grayscale lcd module manufacturer

As a LCD display module manufacturer and technical developer in industrial display modules, Raystar has gained its reputation for Monochrome displays module products which are included Graphic LCD, Character LCD and Custom-made LCD display module types. The structures of display modules are in COB/COG types and its backlight are available in Blue, Green, White, Yellow-Green, Red and Amber color. Monochrome LCD display Module are included TN/STN/ FSTN/VATN, Positive or Negative, Transflective / Transmissive / Reflective standard. Check Raystar Website or email us for more product information.

For product design engineers and manufacturers, a custom display and touch solution is the best approach to meet their unique application needs. Turning to us to be your monochrome LCD manufacturer means you’ll gain the experience and expertise of our in-house engineering team. Our talented engineers can develop customized solutions using a wide range of LCD technologies:Custom TN LCD displays

Monochrome LCD display manufacturer, support full series of monochrome LCD screen customization, one-stop service, support various series of sample testing, support small batch trial production, fastest same-day delivery.

In this new age of technological advancements, the monochrome LCD display still plays a very important role in the computer business. Monochrome is a computer display system that only shows one color or two colors with several shades, to display information. Monochrome displays are usually found in terminals, and instruments using CRT or LCD technology. LCD displays are popular due to their low cost LCD technology, low power consumption, and ease of customization with minimal tooling costs. Vatronix is one of the companies that manufactures and produces Monochrome LCD displays.

The monochrome displays that they produce are made from high-quality materials, which ensures that they are durable and last a long time without defects. They also offer customization services of these Monochrome LCD displays to suit your preferences. All you have to do is place your order and clearly state your specifications and they will do it. Keeping these displays at optimum working conditions without servicing them increases the risk of having unscheduled downtime, hence the need for a one-stop service. This is guaranteed by Vatronix when you purchase these displays from them. It also prevents expensive repair work on equipment.

They currently have over 400 standard LCD modules that support customization, and below are some of the display modules they produce; PCB-TC2004A-SDBTSW. This is a dot matrix display LCD screen module, which is a standard screen displaying 4 lines and 20 letters per line. The TC1602C2-SDYFSG monochrome LCD panel is sized at 84.0mm by 44.0mm and it displays 2 lines of letters, 16 letters per line. It is available in black letters on emerald green background, white letters on blue background, blue letters on gay background and other colors. The KNY1602G-FUTFNF is a 1602 custom monochrome display screen. It displays 2 lines of letters and 16 words per line on a gray film and blue letters. The TS2023-ic2 is a Font LCD with an operating temperature range of -30 to +80 degrees Celsius. The storage temperature ranges from -40 to +85 degrees Celsius. It is usually used in automotive electronics, instrumentation, intelligent terminals, and open mold custom

Monochrome LCD (mono LCD) technology offers high reliability and is ideal for industrial and consumer applications. Mono LCD displays can be alphanumeric LCD (character LCD), graphic LCD or segmented glass LCD.

Varitronix monochrome LCDs benefit from low power consumption, versatility in size (124 active products), wide operating temperatures and polariser options.

Mono alphanumeric displays are formatted with a fixed alphanumeric character count, for example 2 rows of 8 characters each. Character display modules range from 8×1 to 40×4 lines. These high reliability displays are ideal for industrial and consumer products – they benefit from low power consumption and a wide operating temperature range. A wide range of off the shelf alphanumeric LCD and character LCD products is available.

Segmented glass LCDs are available in a wide range of extremely cost effective standard products which use multiplexing to reduce the number of control pins required to drive the display. High stability and extended temperature range variants are available, and the products are ideally suited for applications such as instrumentation and control panels. Customisation of the artwork is an affordable option if required.

Character modules range from 8×1 to 40×4 lines. Graphic displays range from 100×32 up to 240×128 pixels. For high volume applications, chip on glass modules may provide a more economical solution. All Varitronix modules offer a range of polariser, backlight colour and temperature range options.

A wider range of complementary monochrome displays is available from Orient LCD which benefits from small MOQs and short lead times. Orient offers a series of “AMC” character LCD modules which are directly controlled by I2C and SPI interfaces.

As a leading manufacturer of small-to-medium-sized LCDs, BOE Varitronix offers complete solutions for a wide range of applications, from automotive and telecommunications, to industrial and consumer applications.

