain functions and are suitable for numerous commercial, industrial, and personal uses. The type of digital display you choose for your company or organization depends largely on the requirements of your industry, customer-base, employees, and business practices. Unfortunately, if you happen to be technologically challenged and don’t know much about digital displays and monitors, it can be difficult to determine which features and functions would work best within your professional environment. If you have trouble deciphering the pros and cons of using TFT vs. IPS displays, here’s a little guide to help make your decision easier.

TFT stands for thin-film-transistor, which is a variant of liquid crystal display (LCD). TFTs are categorized as active matrix LCDs, which means that they can simultaneously retain certain pixels on a screen while also addressing other pixels using minimal amounts of energy. This is because TFTs consist of transistors and capacitors that respectively work to conserve as much energy as possible while still remaining in operation and rendering optimal results. TFT display technologies offer the following features, some of which are engineered to enhance overall user experience.

The bright LED backlights that are featured in TFT displays are most often used for mobile screens. These backlights offer a great deal of adaptability and can be adjusted according to the visual preferences of the user. In some cases, certain mobile devices can be set up to automatically adjust the brightness level of the screen depending on the natural or artificial lighting in any given location. This is a very handy feature for people who have difficulty learning how to adjust the settings on a device or monitor and makes for easier sunlight readability.

One of the major drawbacks of using a TFT LCD instead of an IPS is that the former doesn’t offer the same level of visibility as the latter. To get the full effect of the graphics on a TFT screen, you have to be seated right in front of the screen at all times. If you’re just using the monitor for regular web browsing, for office work, to read and answer emails, or for other everyday uses, then a TFT display will suit your needs just fine. But, if you’re using it to conduct business that requires the highest level of colour and graphic accuracy, such as completing military or naval tasks, then your best bet is to opt for an IPS screen instead.

Nonetheless, most TFT displays are still fully capable of delivering reasonably sharp images that are ideal for everyday purposes and they also have relatively short response times from your keyboard or mouse to your screen. This is because the pixel aspect ration is much narrower than its IPS counterpart and therefore, the colours aren’t as widely spread out and are formatted to fit onto the screen. Primary colours—red, yellow, and blue—are used as the basis for creating brightness and different shades, which is why there’s such a strong contrast between different aspects of every image. Computer monitors, modern-day HD TV screens, laptop monitors, mobile devices, and even tablets all utilize this technology.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is almost like an improvement on the traditional TFT display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but with slightly more enhanced features and more widespread usability. IPS LCD monitors consist of the following high-end features.

IPS screens have the capability to recognize movements and commands much faster than the traditional TFT LCD displays and as a result, their response times are infinitely faster. Of course, the human eye doesn’t notice the difference on separate occasions, but when witnessing side-by-side demonstrations, the difference is clear.

Wide-set screen configurations allow for much wider and versatile viewing angles as well. This is probably one of the most notable and bankable differences between TFT and IPS displays. With IPS displays, you can view the same image from a large variety of different angles without causing grayscale, blurriness, halo effects, or obstructing your user experience in any way. This makes IPS the perfect display option for people who rely on true-to-form and sharp colour and image contrasts in their work or daily lives.

IPS displays are designed to have higher transmittance frequencies than their TFT counterparts within a shorter period of time (precisely 1 millisecond vs. 25 milliseconds). This speed increase might seem minute or indecipherable to the naked eye, but it actually makes a huge difference in side-by-side demonstrations and observations, especially if your work depends largely on high-speed information sharing with minimal or no lagging.

Just like TFT displays, IPS displays also use primary colours to produce different shades through their pixels. The main difference in this regard is the placement of the pixels and how they interact with electrodes. In TFT displays, the pixels run perpendicular to one another when they’re activated by electrodes, which creates a pretty sharp image, but not quite as pristine or crisp as what IPS displays can achieve. IPS display technologies employ a different configuration in the sense that pixels are placed parallel to one another to reflect more light and result in a sharper, clearer, brighter, and more vibrant image. The wide-set screen also establishes a wider aspect ratio, which strengthens visibility and creates a more realistic and lasting effect.

