crt to lcd monitors made in china

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XVGA BOX GBS-8219, Old CRT Replacement for Fanuc, Mitsubishi, SIEMENS, Hitachi, Toshiba, GE, Matsushita, Heidenhain, Mazak, Tatung, Totoku, Magnetek, KEM, KRISTEL, DATA RAY, NUM, SHARP, YASKAWA...

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Flat-panel displays are thin panels of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying text, images, or video. Liquid crystal displays (LCD), OLED (organic light emitting diode) and microLED displays are not quite the same; since LCD uses a liquid crystal that reacts to an electric current blocking light or allowing it to pass through the panel, whereas OLED/microLED displays consist of electroluminescent organic/inorganic materials that generate light when a current is passed through the material. LCD, OLED and microLED displays are driven using LTPS, IGZO, LTPO, and A-Si TFT transistor technologies as their backplane using ITO to supply current to the transistors and in turn to the liquid crystal or electroluminescent material. Segment and passive OLED and LCD displays do not use a backplane but use indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent conductive material, to pass current to the electroluminescent material or liquid crystal. In LCDs, there is an even layer of liquid crystal throughout the panel whereas an OLED display has the electroluminescent material only where it is meant to light up. OLEDs, LCDs and microLEDs can be made flexible and transparent, but LCDs require a backlight because they cannot emit light on their own like OLEDs and microLEDs.

Liquid-crystal display (or LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. They are usually made of glass but they can also be made out of plastic. Some manufacturers make transparent LCD panels and special sequential color segment LCDs that have higher than usual refresh rates and an RGB backlight. The backlight is synchronized with the display so that the colors will show up as needed. The list of LCD manufacturers:

Organic light emitting diode (or OLED displays) is a thin, flat panel made of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. OLED panels can also take the shape of a light panel, where red, green and blue light emitting materials are stacked to create a white light panel. OLED displays can also be made transparent and/or flexible and these transparent panels are available on the market and are widely used in smartphones with under-display optical fingerprint sensors. LCD and OLED displays are available in different shapes, the most prominent of which is a circular display, which is used in smartwatches. The list of OLED display manufacturers:

MicroLED displays is an emerging flat-panel display technology consisting of arrays of microscopic LEDs forming the individual pixel elements. Like OLED, microLED offers infinite contrast ratio, but unlike OLED, microLED is immune to screen burn-in, and consumes less power while having higher light output, as it uses LEDs instead of organic electroluminescent materials, The list of MicroLED display manufacturers:

LCDs are made in a glass substrate. For OLED, the substrate can also be plastic. The size of the substrates are specified in generations, with each generation using a larger substrate. For example, a 4th generation substrate is larger in size than a 3rd generation substrate. A larger substrate allows for more panels to be cut from a single substrate, or for larger panels to be made, akin to increasing wafer sizes in the semiconductor industry.

2015, sold to giantplus and tce photomasks, gen 3 still operated by giantplus, gen 4 line sold to giantplus, equipment sold and line demolished, remainder operated by tce

"Samsung Display has halted local Gen-8 LCD lines: sources". THE ELEC, Korea Electronics Industry Media. August 16, 2019. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019.

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"Samsung Display Considering Halting Some LCD Production Lines". 비즈니스코리아 - BusinessKorea. August 16, 2019. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2019.

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Every aspect of your day involves interacting with an LCD Display Touch Screen. They are used in numerous places, including mobile phones, automated teller machines, kiosks, ticket vending machines, and factories. LCD display touch screens have dominated the market for years, and their dominance shows no signs of abating any time soon. Mechanical engineers are always working to enhance their hardware and software algorithms to render traditional input devices like keyboards and mice unnecessary.

An LCD display touch screen"s adaptability means it may be used in almost any setting, including those that are noisy, chaotic, or even dirty because of the high volume of traffic expected. This has numerous positive implications for many different types of businesses.

Because of their intended use in commercial and industrial settings, these displays are equipped with safeguards to prevent damage over time. Touchscreens used in commercial and industrial settings are made to last for years, even when subjected to extreme temperatures, humidity, and pressure. LCD touch screen displays can be configured to the precise characteristics required by a wide variety of applications, making them ideal for supermarkets, restaurants, stores, warehouses, distribution centers, hospitals, and even military and maritime activities.

