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• (2.4", 2.8", 3.2", 3.5", 4.3", 5.0", 7.0")• TFT 65K RGB Resistive Touchscreen• Onboard Processor and Memory• Simple ASCII Text Based Instruction Set• The Cost-effective HMI Solution with Decreased

Nextion is a Human Machine Interface （HMI） solution combining an onboard processor and memory touch display with Nextion Editor software for HMI GUI project development.

Using the Nextion Editor software, you can quickly develop the HMI GUI by drag-and-drop components (graphics, text, button, slider, etc.) and ASCII text-based instructions for coding how components interact on the display side.

Nextion HMI display connects to peripheral MCU via TTL Serial (5V, TX, RX, GND) to provide event notifications that peripheral MCU can act on, the peripheral MCU can easily update progress, and status back to Nextion display utilizing simple ASCII text-based instructions.

Nextion is available in various TFT LCD touchscreen sizes including 2.4”, 2.8”, 3.2”, 3.5”, 4.3”, 5.0”, 7.0”, 10.1” . With a large selection to choose from, one will likely fit your needs. Go Nextion Series and Product Datasheets.

Easy-to-use components, touch event programming and customized GUI at screen side allow you to develop projects rapidly in cost-effective way. The TTL serial Nextion display is the best balance HMI solution between cost and benefit with low and decreased learning curve. See Nextion Editor Guide and Instruction Set.

To evaluate the performance of display devices, several metrics are commonly used, such as response time, CR, color gamut, panel flexibility, viewing angle, resolution density, peak brightness, lifetime, among others. Here we compare LCD and OLED devices based on these metrics one by one.

where Tf is the frame time (e.g., Tf=16.67 ms for 60 fps). Using this equation, we can easily obtain an MPRT as long as the LC response time and TFT frame rate are known. The results are plotted in Figure 5.

From Figure 5, we can gain several important physical insights: (1) Increasing the frame rate is a simple approach to suppress image motion blur, but its improvement gradually saturates. For example, if the LC response time is 10 ms, then increasing the frame rate from 30 to 60 fps would significantly reduce the MPRT. However, as the TFT frame rate continues to increase to 120 and 240 fps, then the improvement gradually saturates. (2) At a given frame rate, say 120 fps, as the LC response time decreases, the MPRT decreases almost linearly and then saturates. This means that the MPRT is mainly determined by the TFT frame rate once the LC response time is fast enough, i.e., τ≪Tf. Under such conditions, Equation (1) is reduced to MPRT≈0.8Tf. (3) When the LC response is <2 ms, its MPRT is comparable to that of an OLED at the same frame rate, e.g., 120 fps. Here we assume the OLED’s response time is 0.

As Figure 6 depicts, there are two types of surface reflections. The first one is from a direct light source, i.e., the sun or a light bulb, denoted as A1. Its reflection is fairly specular, and in practice, we can avoid this reflection (i.e., strong glare from direct sun) by simply adjusting the display position or viewing direction. However, the second reflection, denoted as A2, is quite difficult to avoid. It comes from an extended background light source, such as a clear sky or scattered ceiling light. In our analysis, we mainly focus on the second reflection (A2).

To investigate the ACR, we have to clarify the reflectance first. A large TV is often operated by remote control, so touchscreen functionality is not required. As a result, an anti-reflection coating is commonly adopted. Let us assume that the reflectance is 1.2% for both LCD and OLED TVs. For the peak brightness and CR, different TV makers have their own specifications. Here, without losing generality, let us use the following brands as examples for comparison: LCD peak brightness=1200 nits, LCD CR=5000:1 (Sony 75″ X940E LCD TV); OLED peak brightness=600 nits, and OLED CR=infinity (Sony 77″ A1E OLED TV). The obtained ACR for both LCD and OLED TVs is plotted in Figure 7a. As expected, OLEDs have a much higher ACR in the low illuminance region (dark room) but drop sharply as ambient light gets brighter. At 63 lux, OLEDs have the same ACR as LCDs. Beyond 63 lux, LCDs take over. In many countries, 60 lux is the typical lighting condition in a family living room. This implies that LCDs have a higher ACR when the ambient light is brighter than 60 lux, such as in office lighting (320–500 lux) and a living room with the window shades or curtain open. Please note that, in our simulation, we used the real peak brightness of LCDs (1200 nits) and OLEDs (600 nits). In most cases, the displayed contents could vary from black to white. If we consider a typical 50% average picture level (i.e., 600 nits for LCDs vs. 300 nits for OLEDs), then the crossover point drops to 31 lux (not shown here), and LCDs are even more favorable. This is because the on-state brightness plays an important role to the ACR, as Equation (2) shows.