When it comes to deciphering the differences between TFT vs. IPS display technologies and deciding which option is best for you and your business, the experts at Nauticomp Inc. can help. Not only do we offer a wide variety of computer displays, monitors, and screen types, but we also have the many years of experience in the technology industry to back up our recommendations and our knowledge. Our top-of-the-line displays and monitors are customized to suit the professional and personal needs of our clients who work across a vast array of industries. For more information on our high-end displays and monitors, please contact us.

TFT screen is generally referred to as "active panels" for most liquid crystal displays, and the core technology of "active panels" is thin film transistor, or TFT, which has led people to call active panels TFT. Although such a name is not appropriate, it will be the case for a long time. The difference between TFT screen and IPS screen is as follows:

The working mode of the TFT screen is that each liquid crystal pixel on the liquid crystal display is driven by an integrated thin film transistor, which is TFT. Simply put, TFT is to configure a semiconductor switching device for each pixel, and each pixel can be directly controlled by a dot pulse. And since each node is relatively independent, continuous control can also be performed.

IPS technology changes the arrangement of liquid crystal molecule particles, adopts horizontal conversion technology to speed up the deflection of liquid crystal molecules, guarantees the picture clarity and super expressive power when shaking, and eliminates the external pressure of traditional liquid crystal displays. Blurring and water ripples will appear when shaken. Because the liquid crystal molecules rotate in the plane, the IPS screen is born with a fairly good viewing angle performance, and the four axial directions can achieve a viewing angle close to 180 degrees.

Although the IPS screen technology is very powerful, it is still a technology based on TFT, and the essence is a TFT screen. No matter how strong IPS is, it is derived from TFT after all, so TFT quality and IPS quality are integrated.

Suzhou Proculus Technologies Co., Ltd. is engaged in the R&D and manufacturing of LCD screens, LCD touch screens and optical bonding products, and provides solutions for tft LCD screen customization. Welcome to consult!

From their discovery in 1888 to their first application within displays in the 1960s, liquid crystals have become a mainstream material choice with many impactful applications in the world of electronics.

As the key component behind liquid crystal displays (LCD), these materials change light polarization to create vibrant, high-resolution images on digital screens. The growth of LCD technology has helped propel the larger display panel market enormously, with industry valuation projected to reach $178.20 billion by 2026.

A prolific variety of LCD types has been developed to best meet their exact use-cases and end-environments. Displays may be optimized for power consumption, contrast ratio, color reproduction, optimal viewing angle, temperature range, cost, and more.

Passive Matrix LCDs offer a cost advantage (both parts and tooling) and are highly customizable. The counterpart to Passive Matrix displays are Active Matrix displays.

Furthermore, the processes used for manufacturing Active-Matrix LCDs can create much finer details on the electrode structure. This allows splitting each pixel in three sub-pixels with different color. This together with the better voltage control allows full color displays.

The transistor switches used in Active Matrix Displays must not protrude significantly above the surface of the display substrates lest they might interfere with a uniform liquid crystal layer thickness. They must be implemented in thin films of suitable materials. Hence, the name Thin Film Transistors (TFT). While AM and TFT have a different meaning, they are often used interchangeably to indicate a higher performance display.

TFTs can be formed by amorphous silicon (denoted α-Si TFT), by poly-crystalline silicon (LTPS for Low Temperature Poly Silicon), or by semiconducting metal oxides (Ox-TFT or IGZO-TFT for Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide).

Currently the most common Electronics Display Technology on the market is LCD technology and among LCD technologies, TFT display technology is the most widely used across consumer applications (laptops, tablets, TVs, Mobile phones, etc.) as well as many industrial, automotive, and medical applications.

As the first commercially successful LCD technology, Passive Matrix Twisted Nematic (TN) LCDs use a 90° twist of the nematic LC fluid between two polarizers to display information. The twist of the LC fluid either blocks light from passing through the LCD cell or allows light to pass, depending on the applied voltage. The applied voltage changes the twisted nematic orientation into an orientation that does not change the polarization of tight. This is called the TN effect.

TN displays can be normally white (NW) when they use two orthogonal liner polarizers or normally black (NB) when parallel linear polarizers are used. ‘Normally’ refers to what happens when no voltage is applied.