LCD display touch screen ultra-compact and lightweight design. The liquid crystal display takes up only a third as much room as the bulkier CRT display, uses less power, and stays cool under pressure. When compared to cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, this device has a significantly lower power usage. The liquid crystal display generates zero thermal energy and emits zero harmful radiation, making it a safe and healthy choice. The display is gentle on the eyes. The lack of flickering on an LCD panel means less strain on the eyes and a more comfortable viewing experience than with CRT technology.

One of your least tech-savvy employees should be able to set up these devices with ease. You can save yourself a ton of time and money by not having to hire a computer professional to set up your portable industrial computer monitor because it is very similar to setting up a personal or office computer.

A-TOPS Electronics Co., Ltd., founded in 1998, is an industry leader in LCD display R&D and production. We have a distinct competitive advantage when it comes to producing individualized and specially designed products for our clients in addition to the more commonplace industrial displays.

When it comes to meeting the unique requirements of our customers, A-TOPS is always looking for new methods to improve and broaden our product offerings. We contribute to the value plus quality and service that our customers need to flourish in today"s competitive market by offering expert solutions at a fair price and prompt, helpful customer service.

► When the leading Korean players Samsung Display and LG Display exit LCD production, BOE will be the most significant player in the LCD market. Though OLED can replace the LCD, it will take years for it to be fully replaced.

► As foreign companies control evaporation material and machines, panel manufacturers seek a cheaper way to mass-produce OLED panels – inkjet printing.

When mainstream consumer electronics brands choose their device panels, the top three choices are Samsung Display, LG Display (LGD) and BOE (000725:SZ) – the first two from Korea and the third from China. From liquid-crystal displays (LCD) to active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED), display panel technology has been upgrading with bigger screen products.

From the early 1990s, LCDs appeared and replaced cathode-ray tube (CRT) screens, which enabled lighter and thinner display devices. Japanese electronics companies like JDI pioneered the panel technology upgrade while Samsung Display and LGD were nobodies in the field. Every technology upgrade or revolution is a chance for new players to disrupt the old paradigm.

The landscape was changed in 2001 when Korean players firstly made a breakthrough in the Gen 5 panel technology – the later the generation, the bigger the panel size. A large panel size allows display manufacturers to cut more display screens from one panel and create bigger-screen products. "The bigger the better" is a motto for panel makers as the cost can be controlled better and they can offer bigger-size products to satisfy the burgeoning middle-class" needs.

LCD panel makers have been striving to realize bigger-size products in the past four decades. The technology breakthrough of Gen 5 in 2002 made big-screen LCD TV available and it sent Samsung Display and LGD to the front row, squeezing the market share of Japanese panel makers.

The throne chair of LCD passed from Japanese companies to Korean enterprises – and now Chinese players are clinching it, replacing the Koreans. After twenty years of development, Chinese panel makers have mastered LCD panel technology and actively engage in large panel R&D projects. Mass production created a supply surplus that led to drops in LCD price. In May 2020, Samsung Display announced that it would shut down all LCD fabs in China and Korea but concentrate on quantum dot LCD (Samsung calls it QLED) production; LGD stated that it would close LCD TV panel fabs in Korea and focus on organic LED (OLED). Their retreats left BOE and China Stars to digest the LCD market share.

Consumer preference has been changing during the Korean fab"s recession: Bigger-or-not is fine but better image quality ranks first. While LCD needs the backlight to show colors and substrates for the liquid crystal layer, OLED enables lighter and flexible screens (curvy or foldable), higher resolution and improved color display. It itself can emit lights – no backlight or liquid layer is needed. With the above advantages, OLED has been replacing the less-profitable LCD screens.

Samsung Display has been the major screen supplier for high-end consumer electronics, like its own flagship cell phone products and Apple"s iPhone series. LGD dominated the large OLED TV market as it is the one that handles large-size OLED mass production. To further understand Korean panel makers" monopolizing position, it is worth mentioning fine metal mask (FMM), a critical part of the OLED RGB evaporation process – a process in OLED mass production that significantly affects the yield rate.