Monochrome display has been the core business for BOE Varitronix, who offer TFT LCD modules for electric meters, high-end white goods, home automation applications, consumer products and markets related to IoT, as well as medium-to-large sized monochrome displays aimed at high-end display markets.

BOE Varitronix is one of the world’s leading display solution providers for the automotive industry. The company’s strategy in the automotive display business is to continue growing market share in major automotive markets through the promotion and development of medium-to-large-sized standardized platform TFT module products.

Each display can be configured in your choice of LCD mode, LED backlight type, and viewing angle. These monochrome LCDs are ideal for industrial and consumer applications where high stability and low-power consumption is a priority.

Our monochrome LCD displays can be configured to suit your product"s application with RGB LED backlights, low power backlights, single color backlights, or no backlight.

... properties, the RS PRO 7-segment LCD display is clear and easy to read. It"s an ideal choice when you need an LCD panel that works well in both direct sunlight and low-light conditions.

The LM240160SCW, manufactured by TOPWAY, is a graphic LCD display module equipped with 240x160 dot matrix pattern. The module is used in operations that require monochrome graphic ...

The LM12832B Series, manufactured by TOPWAY, is a graphic LCD display module equipped with 240x64 dot matrix pattern. The module is used in operations that require monochrome graphic ...

... dot matrix 96x16 COG graphic type OLED module. The size of the active area is 0.69”diagonal with module dimension 33×10 mm. This OLED module has built-in IC SSD1306 supporting I2C interface. The additional PCB on this ...

Backlight is used for black-and-white LCD backlight, which is mainly divided into side backlight and bottom backlight. The side backlight is led light entering from one end of the light guide plate, with ...

... waterproof interface. In addition, the 2K high-definition monitor screen can display delicate picture quality. Furthermore, optical bonding between the touch screen and LCD modules makes the image more realistic.

Monochrome lcd panel is low cost LCD screen, monochrome lcd display is the mainstream in custom lcd screen because its custom tooling fee is very cheap.Monochrome LCD display included standard graphic monochrome lcd display, character lcd module, monochrome segment lcd display, monochrome tft lcd module and custom lcd screen.The monochrome lcd screen structures have COG LCD (chip on lcd glass), COB (chip on board), COF (chip on film).

An seven segment lcd display is like the below picture, it can display numbers from 0 to 9 and several letters such as C, A, b E, L, and F by control some segments "on" and "off". it is the cheapest lcd display panel.

The segment lcd also could be in Icon lcd display, that is the display content are the custom segments based on customer"s application.each segment means one icon, we could design the icon on our application.

The familiar Characters lcd modules have 16x1, 16x2, 16x4 characters, 20x1, 20x2, 20x4 characters, and 40x2, 40x4 etc, characters lcd display module. An 16x2 lcd display means 16 characters x 2 lines character on the lcd. normally, one characters is made by 5x8 pixels, we could display numbers 1~9, and A~Z letters and most of characters on the 5x8 pixels per characters.

The standard graphic lcd resolution have 96x64、96x96、122x32、128x64、128x128、160x128、160x160、192x64、240x64、240x128、320x240 etc.we could display all the characters and image in the graphic lcd display. of course, the higher resolution lcd, the display effect of image would be better.

(What is lcd resolution: )Lcd resolution means how many pixels of lcd screen,128x64 lcd resolution means 128 column x 64 row pixels on the lcd screen, we also call it 128x64 lcd display. monochrome lcd resolution could be 320x240 (QVGA) or 480x240 maximum, tft lcd resolution could be VGA (640X480) or HD (1366x768, FHD(1920x1080) or 4k2k lcd resolution.

Yes, if you only need the low quantity monochrome lcd display for your project, you could choose Maclight standard monochrome lcd, Maclight have wide range standard Characters lcd and Graphic lcd module, including COB type and COG type for your choosing. please find the standard monochrome list in the end of article, welcome to contact Maclight at [email protected]

The tooling fee of monochrome lcd panel would be around 300~500 USD, if only the simple segment lcd panel, such as TN display mode, then tooling fee would be cheaper, but if the custom lcd screen is monochrome graphic lcd panel, such as STN display panel, the tooling fee would be little higher than TN lcd panel. because the tooling mask for stn lcd would be higher than TN lcd panel. but it is only the tooling fee for monochrome lcd panel.