Initially, Passive TN LCDs were used in segmented, icon, or character displays where an image element was turned “on” and “off” depending on how the fluid was driven. Improvements were made along the way to address the limited viewing angle of TN technology, which can suffer from contrast loss or even inversion at shallow angles.

It can be advantageous to twist the director of the nematic phase a bit more than 90 degrees, but less than 180 degrees. Displays like this are a subset of TN displays and are sometimes caller Hyper Twisted Nematic Displays.

The numbers of rows or icons that can be addressed in a TN display without Active Matrix addressing is very limited. This is related to how strongly the liquid crystal responds to the applied voltage. Twisting the LC nematic fluid more than 180 degrees (typically between 210 and 270 degrees) causes the display to require a much smaller voltage difference between on and off pixels. This in turn allows addressing of many more rows without an active matrix. Displays with a twist between 210 and 270 degrees are called Super Twisted Nematic displays.

The higher display resolution of STN displays comes at a price. The optical effect is no longer neutrally black and white as in a TN display. Rather these displays are naturally yellow and black or blue and white. The color can be somewhat compensated with colored polarizers, but that comes at the expense of brightness and contrast.

The color in STN displays is caused by birefringence. Adding the same birefringence in the opposite direction can compensate for the effect. Initially this was done by stacking two STN displays on top of each other. This is referred to as Double STN or DSTN, but this is of course thicker and more expensive.

The birefringence of an STN display can be approximated with a stretched transparent plastic film. Adding such a film to an STN display instead of the 2nd STN display is a lot more attractive and has almost the same performance. This is referred to as a Film Compensated STN display (FSTN, or sometimes if two films are used as FFSTN).

FSTN displays are used commonly in consumer, medical and industrial display applications that require low cost and do not need high resolution images or full color.

Another development to the TN display was to use the same concept as in FSTN displays on TN displays. However, the film cannot just be a stretched polymer. Instead, a twisted liquid crystal structure is made and polymerized into a film that is used as a compensation film for TN displays. As this method mostly improves the display characteristics at shallow viewing angles while preserving the excellent performance in straight on viewing, this technology is called Wide View Twisted Nematic (WVTN).

The above display technologies have liquid crystal molecules that are aligned nearly parallel to the display surface with more or less twisting when going from one substrate to the other. In VA (also called VAN) displays, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned vertically with respect to the display surface. Applying a voltage causes the molecules to lay flat, with or without twist.

The advantage of this arrangement is a very dark black state with very little light leakage. This allows making displays with a black mask and colored icons or symbols. These displays look like color displays with brilliant colors, however each image element or icon can only have its assigned color or black.

Due to the ability in AM displays to address one row while the other rows are isolated, the demands on the electro-optical performance of the Liquid Crystal Configuration are less stringent. In principle, all the above mentioned configurations can be used in AM displays. In practice, TN, and WVTN are frequently used as well as some versions of VA technology described below. (MVA, AIFF-MVA, PVA, ASV).

In-Plane Switching (IPS) and Fringe Field Switching (FFS) are technologies that apply the electric stimulus between electrodes on only one substrate unlike all other technologies described here where the electric stimulus is applied between electrodes on both substrates.

The advantage of these technologies is a much wider and more symmetrical viewing angle along with the elimination of the contrast inversion (or color shift) seen in TN TFT LCDs when viewed from various angles. IPS and FFS displays also are less sensitive to pressure, which is a big advantage in touchscreen displays.

Throughout the development of these technologies, there were the initial type, super, advanced, pro, etc. versions, which led to a lot of acronyms like (S-IPS, AS-IPS, H-IPS, FFS-Pro)

Here, each color sub-pixel is further divided into zones (called domains) having a different direction of the molecular movement when voltage is applied. Again, the purpose is a much wider and more symmetric viewing performance and the elimination of color shifts and contrast inversion at shallow angles. MVA technology achieves that with carefully designed protrusions on the inside surfaces of the display, while PVA uses fine patterning of the electrodes on both substrates.

ASV is a version of MVA where instead of two or four domains per pixel the liquid crystal switches in radial directions all around the center of the pixel. This technology was developed and used exclusively by Sharp and is no longer in production.