Prior to 2018, Samsung Display and DNP"s monopolistic supply contract prevented other panel fabs from acquiring quality FMM products as DNP bonded with Hitachi Metal, the "only" FMM material provider choice for OLED makers. After the contract expired, panel makers like BOE could purchase FFM from DNP for their OLED R&D and mass production. Except for FFM materials, vacuum evaporation equipment is dominated by Canon Tokki, a Japanese company. Its role in the OLED industry resembles that of ASML in the integrated circuit space. Canon Tokki"s annual production of vacuum evaporation equipment is fewer than ten and thereby limits the total production of OLED panels that rely on evaporation technology.

The shortage of equipment and scarcity of materials inspired panel fabs to explore substitute technology; they discovered that inkjet printing has the potential to be the thing to replace evaporation. Plus, evaporation could be applied to QLED panels as quantum dots are difficult to be vaporized. Inkjet printing prints materials (liquefied organic gas or quantum dots) to substrates, saving materials and breaking free from FMM"s size restriction. With the new tech, large-size OLED panels can theoretically be recognized with improved yield rate and cost-efficiency. However, the tech is at an early stage when inkjet printing precision could not meet panel manufacturers" requirements.

Display and LGD are using evaporation on their OLED products. To summarize, OLED currently adopts evaporation and QLED must go with inkjet printing, but evaporation is a more mature tech. Technology adoption will determine a different track for the company to pursue. With inkjet printing technology, players are at a similar starting point, which is a chance for all to run to the front – so it is for Chinese panel fabs. Certainly, panel production involves more technologies (like flexible panels) than evaporation or inkjet printing and only mastering all required technologies can help a company to compete at the same level.

Presently, Chinese panel fabs are investing heavily in OLED production while betting on QLED. BOE has four Gen 6 OLED product lines, four Gen 8.5 and one Gen 10.5 LCD lines; China Star, controlled by the major appliance titan TCL, has invested two Gen 6 OLED fabs and four large-size LCD product lines.

Remembering the last "regime change" that occurred in 2005 when Korean fabs overtook Japanese" place in the LCD market, the new phase of panel technology changed the outlook of the industry. Now, OLED or QLED could mark the perfect time for us to expect landscape change.

After Samsung Display and LGD ceding from LCD TV productions, the vacant market share will be digested by BOE, China Star and other LCD makers. Indeed, OLED and QLED have the potential to take over the LCD market in the future, but the process may take more than a decade. Korean companies took ten years from panel fab"s research on OLED to mass production of small- and medium-size OLED electronics. Yet, LCD screen cell phones are still available in the market.

LCD will not disappear until OLED/QLED"s cost control can compete with it. The low- to middle-end panel market still prefers cheap LCD devices and consumers are satisfied with LCD products – thicker but cheaper. BOE has been the largest TV panel maker since 2019. As estimated by Informa, BOE and China Star will hold a duopoly on the flat panel display market.

BOE"s performance seems to have ridden on a roller coaster ride in the past several years. Large-size panel mass production like Gen 8.5 and Gen 10.5 fabs helped BOE recognize the first place in production volume. On the other side, expanded large-size panel factories and expenses of OLED product lines are costly: BOE planned to spend CNY 176.24 billion (USD 25.92 billion) – more than Tibet"s 2019 GDP CNY 169.78 billion – on Chengdu and Mianyang"s Gen 6 AMOLED lines and Hefei and Wuhan"s Gen 10.5 LCD lines.

Except for making large-size TVs, bigger panels can cut out more display screens for smaller devices like laptops and cell phones, which are more profitable than TV products. On its first-half earnings concall, BOE said that it is shifting its production focus to cell phone and laptop products as they are more profitable than TV products. TV, IT and cell phone products counted for 30%, 44% and 33% of its productions respectively and the recent rising TV price may lead to an increased portion of TV products in the short term.

Except for outdoor large screens, TV is another driver that pushes panel makers to research on how to make bigger and bigger screens. A research done by CHEARI showed that Chinese TV sales dropped by 10.6% to CNY 128.2 billion from 2018 to 2019. Large-size TV sales increased as a total but the unit price decreased; high-end products like laser TV and OLED TV saw a strong growth of 131.2% and 34.1%, respectively.

The change in TV sales responded to a lifestyle change since the 4G era: people are getting more and more used to enjoy streaming services on portable devices like tablets and smartphones. The ‘disappearing living room" is a phenomenon common for the young generation in Chinese tier-1 cities.