For mobile displays, such as smartphones, touch functionality is required. Thus the outer surface is often subject to fingerprints, grease and other contaminants. Therefore, only a simple grade AR coating is used, and the total surface reflectance amounts to ~4.4%. Let us use the FFS LCD as an example for comparison with an OLED. The following parameters are used in our simulations: the LCD peak brightness is 600 nits and CR is 2000:1, while the OLED peak brightness is 500 nits and CR is infinity. Figure 8a depicts the calculated results, where the intersection occurs at 107 lux, which corresponds to a very dark overcast day. If the newly proposed structure with an in-cell polarizer is used, the FFS LCD could attain a 3000:1 CRFigure 8b), corresponding to an office building hallway or restroom lighting. For reference, a typical office light is in the range of 320–500 luxFigure 8 depicts, OLEDs have a superior ACR under dark ambient conditions, but this advantage gradually diminishes as the ambient light increases. This was indeed experimentally confirmed by LG Display

Recently, a new LED technology, called the Vivid Color LED, was demonstratedFigure 9d), which leads to an unprecedented color gamut (~98% Rec. 2020) together with specially designed color filters. Such a color gamut is comparable to that of laser-lit displays but without laser speckles. Moreover, the Vivid Color LED is heavy-metal free and shows good thermal stability. If the efficiency and cost can be further improved, it would be a perfect candidate for an LCD backlight.

As mentioned earlier, TFT LCDs are a fairly mature technology. They can be operated for >10 years without noticeable performance degradation. However, OLEDs are more sensitive to moisture and oxygen than LCDs. Thus their lifetime, especially for blue OLEDs, is still an issue. For mobile displays, this is not a critical issue because the expected usage of a smartphone is approximately 2–3 years. However, for large TVs, a lifetime of >30 000 h (>10 years) has become the normal expectation for consumers.

Here we focus on two types of lifetime: storage and operational. To enable a 10-year storage lifetime, according to the analysis−6 g (m2-day)−1 and 1 × 10−5 cm3 (m2-day)−1, respectively. To achieve these values, organic and/or inorganic thin films have been developed to effectively protect the OLED and lengthen its storage lifetime. Meanwhile, it is compatible to flexible substrates and favors a thinner display profile

Power consumption is equally important as other metrics. For LCDs, power consumption consists of two parts: the backlight and driving electronics. The ratio between these two depends on the display size and resolution density. For a 55″ 4K LCD TV, the backlight occupies approximately 90% of the total power consumption. To make full use of the backlight, a dual brightness enhancement film is commonly embedded to recycle mismatched polarized light

The power efficiency of an OLED is generally limited by the extraction efficiency (ηext~20%). To improve the power efficiency, multiple approaches can be used, such as a microlens array, a corrugated structure with a high refractive index substrateFigure 11 shows the power efficiencies of white, green, red and blue phosphorescent as well as blue fluorescent/TTF OLEDs over time. For OLEDs with fluorescent emitters in the 1980s and 1990s, the power efficiency was limited by the IQE, typically <10 lm W−1(Refs. 41, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118). With the incorporation of phosphorescent emitters in the ~2000 s, the power efficiency was significantly improved owing to the materials and device engineering−1 was demonstrated in 2011 (Ref. 127), which showed a >100 × improvement compared with that of the basic two-layer device proposed in 1987 (1.5 lm W−1 in Ref. 41). A white OLED with a power efficiency >100 lm W−1 was also demonstrated, which was comparable to the power efficiency of a LCD backlight. For red and blue OLEDs, their power efficiencies are generally lower than that of the green OLED due to their lower photopic sensitivity function, and there is a tradeoff between color saturation and power efficiency. Note, we separated the performances of blue phosphorescent and fluorescent/TTF OLEDs. For the blue phosphorescent OLEDs, although the power efficiency can be as high as ~80 lm W−1, the operation lifetime is short and color is sky-blue. For display applications, the blue TTF OLED is the favored choice, with an acceptable lifetime and color but a much lower power efficiency (16 lm W−1) than its phosphorescent counterpartFigure 11 shows.

