lcd panel has a line accross it price

Vertical lines appearing on LCD screen is very common. Whether the screen belongs to a laptop computer or desktop PC, mobile phone, or even a television, the fault is usually due to the ribbon cable and its connections.

A faulty ribbon cable can cause all sorts of havoc manifesting in bright vertical lines. Sometimes they can be coloured lines such as blue, green, grey, black, and red. The lines can appear thick or thin and on just one-half of the screen. Sometimes the fault will manifest as two vertical white lines. You can even get horizontal lines as well.

If you have lines appearing on the LCD screen, then the first simple thing to check is the seating of the ribbon cable that connects the display panel to the motherboard. Most of the time, the fault is with the poor connection made by the ribbon cable.

One of the most common problems with ribbon cables is oxidation of the contacts. It can happen either on the ribbon cable contacts or on the socket contacts. Manufacturers often use a mix of gold and copper for the electrical contacts, however, if they have not used enough gold, then oxidation occurs over time. This results in a working television or laptop screen suddenly exhibiting lines.

The solution is of course very simple, one needs to clean the contacts with a high quality electrical contact cleaner. It is best to clean the socket and the ribbon cable contacts, which will solve the fault.

One of the most common faults with laptops is that the ribbon cable connecting to the LCD panel cracks. It typically fails near the hinge area due to flexing in that region, and over time, some of the tracks on the plastic cable breaks. I have seen these types of faults on many laptops. It does not matter whether it is a Lenovo, IBM, Acer, Samsung, Toshiba, or even a MacBook Pro!

It is also possible to have a dislodged cable, which typically occurs on mishandled laptops. The plastic clip that holds the ribbon cable is very small and delicate and if the laptop receives an impact, the ribbon cable can dislodge.

This type of fault can also occur on LCD televisions; however, it tends to be on new units, where the box has received an impact during transit from the factory.

In this situation, the repair can be easy, as the cable will simply require reseating. However, there is still the labour time to consider as it can take the best part of the day to gain access to the ribbon cable.

If the laptop has a socket that provides a VGA output, then the first thing to do is to hook up another good monitor to it to see if the picture is good. If the picture on another monitor is good, then you can be sure that the video chipset and the motherboard electronics are operating properly, and it is a connection issue.

I used this same method of troubleshooting to repair an LCD television recently. Modern televisions have a video out socket, and if you feed the signal from that to another monitor, you can check for the quality of the video display. If the external monitor does not show lines, then you know for sure that it is a connection issue. Hence, this method of troubleshooting works for some of the modern televisions as well.

When half of the vertical interlace is missing showing a picture that is broken up vertically, the display appears with vertical lines. This is usually due to a cracked ribbon cable.

Generally, for laptops a replacement cable is always required due to it breaking near the hinge. I had this Dell laptop and replacing the LCD ribbon cable solved the problem. I managed to buy a replacement from Dell for a modest price £6.00. The laptop was just outside the warranty period; however, they still shipped out the cable free of charge. This is the reason why people buy Dell. In my experience Dell tend to stand by their customers and products, and their prices for replacement parts are realistic and down to earth.

Replacing a laptop ribbon cable is simple, and the top-half of the laptop, and keyboard needs removing to gain access to the socket on the motherboard side. As you can see, it flexes near the hinge area and breaks where the ribbon cable wraps around the hinge.

Ours is a Sony Bravia that is now over 10 years old. Several months ago we started noticing lines, especially on the left (our left) side of the screen. They’d go away after the tv warmed up. Then we started noticing it was darker on that side of the screen, but again, after the tv warmed up the screen would be normal. Then about two months ago it started getting worse and didn’t ever get completely better, even after the tv warmed up. So I watched some youtube videos that all talked about the ribbon cables becoming loose over time and to apply pressure along the top and see if that made it better, and if so, it was a loose cable and if you put electrical tape or something that would help keep the pressure, it would fix the problem. Hubby pressed along the top and sure enough, when he pressed in one spot on the left side suddenly the picture cleared up. Stayed good for about a week, then problems again, pressed again, fixed again. A week or so later, same problem, but this time when he pressed on it nothing got better.

So I decided to take the cover off and look at it better. As I was pressing on the tops of the ribbon cables that run down from the top of the frame, for a minute it got better but then suddenly there was a wide white vertical line, with a thin green one down the center of it, running down the front of the screen, and it was perfectly aligned with one of the cables. So now I still have the dark side of the screen, and some ghosting, and some lines, but now this bright white streak/line right down the front. Another weird thing is that if the whole screen is bright (like watching a show set in a snowy place) then the darkness even on the left side is basically gone, but if the scene is dark at all, that side is almost black. I don’t know if it means that particular ribbon cable is bad, or if something is loose, if things need to be replaced or what. It’s very frustrating as it’s been a great tv. Hubby wants to just buy a new one, but even if he does I would still like to try and figure out this one as it could then go in another room.

Vertical and horizontal lines on the best desktop monitors can ruin the immersive effect from your display, which is especially frustrating if you’ve invested into your monitor, like one of the best curved gaming monitors. To find out how to fix annoying vertical lines or horizontal lines on an external monitor, you’ll first want to test the picture to find out what causes these lines on the computer monitor, whether the problem is from the PC, cable box or another input source, or if the fault is with the monitor, its LCD panel or internal hardware itself. And while on the topic of “vertical” lines, there are vertical monitors that exist to help make certain professions or hobbies more efficient, like coding and streaming.