Millions of young white-collars support the co-leasing business in China and breed the six-billion-dollar Ziroom, a unicorn company that provides rental and real estate management services. As apartments can be leased by single rooms instead of the whole apartment, living rooms become a public area while tenants prefer to stay in their private zones – it hints that the bedroom is too small to fit in a TV.

Besides the tier-1 cities" "disappearing living rooms," the mobile Internet gives another reason to explain the declining TV sale in China. Various streaming services and high-speed networks allow people to watch programs wherever and whenever they would like to. However, the change in life does not imply TV will disappear. For families, the living room is still a place for family members to gather and have fun. The growth of high-end TV sales also tells the "living room" economy.

The demand for different products may vary as lifestyles change and panel fabs need to make on-time judgments and respond to the change. For instance, the coming Olympics is a new driving factor to boost TV sales; "smart city" projects around the world will need more screens for data visualization; people will own more screens and better screens when life quality improves. Flexible screens, cost-efficient production process, accessible materials, changing market and all these problems are indeed the next opportunity for the industry.

When I entered Samsung Display in 1998, I was mainly responsible for the development of new products and mass production quality control. As the company grew, I rotated among different groups - from manufacturing technology, development, to quality control. I was promoted as the head of the manufacturing team in 2018 and have been in charge since.

In the last 24 years, Samsung has been a place for me to build not only my career but also my family as I met my wife on campus: We have a son and a daughter together. As passionate as I am about work, I also value time with my family. Going on camps/picnics, riding bicycles with the children, enjoying my wife’s meal at home and listening to my kids explain their stories from school - all of these moments are invaluable to me. My family is my biggest motivation and support group altogether.

During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, I got to participate in the torch relay as a torchbearer representing Samsung Display Dongguan (SDD). Getting the chance to be a torch bearer was not easy, as it was the first time China had hosted the Olympic Games, and everyone was eager to participate. Thanks to Chinese society"s contribution, I could seize the chance after beating tens of thousands of competitors. I am so proud to participate in such a big event on behalf of Samsung China and be part of an unforgettable historical moment.

I studied electronics in university and had a 3 month internship at an TFT-LCD Module original equipment manufacturer (OEM) before graduation. That factory was Samsung’s display supplier and I was impressed with the quality onsite. That working experience really made me want to work for Samsung after I finish my degree. Samsung Group was already well-known in the electronics industry at the time, and it became my dream to join the company one day. I am so grateful that I not only got to fulfill this dream of mine but also continue to develop my career at Samsung Display.

As the head of the manufacturing team in Dongguan campus, I am responsible for meeting planned production quantity and product quality. This means that I need to ensure equipment efficiency and continuity as well as quality data management and it can be quite challenging: I need to provide guidance on any sudden anomalies and manage thousands of first-line production staff and engineers. My daily responsibilities at work is why I am passionate about continuous learning (the process of learning new skills and knowledge on an on-going basis).

Normally, I start my day by having all the groups report on the manufacturing site indicators in the previous day. Then we strategize on any emergency tasks at hand and solve issues. To reach production targets, I also often hold meetings with other related departments.

Recently, we succeeded in implementing a real-time monitoring system that helps us easily catch anomalies on time and also prevent them in advance using Deep Learning algorithm and Vision AI system. Our smart factory initiatives have had a significant impact on our accuracy and production quality and we are excited to implement more upcoming innovations to even further this success.

Effective and timely communication is important in any enterprise that requires cross-departmental collaboration. In manufacturing, it’s nearly impossible to work in solis since every stage (from development, quality control to production) involves team effort. This is why I actively pursue meetings with leaders from different departments every day. Our open communication heightens productivity and joint effort.

I believe in putting people first. Every person carries a unique potential within that can be realized through education and it is important as a manager to understand every member of my team and put them into action.

At Samsung Display, you’ll find many opportunities for growth. In addition to in-company training courses, there are cooperative education programs with international universities. To share my personal experience, I attended the EMBA course at Peking University and Korean language education course at Korea University. These opportunities helped me with my management skills and Korean proficiency at work.