The integrated circuit is a patterned piece of silicon or other type of semiconducting material. A modern IC contains millions or even billions of tiny transistors. Their tiny size allows for the fabrication of smaller, faster, more efficient, and less expensive electronic circuits. The driver chips addressing electronics displays are ICs.

Often PCBAs are connected to the display with flexible printed circuits. It’s also possible to mount all necessary components on FPCs without the need of a PCBA in the display module.

Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is an interface to the display, not a display technology itself. This technology is not specific to displays, as it’s used in many other applications as well. It’s a high-speed signal that provides some noise immunity for the display. It also allows for longer distances compared to parallel interfaces.

As display resolutions increase, data transmission rates must increase as well. At high frequencies, single-ended signaling circuits can begin to act as antennas to radiate and receive radiated noise. Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) addresses many of these shortcomings by using differential signaling at low voltages to transmit display data at high speeds.

Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI®) is a high-speed Display Serial Interface (DSI) between the host processor and the display module. It has a low pin count, high bandwidth, and low Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI), and is commonly used in cameras, cell phones and tablets.

New Vision Display (NVD) has decades of experience designing and manufacturing custom display and touch panel assemblies for some of the world’s largest original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive, medical, industrial, and consumer markets.

NVD’s state-of-the-art factories are equipped to build solutions using a wide range of display and touch technologies. To view our extensive portfolio, visit our Products Page.

With industry-leading certifications and expert engineers on staff, NVD can handle your design needs, even for the most rigorous and complex end environments. To learn more about what makes us the display manufacturer for your needs, contact us today.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

Brody, T. Peter; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 20 (11): 995–1001. Bibcode:1973ITED...20..995B. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780. ISSN 0018-9383.

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.

Kim, Sae-Bom; Kim, Woong-Ki; Chounlamany, Vanseng; Seo, Jaehwan; Yoo, Jisu; Jo, Hun-Je; Jung, Jinho (15 August 2012). "Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater toward Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa". Journal of Hazardous Materials. Seoul, Korea; Laos, Lao. 227–228: 327–333. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059. PMID 22677053.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens are a staple in the digital display marketplace and are used in display applications across every industry. With every display application presenting a unique set of requirements, the selection of specialized LCDs has grown to meet these demands.

LCD screens can be grouped into three categories: TN (twisted nematic), IPS (in-plane switching), and VA (Vertical Alignment). Each of these screen types has its own unique qualities, almost all of them having to do with how images appear across the various screen types.

TN LCDs maintain a dedicated user base despite other screen types growing in popularity due to some unique key features that TN display offer. For one,

TN TFTs remain very popular among competitive PC gaming communities, where accuracy and response rates can make the difference between winning and losing.

VA, also known as Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) dislays offer features found in both TN and IPS screens. The Pixels in VA displays align vertically to the glass substrate when voltage is applied, allowing light to pass through.

Displays with VA screens deliver wide viewing angles, high contrast, and good color reproduction. They maintain high response rates similar to TN TFTs but may not reach the same sunlight readable brightness levels as comparable TN or IPS LCDs. VA displays are generally best for applications that need to be viewed from multiple angles, like digital signage in a commercial setting.

IPS (In-Plane Switching) technology improves image quality by acting on the liquid crystal inside the display screen. When voltage is applied, the crystals rotate parallel (or “in-plane”) rather than upright to allow light to pass through. This behavior results in several significant improvements to the image quality of these screens.

IPS is superior in contrast, brightness, viewing angles, and color representation compared to TN screens. Images on screen retain their quality without becoming washed out or distorted, no matter what angle they’re viewed from. Because of this, viewers have the flexibility to view content on the screen from almost anywhere rather than having to look at the display from a front-center position.

IPS displays offer a slightly lower refresh rate than TN displays. Remember that the time for pixels to go from inactive to active is measured in milliseconds. So for most users, the difference in refresh rates will go unnoticed.

Based on current trends, IPS and TN screen types will be expected to remain the dominant formats for some time. As human interface display technology advances and new product designs are developed, customers will likely choose IPS LCDs to replace the similarly priced TN LCDs for their new projects.