If for custom monochrome lcd module that with IC chip on glass, we call it COG LCD module, the tooling fee would be more higher, because if for custom TN or STN lcd display panel, the tooling mask can be made by PI film, while for custom monochrome COG LCD module, the custom COG LCD tooling mask would be used the metal mask, the tooling fee would be more higher to around 1500~2000 USD.

Besides the custom lcds panel, for some custom lcd mode that in transmissive lcd or transflective lcd display mode, because lcd panel is passive display, instead of oled display, lcd panel can not emit light by itself, it have to use the backlight, the backlight tooling fee would be upper than 1000 USD or more, the more complicating structure on the backlight, the tooling fee would be higher. for saving the cost of tooling fee on lcd backlight, the simple structure would be cheaper.

The MOQ of custom lcd display for monochrome lcd is calculated based on the mother-glass of LCD panel, some person may ask, what is mother-glass of lcd panel? is it the mother of lcd panel? no, no,no..., it is just a joke, the mother-glass of lcd is the primary glass of lcd, we also call it ITO glass, because it have an ITO layer on the glass. the lcd panels are array on the mother glass in manufacturing lcd panel, and cutting it one by one after lcd cell production finished. the main mother glass sizes if 14"x16", as in lcd manufacturing, for stable running in the full-auto machine line, it is at least 50 set of 14"x16" for an production running, that is the smaller sizes of lcd, the bigger MOQ of lcd quantity is necessary.

1. Confirm the sizes what you would like to custom making? the custom mono lcd displays would be mainly less than 10", the custom sizes is up to the mother glass of lcd panels that is less than 14"x16". the custom mono lcd can be custom made the random sizes below 10".

If you would not like to custom lcd display, you could choose the standard lcd from the following list, it is no MOQ requirement for the standard lcd.

Monochrome lcd display have TN, STN LCD, monochrome tft lcd types. the monochrome lcd could be with or without backlight. even for monochrome lcd display, it have difference LCD colors for choosing, such as yellow-green mode, blue mode, gray mode, black-white mode, negative display mode and positive display available. the backlight color could be white, green, orange, yellow-green colors.

LCD Module supplier-Taimates Electronic is a professional solution provider and supplier for small to medium size of LCD modules. Our team members have more than 15 years of LCD/LCM/Embedded boards experience in international sales, manufacturing and engineering development.

Our LCD/LCM product line includes the TFT color display, monochrome display, touch panel, and embedded solution in standard specifications with the options of customization flexibility and value-added functionality. With our abundant experience and know-how in the LCD/LCM industry, we would like to build a long-term partnership by providing the project development from scratch, the complete test program, into the mass production phase and aftersales service.

TFT LCD Module, Monochrome LCD Module, Touch Screen, LCD Module, TFT LCM, Custom LCD Display, Graphic LCD Display, haracter LCD Display, COG LCD Display, IPS TFT LCD

Taimates Electronics offers a wide range of monochrome LCD module or we call black & white display. Taimates Electronics character LCD module are available from 8x2, 12x2, 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4, 24x2 to 40x4 formats with 5x8 dot matrix characters. The LCD panel technologies can be designed in TN, STN, FSTN, DFSTN, and also offered with different polarizer effect in Positive and Negative mode as well as different reflection types with Reflective, Transreflective, and Transmissive. The matching LED backlights are available in various color tones including Yellow-green, White, Blue, Green, Red, Amber and even RGB options.

In order to match different customers’ application requirement, the viewing angles of LCD can be offered with 6 o’clock, 12 o’clock, 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock. Taimates Electronics offers various driver IC options of character Font including English/Japanese, Western-European Language, Eastern-European Language, Nordic-European, Russian and etc. These character LCD modules can be used on the industrial and white goods applications such as electricity meters, measuring device, cash register, fax machine, home audio system, gaming machine, smart toys, intelligence cooker, and etc.