Dongguan is a manufacturing hub in Guangdong Province, China. Many global tech companies, including Samsung, have presence in the area. Samsung Display Dongguan was founded in 1998. It was originally SDI"s subsidiary factory, manufacturing LCD and CRT displays. The company later merged with Samsung"s LCD business in 2008 and began to shift towards the OLED business in 2011. Today, the campus’s main focus areas are Rigid OLED modules used in smartphones/IT devices and automotive displays. Every year, the company hosts the Guanxiang Festival in September where all the employees celebrate and bond over fun activities. It’s an endearing tradition of ours that reminds everyone “we are family” as we laugh and share memories together.

Despite the increasing competition in the display industry, Samsung Display will continue its position as an emerging leader with every employee working towards its success. The company is full of opportunities, and as long as you are willing to learn, you will see yourself growing with the company.

ADI provide a complete line of products and services for our quality computer & PC peripherals, electronic & electrical components, including liquid crystal displays, commercial open frames, industrial open frames, LCD TV, LCD panels, thin client displays, LCD monitors, LCD module, LCD flat panel displays, LCD screens, LCD displays, TFT LCD displays, CRT displays, touch screen monitors etc. Obtained ISO 9001 & ISO 14001 certifications.

TAIWAN VIDEO SYSTEMhas been dedicated in the specific applications including Surveillance, Point of Sales ( POS) and Industrial Automation up to 20 years. At this time, TVS products have been distributed in more than 60 countries and gained reputation all over the world. Our product lines involve: CCTV LCD monitors, POS & IPC monitor, POS systems, media DVRs, waterproof & day/ night cameras, color dome camera, hidden cameras, DSP cameras, outdoor & indoor CCTV cameras ( IR/ box/ speed dome series), etc. We ensure our customers get the best services with TVS" Core Competences including: global logistics, R&D capability, professional manufacturing facility and rich OEM/ODM experience. Further to our success in the Display solutions, TVS has devoted our R & D strength in the developments combining...

DynaColor specializes in video surveillance products and CRT/LCD AOI system. Headquartered in Taipei since 1991, DynaColor has achieved continuous growth and recognition.

DynaColor designs and manufactures video surveillance products, including speed dome cameras, megapixel IP cameras, digital video recorders (DVRs), multiplexers, video servers, and keyboard controllers. These products are used in various places, including retail stores, government facilities, schools, city halls, airports, military sites, prisons, parks, streets, banks, shopping malls, stadiums, and a wide range of other medium and high security applications.

DynaColor delivers solutions for small and large applications, from the very simple surveillance task with only a few cameras for small stores and buildings, to...

Manufacturer of glass CRT & plasma LCD tv stands, Hi Fi racks, computer tables, plasma & LCD wall mounts, audio & video racks. The products made from good quality and with very smooth and flat surfaces perfect for TV stands and all audio and video components.

Manufacturer of cold forming, LCD parts, color TV components, CRT components, electron components, lithiumion batteries, hardwares, chemical products, totally six categories. All products comply with ROHS Directive, UL, FCC, CE, VDE, BSI, CSA.

Manufacturer of touch screen monitors, touch screens, UniTouch infrared touch screens, IntelliTouch surface acoustic touch screens, AccuTouch five-wire analog resistive touch screens, ClearTek capacitive touch screens, touch monitors, CRT touch monitors, LCD touch monitors.

Manufacturer of auto bulbs, danfoss type thermostats, ranco type thermostats, f/2000, a/2000, fan motors, oven motors, defrost timers, Freon gas, square relays, door seals for refrigerator, charge valves, filter driers, selective switches, flaring tools and tube cutters; remote controls, CRT sockets, switches for TV, tuners, transistors, IC, ceramic resonators, mechanism, capacitors; car speakers, tweeters, car alarm systems, car central door lock systems, oil seals.

Fifty years ago, a pair of physicists in a Swiss laboratory began untangling a mystery that had been intriguing a handful of other scientists for several years.

Here was their conundrum: Could miniscule electrical jolts unwind the spiral molecular structure of a new substance known as “liquid crystal,” causing the crystals to block light, then re-twist them and allow light to pass through again?

The physicists – Dr. Martin Schadt and Dr. Wolfgang Helfrich – placed the liquid crystal between two plastic surfaces carrying a grid of transparent electrodes. In so doing, they discovered they could create individual picture elements, or “pixels,” which could be used to form shapes.

They filed a Swiss patent for the idea on Dec. 4, 1970. Though it attracted scant attention at the time, the milestone now stands as the birthdate of the liquid crystal display (LCD) – the technological platform which has transformed consumer electronics and presented a brilliant new way to view the world.