To compare the power consumption of LCDs and OLEDs with the same resolution density, the displayed contents should be considered as well. In general, OLEDs are more efficient than LCDs for displaying dark images because black pixels consume little power for an emissive display, while LCDs are more efficient than OLEDs at displaying bright images. Currently, a ~65% average picture level is the intersection point between RGB OLEDs and LCDs

Flexible displays have a long history and have been attempted by many companies, but this technology has only recently begun to see commercial implementations for consumer electronics

In addition to the aforementioned six display metrics, other parameters are equally important. For example, high-resolution density has become a standard for all high-end display devices. Currently, LCD is taking the lead in consumer electronic products. Eight-hundred ppi or even >1000 ppi LCDs have already been demonstrated and commercialized, such as in the Sony 5.5″ 4k Smartphone Xperia Z5 Premium. The resolution of RGB OLEDs is limited by the physical dimension of the fine-pitch shadow mask. To compete with LCDs, most OLED displays use the PenTile RGB subpixel matrix scheme

Cost is another key factor for consumers. LCDs have been the topic of extensive investigation and investment, whereas OLED technology is emerging and its fabrication yield and capability are still far behind LCDs. As a result, the price of OLEDs is about twice as high as that of LCDs, especially for large displays. As more investment is made in OLEDs and more advanced fabrication technology is developed, such as ink-jet printing

Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity resonances happen in a dielectric layer sandwiched by two reflectors, and the triple-layer structure of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) has been widely investigated for color filters (Figure 2A).71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 Constructive interferences take place when integer wavelength differences in the optical paths are reflected from the top and bottom surfaces, leading to different resonance wavelengths of the structural colors. Structural colors based on the traditional F-P cavity do not require time-consuming and high-cost nanofabrication techniques, such as e-beam lithography (EBL) or focused ion beam (FIB). Therefore, it is promising for various large-area applications, including photovoltaics,77 and thermophotovoltaics.57,58 In 2004, Shaowei Wang et al.78 developed the concept of an integrated F-P cavity on a single substrate to manipulate the spectrum of light. In contrast with the conventional MIM F-P cavity, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is used instead of the metal reflector (Figure 2B). Integrated narrow bandpass filters (NBPFs) with 16 × 1 linear array and 16 × 8 channels have been demonstrated by the combinatorial etching technique and combinatorial deposition technique, respectively.79, 80, 81, 82 The integrated optical filters are valid in both visible and infrared regions for high-resolution miniature spectrometers.83,84 By decreasing the number of DBR layers, vivid colors can be achieved with simplified structure, which is able to be applied in display and inkless printing field.

Figure 4A(1) depicts the schematic drawing of the F-P color filter with corresponding parameters. The F-P cavity can filter sunlight into individual colors covering the entire visible range by adjusting the thickness of the dielectric layer. Figure 4A illustrates the changes in transmittance spectrum as a function of SiO2 thickness, and the color filter is angle dependent. The characteristics of angular dependence can support various applications, including directional thermal emitters and angle-sensitive absorbers. For display, imaging, and color printing applications, a high-angle tolerance color filter is desired, which is hard to realize with ordinary lossless F-P resonance cavities.73,85 Much effort has been made to implement angularly robust F-P resonant structure filters. There are many approaches to improve the angle tolerance of the F-P cavity, such as the utilization of high refractive index materials, enhancement of interference effects in lossy nanocavities, phase compensation, and reduction of film thickness.71,86,88, 89, 90

(E) Large-scale fabrication of three-dimensionally ordered polymer films with strong structure colors and robust mechanical properties. (1) Illustration of the fabrication procedure of the polymer ordered films. (2) Experimental reflection spectra of crystal films with different polymer sphere diameters. (3) Bent polymer/silica/carbon black crystal films.102 Reprinted by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (copyright, 2012, The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Sharp reflectance light can also be produced by the Fano resonance effect on photonic crystal slabs.117 Structural colors based on this mechanism exhibit the property of weak angular dependence and are easy to fabricate. In 2015, Yichen Shen et al.30 reported structural colors produced by the Fano resonance effect on the thin photonic crystal slab (Figure 5C[1]). The incident light is confined on the surface as a one-dimensionally confined mode, which can interfere with the reflected light and produce sharp reflectance light (Figure 5C[2]). The interference lithography (IL) process is used to fabricate this structure.75,118 Since the photonic crystal resonance directly controls the reflection spectrum, this structural color is angle independent. This work provides a versatile way to generate colors from dielectric metasurfaces, which can be applied in high-end displays, light-emitting devices, and many other fields.