Taimates Electronics is a professional Graphic LCD module manufacturer. Our graphic LCD modules are available in dot matrix from 122x32, 128x64, 128x128, 128x160, 132x64, 240x64 , 240x160, 320x240. These graphic LCD module include the technology of TN, HTN, WTN, STN, FSTN, DSTN with the polarizers of Positive, Negative and different reflector options of Transflective, Reflective, and Transmissive. For the driving way, we offer difference interface such as I2C, SPI, and MPU available for customization choice. Especially for the STN/FSTN graphic displays can be widely used on industrial instrument and machinery equipments as well as other home electrical appliance, office equipment, industrial smart metering, small portable handheld device, cash register, card reader, remote controller and so on.

Orient Display LCD displays are the general category that includes LCD display glass panels, character LCD modules, graphic lcd modules, Arduino LCD displays, and our featured JAZZ series graphic LCD displays.

Graphic LCD Displays: Our standard LCD Graphic display products range from 122 x 32 pixels to 320 x 240-pixel resolution. These displays are available in positive or negative STN, blue STN, FSTN, or FFSTN with multiple backlight color options. They can be either traditional Chip-On-Board (COB) LCDs or Chip-On-Glass (COG) LCDs for displays with a smaller footprint and lower power consumption. COGs come in the same display types and colors as our other LCD modules but are designed without a PCB to allow for a slimmer profile.

JAZZ Graphic LCD Displays: The series are exclusive for Orient Display 128 x 64 pixels with the selection of yellow green STN, blue STN, positive or negative FSTN display, with the options of yellow green, green amber, blue, red or RGB tricolor backlights, with or without resistive touch panels. JAZZ series have two sizes: 1.0” and 2.7”.

VTN Character LCD Displays: Orient Display VTN is vertical alignment LCDs which provide superior black background and then great contrast with the options of yellow green, green amber, blue, red or RGB tricolor backlights.

LCD Glass Screens (Panels): Orient Display LCD display panels include different options of polarizer in reflective (saving power), transmissive (better contrast) or transflective (sunlight readable and battery powered) types. Orient LCD glass panels include 1; 2; 2.1/2; 3; 3.1/2; 3.3/4; 4; 4.1/2; 5; 6; 8; and 24 digits. Orient LCD glass panels also include 7 , 14 or 16 segments to display digits and alphanumeric letters. The temperature ranges are from room temperature to wide temperature applications. Orient LCD glass panels can have metal pin or zebra connections.

ARDUINO LCD Displays: Orient Display creates special character LCD displays with SPI interface which is easily hooked up with Arduino, which has been widely acceptable in the electronic design. The series includes 8 x 2 characters, 16 x 2 characters, 20 x 2 characters and 20 x 4 characters with either yellow green STN with yellow green LED backlight or blue STN with white LED backlight.

If you have any questions about Orient Display TFT LCD displays or if you can’t find a suitable product on our website. Please feel free to contact our engineers for details.

Orient Display is a company that specializes inmanufacturing graphic LCD, graphic display modules and many more. The company was founded in 1996 by specializing in fields of production, R&D, quality controls. Thanks for the management and employee’s continuous hardworking and enormous effort and shareholder continuous investment over years, Orient Display factory is now the world’s lead LCD graphic displays manufacturer in flat panel industry and is listed as a public company in China stock market.. Now, Orient Display factory has 3 plants that can produce graphic LCD modules. Factories have complete quality and environment management system, ISO9001, ISO/IATF16949, ISO14001, IECQ QC080000. It is also No.1 in the world for automotive capacitive touch screen which took around 18% market share in the world automotive market.Orient Display has extensive graphic LCD displays (liquid crystal display) standard product lines in dot matrix format of graphic resolution including 122×32, 128×64, 128×128, 160×32, 160×64, 160×160, 192×48, 192×64,202×32, 240×64, 240×160, 240×128, 282×128, 320×240 etc. The sizes range from 1.0” LCD to 5.2” LCD display.

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules includedifferent options of polarizer in reflective (saving power),transmissive (better contrast) or transflective (sunlight readable and battery powered) types.

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules have the selection of different display technologies from low-cost TN (twisted nematic), HTN (high performance twisted nematic), to higher end yellow green STN (super twisted nematic), blue STN, gray STN, FSTN (Film compensated STN), vertical alignment LCD to even higher quality wide viewing angle and automotive grade FFSTN, ASTN to meet different requirements.