Early LCD developers took a few years to figure out that specialty glass, not plastic, was the best stable substrate for the delicate LCD circuitry and the color backplane component. Once they did, they turned increasingly to Corning to supply them with extraordinarily stable, flat, fusion-formed glass, able to preserve the critical properties of the liquid crystal and withstand high processing temperatures.

And LCDs rapidly transformed from “passive matrix” models, mostly used in pocket calculators and digital watches, to “active matrix” LCDs in which each sub-pixel was controlled with an isolated thin-film transistor. AMLCDs enabled wide viewing angles; brilliant, fast-moving images; and high-resolution images that had never been possible before.

Corning Incorporated was a critical player in this development, and eventually became the world’s leading supplier of LCD glass substrates. And Corning® EAGLE XG® Glass, the world’s first LCD substrate with no arsenic or other heavy metals, went on to exceed sales of 25 billion square feet, making it one of the most successful products in Corning’s history.

Responsible for performing installations and repairs (motors, starters, fuses, electrical power to machine etc.) for industrial equipment and machines in order to support the achievement of Nelson-Miller’s business goals and objectives:

• Perform highly diversified duties to install and maintain electrical apparatus on production machines and any other facility equipment (Screen Print, Punch Press, Steel Rule Die, Automated Machines, Turret, Laser Cutting Machines, etc.).

Direct exposure of bare skin to strong light after PDT can cause severe skin phototoxicity although the superficial light irradiation has a limited tissue penetration depth. Therefore, the patient is advised to avoid direct light exposure to the skin after the administration of the photosensitizer. The length of light avoidance after PDT depends on the retention time of photosensitizer in the normal skin, which can be affected by the nature and dose of photosensitizer and its administration route, and body site [

Incidences of post-PDT skin phototoxicity are often associated with patients who fail to heed the advice of strict light avoidance. Rather than indoor light, sunlight exposure shortly after receiving an exogenous photosensitizer or prodrug presents a major risk factor for skin phototoxicity. Although rare, exposure to CRT or LCD monitor emissions after PDT can also cause cutaneous phototoxicity on bare skin [

Color CRT monitors use a phosphor-coated screen. Phosphors are arranged in strips and emit visible light when exposed to an electron beam generated within the CRT. Three beams are used in CRT monitors to excite red, green, and blue color in combinations needed to create the various hues that form the picture. CRT monitors are gradually being replaced by LCD flat panel monitors in households and offices. The light emitting mechanism of LCD monitors is different than that of CRTs. LCD displays use two basic techniques for producing color: passive matrix or thin film transistor. Basically, LCD monitors utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a segmented liquid crystal solution between them. An electric current passes through the liquid causing the crystals to align so that the light emission of individual pixels can be controlled. LCD monitors are typically backlit by a white light fluorescent (fluorescent-backlit) or LED light (LED-backlit) source since the liquid crystals generate no light of their own.

This study examined the light emission profiles of common CRT, LCD, and LED monitors utilizing simulated movie and video game streams. The range of optical irradiance generated from the movie stream was broader than that from the game stream (see Fig. 2). The 50% points of the cumulative ratio for the game were slightly higher than that of the movie (see Fig. 3). Using a representative figure of 1 μW/cm2 as an example, it can be estimated that 10 min exposure to a monitor at a distance of 18 in. can deliver a total fluence of 0.6 mJ/cm2, i.e., 60 μJ/cm2/min to the skin surface. This estimated fluence rate is considerably lower than that of sunlight or PDT light, which are typically at 101–102 mW/cm2 range. The moderate monitor settings (e.g., the total emission intensity of 6:5 μW/cm2 at the measurement point), randomly selected video streams, and longer sensor-to-monitor distance (e.g., 18 in.) might cause an underestimate of the fluence rate. It should be noted that the actual light emission profiles depend on several factors, including the size and configuration of monitor screen, program being played back on the screen, and its duration. The light fluence received by the skin is also affected by the screen-to-face distance and their alignment. Furthermore, the light fluence inside the skin of a multilayered geometry can be significantly affected not only by light source but also by tissue optical properties [