Our new line of 10.1” TFT displays with IPS technology are now available! These 10.1” IPS displays offer three interface options to choose from including RGB, LVDS, and HDMI interface, each with two touchscreen options as capacitive or without a touchscreen.

The new line of 3.5” TFT displays with IPS technology is now available! Three touchscreen options are available: capacitive, resistive, or without a touchscreen.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article"s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article"s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

As the mainstream display mode of LCD, IPS is overwhelmingly used in many fields of flat displays. However, due to the stress sensitivity of glass, the stressed light leakage is a bottleneck for achieving perfect dark state performance. The conventional scheme of using a compensation polarizer outside the cell has no effect on this light leakage. Although many studies have been conducted to overcome this limitation, the proposed methods have limited effects. Our research team has proposed a novel light leakage compensation mechanism by introducing a positive A plate that is sandwiched between the glass and the LC layer, therefore the light leakage which is caused by the combined effect of the phase retardations from the stressed glasses and the LC layer can be eliminated. In addition to theoretically analyzing the compensation principles of the novel light leakage compensation mechanism, we also use the developed positive A material to prepare light leakage compensation demos. And then the electric-optical characteristics and light leakage compensation effects of the demos are evaluated. While maintaining excellent optical and electrical characteristics, this technology effectively solves the problem of stressed light leakage of glass-based IPS, improves the dark-state image quality, and breaks the application of IPS in products such as curve products.

After decades of development, IPS (In-Plane Switching) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) occupies a dominant position in the display field. Due to its excellent display performance, IPS is widely used in all sizes of display products, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, notebook computers, monitors, and TVs

Due to the manufacturing process of CF/TFT glass and panel, and even the using process of IPS panel, it is difficult to completely avoid the stress birefringence of glass. Although some studies have proposed solutions, such as slimming of glass thickness

where σ is the stress from bending, E is Young’s modulus of glass (73,000 MPa for LCD display used glass), t is the thickness of the glass sheet and r is the radius to which the sheet is bent. In an ideal case, as the light passes through the bent glass, the in-plane retardation can be calculated by the stress-optic law shown in formula (

In this article, referring to the fundamental reason for light leakage, we have proposed a novel light leakage compensation mechanism, and a new LCD structure with an in-cell phase retarder as a solution. The basic idea of phase compensation is to introduce a positive A (+A) plate to compensate for the retardation of LC, make the stress birefringence of CF and TFT glass offset each other, and effectively eliminate light leakage. We have explained the compensation mechanisms, analyzed the electric-optical characteristics, and studied the effects of LL compensation. It is a very important point to note that, different from studies of compensation layers on improving the viewing angle

As mentioned above, our research focuses on stressed LL caused by mechanical deformation stress. When the panel is under force, due to the fixing effect of the sealant, the panel as a whole, it experiences tension on the TFT glass and compression on the CF glass as bending 1, under pure bending, these tensile and compressive stresses are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. At the neutral axis where the transition between tensile and compressive zones occurs, the stress is zero.

In order to analyze the stress leakage mechanism of IPS and the leakage compensation mechanism proposed in this paper, we calculated the stress value and the stressed retardation of the glass and carried out the relevant simulation and analysis. According to formula (

And as shown in Fig. 2a, the angle between the optical axis of TFT glass and LC is θ, and the angle between the optical axis of CF glass and LC is θ + 90°. The residual stress of the glass or the uneven stress caused by the frame during the IPS manufacturing process will cause the glass to produce retardation. And the brightness of the LL is proportional to the square of phase retardation (δ). After the stressed retardation of glass is got, the LL can be confirmed by simulation software.

The compensation principle of the new IPS. (a) The structure of normal IPS. (a") The stressed LL principle of normal IPS. (b) The structure of compensation mode 1. (b") The compensation mechanism of compensation mode 1. (c) The structure of compensation mode 2. (c") The compensation mechanism of compensation mode 2.