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules also have different kinds for package technologies from traditional COB (Chip on Board), to TAB (Tape Automatic Bonding), to highly compacted COG ( Chip on Glass) and COF (Chip on Film).

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules have the options of different colors of backlight, yellow green, pure green blue, red, orange, amber and RGB (Red-Green-Blue) to make the monochrome LCDs more colorful.

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules have most available interface choices, I2C, SPI, parallel 6800, 8080, MCU etc. With our strong technical capability, some of our graphic LCD products are with Arduino shield which are more convenient for our customers.

Orient Display graphic LCD display modules have touch panel options. The 2.7” JAZZ 128×64 dot matrix graphic LCD display series has option of RTP (Resistive Touch Panel). Most of Orient Display graphic LCD displays can be custom made either with RTP or CTP (Capacitive Touch Panel).

Orient Display graphic LCD displays have been widely used in industry instrument, meters, machinery equipment, home appliances, white goods, smart home monitors, thermostats, automation, hand held medical devices, automotive, POS systems, audio/visual display systems, marine, aerospace, toys etc.

Asia has long dominated the display module TFT LCD manufacturers’ scene. After all, most major display module manufacturers can be found in countries like China, South Korea, Japan, and India.

However, the United States doesn’t fall short of its display module manufacturers. Most American module companies may not be as well-known as their Asian counterparts, but they still produce high-quality display products for both consumers and industrial clients.

In this post, we’ll list down 7 best display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. We’ll see why these companies deserve recognition as top players in the American display module industry.

STONE Technologies is a leading display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the world. The company is based in Beijing, China, and has been in operations since 2010. STONE quickly grew to become one of the most trusted display module manufacturers in 14 years.

Now, let’s move on to the list of the best display module manufacturers in the USA. These companies are your best picks if you need to find a display module TFT LCD manufacturer based in the United States:

Planar Systems is a digital display company headquartered in Hillsboro, Oregon. It specializes in providing digital display solutions such as LCD video walls and large format LCD displays.

Microtips Technology is a global electronics manufacturer based in Orlando, Florida. The company was established in 1990 and has grown into a strong fixture in the LCD industry.

What makes Microtips a great display module TFT LCD manufacturer in the USA lies in its close ties with all its customers. It does so by establishing a good rapport with its clients starting from the initial product discussions. Microtips manages to keep this exceptional rapport throughout the entire client relationship by:

Displaytech is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturer headquartered in Carlsbad, California. It was founded in 1989 and is part of several companies under the Seacomp group. The company specializes in manufacturing small to medium-sized LCD modules for various devices across all possible industries.

The company also manufactures embedded TFT devices, interface boards, and LCD development boards. Also, Displaytech offers design services for embedded products, display-based PCB assemblies, and turnkey products.

Displaytech makes it easy for clients to create their own customized LCD modules. There is a feature called Design Your Custom LCD Panel found on their site. Clients simply need to input their specifications such as their desired dimensions, LCD configuration, attributes, connector type, operating and storage temperature, and other pertinent information. Clients can then submit this form to Displaytech to get feedback, suggestions, and quotes.

A vast product range, good customization options, and responsive customer service – all these factors make Displaytech among the leading LCD manufacturers in the USA.

Products that Phoenix Display offers include standard, semi-custom, and fully-customized LCD modules. Specifically, these products comprise Phoenix Display’s offerings:

Clients flock to Phoenix Display because of their decades-long experience in the display manufacturing field. The company also combines its technical expertise with its competitive manufacturing capabilities to produce the best possible LCD products for its clients.

True Vision Displays is an American display module TFT LCD manufacturing company located at Cerritos, California. It specializes in LCD display solutions for special applications in modern industries. Most of their clients come from highly-demanding fields such as aerospace, defense, medical, and financial industries.

The company produces several types of TFT LCD products. Most of them are industrial-grade and comes in various resolution types such as VGA, QVGA, XGA, and SXGA. Clients may also select product enclosures for these modules.

All products feature high-bright LCD systems that come from the company’s proprietary low-power LED backlight technology. The modules and screens also come in ruggedized forms perfect for highly-demanding outdoor industrial use.

LXD Incorporated is among the earliest LCD manufacturers in the world. The company was founded in 1968 by James Fergason under the name International Liquid Xtal Company (ILIXCO). Its first headquarters was in Kent, Ohio. At present, LXD is based in Raleigh, North Carolina.