For 10 min of the movie or game the integrated fluence from the CRT’s visible emission (467.5–800 nm) measured by the spectrometer at the same face position (i.e., 18 in. from the monitor) was approximately 1 mJ/cm2. This value was higher than that estimated from the optical irradiance (0.6 mJ/cm2) measured by the Si photodiode. It needs to be pointed out that the Si photodiode used in this study is wavelength dependent. As the wavelength was set up at 635 nm, it might underestimate the actual total optical irradiance. Interestingly, under the same condition, the integrated fluence from the LCD or LED was 40% or 80% higher than that of the CRT. The active diagonal screen size of the CRT, LCD, and LED was 16, 15, and 17.2 in., respectively. Under the white screen mode, the relative fluence of visible emission from the LCD or LED was 40% or 60% higher than that of the CRT when the total emission intensity was set up at the same level (see Fig. 1). Although the difference in the screen size might contribute to some variation, this finding suggests that the common assumption that LCD and LED monitors might be safer than older CRT monitors is incorrect in terms of potential risk of skin phototoxicity.

In some cases, the back of the hands can be exposed to monitor light while working on the keyboard. A recent report indicated that mild phototoxicity could occur on the back of both hands after PDT when the hands were exposed to an LCD monitor for a few hours [

It has been a concern that overexposure to UV and visible radiation in the presence and absence of photosensitizer might be also detrimental to the eye and subsequently to vision [

In summary, our results suggest that the optical and spectral profiles of emissions from color monitors are clinically relevant. Therefore, prolonged exposure to monitor emissions at a close distance might pose as a potential risk to the face, eyes, and hands. Future guidelines on post-PDT care and patient warnings should include the avoidance of overexposure to common light sources, such as computers, video games, and TV monitors after receiving a topical and systemic administration of a photosensitizer. This should be emphasized to certain high-risk patient populations, e.g., teenagers who may play video games for extended periods of time and people who receive repeated topical application of a photosensitizer or prodrug at a short period of time or work long hours in front of a large and bright monitor screen. The same caution is also applicable to patients who take drugs known to cause photoallergic, photosensitive, and phototoxic reactions.

CD-ROM ( cd rom ) drive, CD-RW ( cd rw ) drive, mobile phones ( GSM ), photo printer, input device, desktop keyboard, notebooks/ laptop keyboard, wireless keyboards.

Compars company was founded in 2000. At present, the company have 400 employees and 40. 000 square meters area in gongming Shenzhen. As a professional color monitor manufacturer, we have gathered all-sides service inclusive developing, processing and marketing. Our main product-CRT and LCD which throughput over 2 millions of CRT and 500 thousands of LCD every year. We ...

computer peripherals, accessory & PC parts & components- monitor, monitors, LCD TV, LCD TVs, LCD monitor, LCD monitors, LCD kit, LCD kits, TFT LCD, TFT LCDs, liquid crystal displays, custom LCD, monitors, computer monitors, LCD panels, TFT LCD panels, LCD screens & display, color monitors, CRT monitor, CRT color monitors, LCD video monitors, SKD, wireless keyboard and ...

electronic ( electrical, electric) parts & components, computer & PC peripherals- TFT LCD, TFT LCDs, LCD, LCDs, LCDs, LCD TV, LCD TVs, TV, TVs, LCD TV monitor, LCD monitor, LCD monitors, LCD TV, LCD TVs, LCD displays, LCD display, OEM LCD, OEM LCDs, CRT monitors, CRT monitor, LCD kits, LCD kit, flat panel monitors, liquid crystal display, liquid crystal displays, HDTV, ...

We are a leading professional manufacturer and exporter of computer display products and computer solutions in China. Our products include CRT monitors, LCD TFT monitors, desktops,laptops and other computer accessories. As a professional producer, we...

We are professional manufacturer of computer monitor & television. We have two factories. One is located in Guangzhou City which produce monitor. Another is located in Beihai city of Guangxi province which produce TV and monitor. Our factories produce various types of computer monitors form 14 to 19 inch, such as CRT monitor, LCD monitor, and CRT TV. Size from 14 to 34 ...

computer & PC peripherals, electronic & electrical components- CRT displays, LCD ( liquid crystal displays) monitors, lcd tv monitor, LCD flat panel displays, ADI thin client displays, LCD TV, LCD modules, LCD screens, TFT LCD displays.

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