The stressed LL mechanism of normal IPS is illustrated by using the Poincaré sphere2a", PI (Point 1), P2 (Point 2), P3 (Point 3), and P4 (Point 4) respectively represent the polarization state of light after passing through the polarizer, the TFT glass, the LC layer, and the CF glass. Due to the effect of phase retardation of LC, a certain level of LL occurs. When the angle between the optical axis of LC and the glass with stress birefringence is 0° or 90°, the phase retardation of the LC is invalid, and there is no light leakage. But when the angle between the optical axis of LC and the optical axis of the glass with stress birefringence is not 0° or 90°, the vertically incident light becomes linearly polarized light after passing through the TFT polarizer, due to the effect of the LC phase retardation, the polarization state after passing through the TFT glass, the LC layer, and the CF glass is changed. When passing through the CF polarizer, it cannot be completely absorbed and LL occurs. As shown in Fig. 2a", the distance from P1 (Point 1) to P4 (Point 4) is proportional to LL brightness.

Due to the combined effect of the phase retardations from the stressed glass and the LC layer, the existing IPS structure cannot eliminate the influence of glass stress. The key to solving this problem is to ensure that the light is located at P2 (as shown in Fig. 2a") before the light reaches the CF glass. We have proposed two compensation structures based on IPS mode. These compensation structures with an additional optical layer that can be matched with LC, and effectively eliminate light leakage. Although both schemes introduce a  +A plate and effectively eliminate LL at a dark state, they have different structures and mechanisms.

As shown in Fig. 2b, the first new LCD structure called compensation mode 1, introduces the  +A plate, which is sandwiched between the glass and LC. More specifically, the optical axis of the  +A plate is perpendicular to the initial optical axis of LC, and the phase retardation of the  +A plate is 350 nm, which is equal to that of the LC.Fig. 2b" illustrates the compensation principle of compensation mode 1. When receives external stress, the light from the backlight unit traverses the TFT polarizer, the effective optical axis position on the Poincaré sphere is P1, when the light (P1) successively passes through the stressed TFT glass, its polarization state is rotated from P1 to P2. And when the light (P2) passes through LC, its polarization state is rotated from P2 to P3. Then, the light (P3) successively passes through the  +A plate and the stressed CF glass, whose effective optical axis positions on the Poincaré sphere are P4 and P5, respectively. The intermediate polarization state (P2) in general, is an elliptical polarization state. Due to the role of the  +A plate, the polarization state (P5) on the Poincaré sphere is very near to the polarization state (P1), so the light almost can be absorbed by the CF polarizer, and the elimination of LL is achieved.

The compensation structure of mode 2 is shown in Fig. 2c. The main difference between mode 1 and mode 2 is reflected in the role of the  +A plate. For mode 1,  +A plate realizes that the light follows the same path as LC, and returns back in the opposite direction to the same polarization state as the light before the incident LC. For mode 2, the  +A plate realizes that the light continues along the same direction as the LC and moves forward with a certain optical path to the same polarization state as the light before the incident LC. So for mode 2, as shown in Fig. 2c", due to the role of  +A plate, the polarization state (P5) on the Poincaré sphere is very near to the polarization state (P1) of the light passed through the TFT polarizer, so the light almost can be absorbed by CF polarizer and the LL compensation is realized.

The electro-optical characteristics of IPS, such as the dark state brightness and V-T curve, are usually studied by the TechWiz (Korea Sanayi System Company) software which is based on Extended Jones.

The simulated V-T curve is shown in Fig. 3a. The V-T curve of normal IPS and compensation mode 1 and mode 2 are basically the same. As can be seen from the enlarged picture Fig. 3a’, the dark state brightness without the additional stress of normal IPS, compensation mode 1 and mode 2, is basically the same. But when the additional stress is applied, the difference between normal IPS and compensation modes appears. As shown in Fig. 3b, after being subjected to external stress, the V-T curves of normal IPS, compensation mode 1, and mode 2 have a slight shift. The main difference is reflected in the dark state brightness. It can be seen from the enlarged picture Fig. 3b", the transmittance of the dark state rises from 0.067% to 0.987%, which means the LL occurs in normal IPS. And the transmittances of the compensation modes at the dark state remain almost unchanged (0.067%). So we can conclude that the compensation mode can effectively resist the dark state LL caused by external stress.

(a) The V-T curves of normal IPS, compensation mode 1 and mode 2. (a") The partial enlarged V-T curves of (a). (b) The V-T curves of stressed normal IPS, stressed compensation mode 1 and mode 2. (b") The partial enlarged V-T curves of (b).