All of their display modules can be customized to fit any kind of specifications their clients may require. Display modules also pass through a series of reliability tests before leaving the manufacturing line. As such, LXD’s products can withstand extreme outdoor environments and operates on a wide range of temperature conditions.

We’ve listed the top 7 display module TFT LCD manufacturers in the USA. All these companies may not be as well-known as other Asian manufacturers are, but they are equally competent and can deliver high-quality display products according to the client’s specifications. Contact any of them if you need a US-based manufacturer to service your display solutions needs.

We also briefly touched on STONE Technologies, another excellent LCD module manufacturer based in China. Consider partnering with STONE if you want top-of-the-line smart LCD products and you’re not necessarily looking for a US-based manufacturer. STONE will surely provide the right display solution for your needs anywhere you are on the globe.

Find the optional size of monochrome lcd display wholesale from Alibaba.com. monochrome lcd display in bulk are available in bulk and at a wholesale price. While monochrome lvds are available in bulk, some of the lvds are available in bulk.

Monolrome LCD displays have a variety of basic functions, and as the name implies, they are suitable for a variety of purposes. Monochrome lcd display have a variety of basic functions and lcd display packs. In addition, the monochrome lcd display pack has a variety of functions, lcdds, and displays that have different functions.

There are various functions, various sizes are available. Find for wholesale lcd displays in bulk, such as a monogrome lcd display, a dual-sensitive lcd display, for more purposes and is the only choice. Find the ideal type of lcd displays in bulk, at wholesale prices on Alibaba.com.

When looking for a cost-effective LCD display solution capable of displaying text, Icons or full graphics look no further than the Phoenix Display monochrome line.

Character LCD Display modules are an efficient and effective solution for displaying text only for a variety of applications in any number of products. Our in-house engineering team can assess and replace your current Character LCD Display or build a Custom LCD Display for use in your project or product. With 30+ standard character LCD Displays in stock, plus any custom solutions available, Phoenix Display can provide the display solution you want at the price you need.

When your project or product is in need of increased graphical content capabilities and performance, look to the graphic LCD Displays from Phoenix Display International.

Our Graphic LCD Display modules allow you to customize each individual pixel to display both text and graphical images simultaneously. Let our in-house team of engineers assess your current graphic LCD solution and suggest one of our standard models, or we can design a Custom LCD Display module capable of displaying both text and images in a monochromatic format

And finally PDI’s Monochrome TFT LCDs provide a high performance solution for industrial and automotive instrumentation, audio/visual displays and industrial devices that do not require full color. They offer an excellent contrast ratio, high resolution, wide viewing angles, fast response time, sunlight readability and wide operating temperatures.

PalmTech is the most experienced in LCD modules manufacturer. Our graphic LCD displays are available in dot matrix format of graphic resolution including 122x32, 128x32, 128x64, 128x128, 128x160, 132x64, 240x64, 240x128, 240x160, 240x320, 320x240 and etc. The range of LCD sizes are from 1.5 to 5.7 inch. PalmTech Graphic LCD modules are including STN, FSTN, DFSTN with polarizer of Positive/Negative and different reflector Reflective/Transflective/Transmissive types options. Our LED backlights are available in various colors including yellow-green, white, blue, pure green, red, amber and RGB as well as non-backlight option.

We have an extensive range of graphic LCD displays with various backlight and LCD type combinations. Graphic LCD can be widely used on instrument and industry machinery equipment as well as electrical home appliances, white goods, home applications, automation, audio/video systems, medical devices, sports watch, watch, entertainment device, camera, translator, equipment meters, office machine, databank, PC peripheral, laser printer, card reader, mobile Device, remote system, filter system and so on.

Established in 1998, Winstar Display Co., Ltd. is a reliable LCD Display Module Manufacturer and LCD Panel Supplier. Winstar has development of high-quality display module products. We operate worldwide, configure, service products, and also provide logistics support to deliver products and services competitively. We provide LCM Modules including monochrome TN/STN/FSTN LCM, COG LCD, TFT LCM / TFT panels, FSC-LCD, graphic LCM, character LCD displays, OLED display modules (PMOLED), custom LCD displays, OLED and LCD panel.