For the above-mentioned conventional photonic crystal structural colors, a precise and expensive fabrication process is necessary, which restricts the large-scale and low-cost fabrication. In contrast, the self-assembly of colloidal crystal has the advantage of its simple and low-cost fabrication process with good structural color properties. Moreover, the optical properties of assembled colloidal microspheres have been investigated for decades.119, 120, 121, 122 In 2012, Limin Wu and coworkers proposed the three-dimensionally ordered polymer films with strong structural colors and robust mechanical properties.102

In summary, as the dielectric materials are transparent and lossless in the visible spectral range, structural colors generated from the dielectric metasurfaces and photonic crystals hold high efficiency and narrow spectral bands. The Mie resonance and Fano resonance can create sharp reflection spectra over a wide range of viewing angles. GMR mode working with dielectric grating shows different images under TM- and TE-polarized light. Besides, the morphology can be manipulated by different laser energies. Compared with the F-P cavity and multilayer principle, dielectric metasurfaces can generate colors with angle independence and higher resolution, which can be used in high-resolution displays, holographic technologies, and so on. Meanwhile, the self-assembly of colloidal photonic crystals is a low-cost and large-scale approach to generate angle-independent, robust, and flexible structural colors. However, high resolution of self-assembled colloidal photonic crystal colors is hard to achieve, being restricted by the fabrication process. However, it is still promising for applications of anti-counterfeiting, intelligent sensors, and so on.

H. F. Ghaemi et al.136 demonstrated the extraordinary optical transmissions through periodic subwavelength hole arrays in optically thick metallic films. In 2007, the optical properties of tiny subwavelength holes in the metal film were reviewed by C. Genet and T. W. Ebbesen.131 The array of dimples on Ag film can be prepared by FIB. Although the periodicities of metallic nanohole arrays are all larger than half of the corresponding wavelength, their resolution is quite high compared with chemical pigments. Therefore, it can satisfy many requirements for practical applications compared with conventional pigments. Except for nanoholes, by using the nanofabrication process, metal-based nanostructures can be designed to store more than one image in one pixel by utilizing the polarization property of asymmetrical structures. In 2014, Xiao Ming Goh et al.133 demonstrated a three-dimensional plasmonic stereoscopic printing technique. The polarization-sensitive color pixels are achieved with aluminum (Al)-coupled nano square pair and elliptical nanodisks with complementary holes at the bottom Al layer, which can display different images with differently polarized incident light. Therefore, two overlaid full-color images can be independently encoded into the same area. In 2017, Alasdair W. Clark and coworkers presented an approach to encode two datasets into one set of pixels for the first time.129 By using the asymmetric cross-shaped plasmonic nanoapertures on Al thin film (Figure 6A), each aperture is designed with two independent resonances. Therefore, double the amount of information can be stored in one unit pixel. This structure inherently has polarization ability due to its cross-shaped nanoslit. The resonance of two orthogonal arms can be independently tuned. Colors ranging across the full visible spectrum at each polarization of white light can be produced by encoding the arm length and the period of arrays (Figure 6A[2]). As shown in Figure 6A(3–4), the surface plasmon-based pixels are capable of producing dual, polarization-switchable information states into the same area, and the resolution can achieve 105 PPI at most. This dual-state microimage encoding approach provides a useful way to enhance the information density. It is promising for applications in fields such as counterfeit-prevention measures and high-resolution printing.

(B) Polarization-controlled broad color palette based on an ultrathin one-dimensional resonant grating structure. (1) Schematic diagram of the metal-based color filter where the white incident light is filtered into different colors depending on the polarization. (2) SEM images of proposed devices with different periods.137 Reprinted with permission from Ishwor Koirala et al.137 (copyright, 2017, Springer Nature).