When the thickness of the glass is not equal, such as the thickness of the CF glass is 0.3t and the thickness of the TFT glass is 0.4t, the panel as a whole still has the same compressive and tensile stresses on the neutral axis, but the neutral axis is not in the middle of the CF and TFT glass. When the neutral layer is located in the TFT glass, the CF glass has compressive stress. But the TFT glass has tensile and compressive stress, as the stress birefringence δ generated by each has different directions, the δcompressive of TFT can be offset by the δtensile of TFT, and finally, the δtensile of TFT will be equal to the δcompressive of CF glass. At this time, the situation is the same as when the thickness of TFT and CF glass is equal. So when the stresses of the CF and TFT glass are not completely equal, the proposed compensation mode can still effectively reduce light leakage.

By comparing the viewing angle results in Fig. 4, the viewing angles of normal IPS and compensation mode 1 and mode 2 in the horizontal and vertical directions are almost equivalent, but for other viewing angles of compensation mode1 and mode 2 are different from the reference. This is mainly due to the effect of the  +A layer. For mode 1, since the optical axis of LC and  +A are perpendicular to each other, it is slightly worse than normal IPS at large viewing angles. For mode 2, the  +A and LC optical axes are parallel, the difference in viewing angle is aggravated, but this has little effect, mode 1and mode 2 can still meet the viewing angle specification of 89°/89°/89°/89°.

Normally, +A film is an anisotropic birefringence film with only one optical axis. The refractive index ellipsoid of the uniaxial  +A film: nx > ny = nz. The shadow plane represents the film’s surface plane, which is parallel to the X–Y plane. From the viewpoint of optical axis orientation, and the  +A film’s optical axis is parallel to the film surface. +A plate is a commonly used uniaxial birefringence film for phase compensation. It can be fabricated by the use of uniaxially stretched polymer films, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cyclic olefin polymer (COP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), or other suitably oriented organic birefringence materials. And +A plate is usually used in combination with a polarizer to achieve viewing angle compensation.

According to the LL principle of the glass-based IPS and the compensation principle of the compensation mode, the  +A film is required to be placed between the two glass substrates to compensate for the LC phase retardation. Integrating the display specification requirements of IPS products, a series of requirements are put forward for  +A materials. Firstly, from the aspect of process manufacturing, it is required that the  +A film should be prepared by IPS’s coating equipment, and the thickness of the  +A film should be as thin as possible. Secondly, in terms of characteristics, the  +A film is required to have excellent optical properties, such as transmittance and CR, and have good process stability and reliability. Therefore, the  +A material is required to be a polymer material with LC characteristics. Although LC polymer materials have been extensively studied due to their good optical properties

As shown in Fig. 5, it is a schematic diagram of the structure of a LC polymerized monomer. In addition to the stiff central core and the flexible spacer required by conventional LC materials, polymerizable end groups are added. Among the end groups, acrylic end groups are widely used due to their higher degree of polymerization with a small amount of initiator. The physical properties of the LC are achieved by adjusting these structural units and their combinationsni) is 100 ~ 140 degrees centigrade, which can meet the optical characteristics and reliability requirements of IPS.

The electric-optical characteristics of the panel are measured by DMS-1250 (Autronic Melchers Company). Figure 7 shows the V-T curves of 3.54inches demos. Because the light dispersion effect of LC and other materials was not considered in the simulation, the simulated value and the actual value cannot be completely consistent, but the trends and conclusions of the two are consistent. As can be seen from Fig. 7a, the V-T curves of normal IPS, compensation mode 1, and mode 2 basically coincides. Furthermore, it can be seen from the enlarged picture Fig. 7a", the dark state brightness of the sample is basically the same when no external force is applied, and the dark state brightness of compensation mode 1 is somewhat higher. The transmittance of normal IPS, compensation mode 1, and mode 2 are 0.099%, 0.128%, and 0.106% respectively. The transmittance curves are obtained from the brightness of the gray scales. The L0 brightness of normal IPS, compensation mode 1, and mode 2 are 0.5769nit, 0.6774nit, and 0.5526nit, respectively. Because the brightness test accuracy of the equipment is ± 0.01, the device error can be eliminated. It can be seen that the difference in brightness and transmittance is mainly caused by sample differences. The L0 brightness of ordinary IPS and mode 2 is basically the same, while the L0 brightness of mode 1 is higher.

The other test results of electric-optical characteristics are listed in Table ​Table1,1, the transmittance of normal IPS, compensation mode 1, and mode 2 are 5.76%, 5.32%, and 5.39%, respectively. And the lower transmittances of compensation mode 1 and mode 2 are mainly affected by the low transmittance of  +A at 380 ~ 450 nm. The Vop of normal IPS, compensation mode 1 and mode 2 are all 4.4 V, respectively. And the RT of normal IPS, compensation mode 1 and mode 2 are 16.67 ms, 16.38 ms and 16.64 ms, respectively.

The CR of compensation mode 1 is 789, lower than that of normal IPS (1002). The CR of compensation mode 2 is 993, which is basically the same as that of normal IPS. So for compensation mode 2, besides improving the image quality of the dark state, it maintains the original technical advantages of normal IPS in terms of electric-optical characteristics.

Table ​Table22 are the CR of  +A and panels. The retardations of compensation mode 1 and mode 2 are 350 nm and 200 nm, respectively. Due to the effect of light scattering, the CR of mode 1 (4100) is lower than that of mode 2 (6900). For mode 1, the low CR of  +A is the bottleneck CR among the various optical layers of the panel and further reduces the CRpanel to 789. So it is necessary to increase the CR+A for mode 1. For mode 2,  +A has a higher CR of 6900 which is almost equivalent to the color filter CR in IPS, the CRpanel remains the same as normal IPS. Based on the existing compensation materials, compensation mode 2 is recommended.

Therefore, in order to further study the dark state LL compensation effect of compensation technology, we have prepared the 13.3inches (293.76 mm × 165.24 mm, resolution 2160 × 1080) demos of compensation mode 2, and carried out related researches on the effects and influencing factors of light leakage. First, apply additional stress to 13.3inches demos using the pressure gauge, and then use optical equipment CA310 to test the brightness of the sample before and after the extra force. At last, we compared and analyzed the LL results of normal IPS and compensation, and conducted a more in-depth study on the factors that affect the LL compensation.

Figure 10 is the LL compensation result. It can be seen from Fig. 9a that when the additional stress is received, the brightness ratios of light leakage position (0.265nit) to the center position (0.145nit) is 1.81 for normal IPS, and the brightness ratios of LL position (0.179nit) to the center position (0.167nit) is 1.07 for compensation mode.

As shown in Fig. 10b and c, under the same force, the normal sample has much higher LL brightness than compensation mode. The compensation mode realizes the effect of eliminating LL, but there is still some LL under extra stress. This is because of the dispersion of LC and  +A material. The principle will be explained in detail below.

In order to verify the LL elimination effect of compensation technology on curved samples, the samples of 13.3 inches with a curvature of 2800R/2500R/2000R/1500R/1000R are prepared. And the glass thickness of normal IPS and compensation samples are 0.5t/0.5t (TFT/CF glass). The L0 brightness at the center of the panel and at the four corners of the panel are tested respectively. And the LL compensation effect of different curvatures samples are compared and analyzed. The ratio of the brightness of the four corners to the center is used to represent the LL level. The larger the ratio, the greater the brightness of the four corners, and the worse the compensation effect of LL.

As shown in Fig. 11a, without compensation, the curved normal IPS has serious light leakage. When the curvatures of demos are 2800R/2500R/2000R/1500R/1000R, the ratios of the four corner brightness to the center brightness are 2.02/4.04/5.38/8.97/10.68, respectively. For the compensation demos, when the retardation of the  +A plate is 200 nm and the curvatures are 2800R/2500R/2000R/1500R/1000R, the LL compensation effects are obvious, the ratios of the four corner brightness to the center brightness are 0.96/1.03/1.20/1.31/1.71, respectively. When the phase retardation of  +A is between 113 and 240 nm, there is a certain effect of LL compensation, and when the retardation value of  +A plate is betw