The metallic GMR structural colors have also been widely investigated in recent years. In contrast with dielectric GMR, the metallic GMR structure has a broader resonance bandwidth due to the loss of metal, which is more suitable for optical applications.16,140,141 The polarization-controlled structural color based on metallic GMR has been reported by Ishwor Koirala et al.137 The polarization-tuned metallic structural color is based on a one-dimensional resonant Al grating integrated with a Si3N4 waveguide deposited on the glass substrate (Figure 6B). Figure 6B(2) shows the SEM images of fabricated filters and the insert observed colors for TE and TM polarizations. The whole visible color is obtained by tailoring the polarization and metallic grating duty ratio. The results imply that iridescent vivid colors can be obtained with the aid of light polarization, which is a crucial property for applications, such as optical data storage. It is worth noting that, due to the physical mechanism of GMR, it should have tens of periods to approach adequate performance that limits the spatial resolution of the GMR structures.142 Additionally, the optical response of the GMR structure is highly sensitive to the incident angles. There are many approaches to mitigate the angle-sensitive effect, such as by integrating the GMR structure with a gradient-index layer,143 coating with a metal film,144 real-time compensation via voltage-driven dispersed layer,145 or assistance by integrated cavity resonator,146 and so on.135,147,148 Except for the morphology and parameters of the structure that can tune the colors, the disordered nanostructure system also shows good capability on structural colors. In 2020, Shuang Zhang and coworkers reported the manipulation of disordered plasmonic systems (Figure 6C).67 By utilizing an external cavity under the disordered plasmonic system to manipulate the decay rate of a specific mode, the transition is realized from broadband absorption to tunable reflection (Figure 6C[2]). The Chinese watercolor printing The Peony Flower by Baishi Qi is printed by tuning the spacer thickness, and colors, including black, are formed well, which is hard to generate by conventional periodic structures (Figure 6C[3]). The random plasmonic system is material independent without a time-consuming lithography process. This approach provides a novel platform for various practical applications. Structural color imaging by plasmonic metasurface mosaic filters has also been investigated. For instance, Won-Jae Joo, Mark L. Brongersma, and coworkers introduced metasurface mirrors into organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which can offer high luminescence efficiency and enhance the color purity of OLEDs, along with display resolution beyond 104 PPI.134 Moreover, Yash D. Shah et al.149 proposed an approach to realize ultralow-light-level color images by integrating the plasmonic metasurface and single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays.

As the essential application of structural colors, the flat-panel display technology has great developmental potential. Researchers have found that the electrochromic materials have brilliant properties, such as vibrant colors, low cost, and relatively simple processing requirements, making them particularly advantageous in flexible display applications.160, 161, 162, 163 By utilizing the electrochromic materials in combination with plasmonic nanoslit arrays, Ting Xu et al.164 demonstrated high-contrast full-color and fast electrochromic switching in 2016. Figure 8A shows a thin layer of polyaniline (PANI) (or polyproDOT-Me2) coated on the Al (or Au) nanoslit arrays and immersed in the electrolyte solution. The electrons and ions flow in and out of the polymer when the voltage is applied to the electrode. The polymer"s optical absorption characteristics change with its charge state. The full-color electrochromic optical response can be realized by tuning the period of nanoslits. Figure 8A(2) shows the color obtained by tuning the period ranging from 240 to 390 nm. By switching the applied voltage, the color can be tuned between two states (on and off status corresponding to reduction and oxidation of polymer, respectively) with high speed and high contrast, which holds promise for applications ranging from catalysis to photovoltaics.

(A) High-contrast and fast electrochromic switching enabled by plasmonics. (1) Schematic diagram of a plasmonic electrochromic electrode incorporating an Al-nanoslit array. (2) On and off states of the polymer are displayed with their spectra, respectively.164 Reprinted by permission of Springer Nature (copyright, 2015, Springer Nature).

(A) Controllable structural colored screen for real-time display via NIR light. (1) Hydrogen bonding effect to increase the binding properties of TSSC films. (2) Thermosensitive molecular structures change after heating. (3) Schematic diagram of the information decoding process of TSSC labels. (4) Schematic diagram of the information recording process of multicolored TSSC films induced by the NIR laser.105 Reprinted by permission of American Chemical Society (copyright, 2020, American Chemical Society).