Before attempting any other troubleshooting, such as fixing black bars on the side of your monitor, the first step toward finding solutions for this desktop monitor problem is to isolate the source of the issue.

The first option is to test out the image on your favorite computer screen without any peripherals connected. To do this, disconnect all cable connections and use the remote control or the control panel to disconnect Bluetooth and WiFi, if your external monitor is so equipped. If there are no vertical or horizontal lines on the default picture or menu screen, then the problem is likely due to your PC or input device, or to your cable connections. If the lines still appear, then the issue is likely to be with the external monitor itself.

If the monitor shows lines when not connected to any cables or input method, the problem is likely with the monitor itself. Image issues such as lines can be caused by damaged internal ribbon cables or the LCD panel itself. If this is the case, the repair process will depend on what the hardware problem is, whether you have a flat or curved computer monitor. If you see light leaking on the edges of your monitor screen, you may have blacklight bleed, which you can learn about in our resource content on what is blacklight bleed.

If the lines go away when your external monitor has no input, then you’ll want to look for a connection issue or an issue with your PC or laptop’s graphics drivers, driver settings, or picture settings. Additionally, you may want to check for any input lag issues with your monitor at this time.

Make sure all cables are connected securely. A loose connector can cause various picture issues including gray lines, pink lines or green lines.You may want to unplug your monitor from the input device and check the condition of the ports. You may be able to see if there are any bent or broken pins in the connectors of these input terminals. Double-check the cables if you have two monitors. If you need more organization in your space, consider the best dual monitor mount. Don’t use a paperclip or other metal object to try and clear out a VGA terminal.

If you find a damaged part, you can either consult a repair service or professional repair technician, or you might want to fix it yourself using an electronics repair kit. Use caution when removing ports, and always unplug a monitor before working on a repair.You may need to consult the owners manuals to see what types of repair tools will be needed.If the cable is faulty, the solution may be just to buy a replacement cable. That may be the best path if you need to immediately fix your monitor and can’t spend time researching and repairing the damaged part on your own, like if you use your monitor for work like a monitor for video editing.

Look for any video card drivers or graphics card driver that has a yellow exclamation mark or question mark. These common error notifications may mean your laptop or PC graphics drivers are out of date. Many graphics cards offer a driver updater tool. You can also consider buying a new, updated graphics card.

Alternatively, you can run a system scan to discover errors and graphics driver software issues. If there is a problem with your graphics card driver, it may show up on a system scan. Try booting up in safe mode or BIOS, if available; this will often show whether the display issue is a software problem or a hardware problem.

Warning: Try booting up in safe mode or BIOS, if available; this will often show whether the display issue is a software problem or a hardware problem

A screen resolution adjustment may also help. If the device picture settings are not compatible with the monitor’s native resolution, you may see errors such as lines on the screen. On a windows PC, setting a display resolution or refresh rate that is not supported can damage a monitor.This is more often a risk with older CRT monitors.

Warning: If the device picture settings are not compatible with the monitor’s native resolution, you may see errors such as lines on the screen. On a windows PC, setting a display resolution or refresh rate that is not supported can damage a monitor

Explanation of why pulse width modulated backlighting is used, and its side-effects, “Pulse Width Modulation on LCD monitors”, TFT Central. Retrieved June 2012.

This problem occurs because of a hardware limitation that is known as "tearing." Tearing is a video artifact in which the top portion of the screen shows a different frame of video than the bottom portion. This is more noticeable during scenes that contain fast motion. There may be a noticeable horizontal line at the point where the two frames meet.

When it is playing video content such as a DVD, the operating system has to synchronize playback with the display redraw rate. The video frame is updated during the vertical blanking interval so that the complete, correct frame will be displayed without any tearing every time that the video card refreshes the monitor.

When windows synchronizes DVD playback with the monitor refresh rate, it synchronizes with the timing of the primary monitor. This is determined by the video driver. Some video hardware supports multiple monitors but does not synchronize the display redraw timing of the two monitors. Even though the two monitors are configured for the same refresh rate (for example, 60 Hz), the second monitor may not be refreshed at the same time. In this case, there may be unavoidable tearing on the second monitor.Resolution

If the computer system meets the hardware and software requirements to run Windows Aero, you may be able to reduce or eliminate the problem by enabling Aero. Otherwise, set the display to PC Only or Extended. For more information about Aero, go to the following Microsoft website:

If your computer does not meet the requirements for Aero, set the display to PC Only or Extended. For information about how to change this setting, go to the following Microsoft website:

If you experience noticeable cut lines or tearing, and not only when you play a DVD movie, the display may be configured to a refresh rate that one of your monitors does not support. If this is the case, you can resolve the issue by configuring the display to a refresh rate that is supported by all monitors.

Select a resolution and refresh rate that is supported by all monitors. (Your monitors may support multiple refresh rates. See your manufacturer"s documentation for information about the settings that your monitor supports.)

So, why there are green lines on a monitor? Well, several factors might be at play if the displays attached to your PC aren’t operating correctly. It’s conceivable that your adapter or cable connection is the problem. Change the cable if it doesn’t work. If nudging doesn’t work, try another.

Throughout this post, we’ll explain why green lines occur on your display and the best techniques to remedy them. The extra information will be invaluable in fixing all of your monitor’s green lining concerns. It’s time to delve in!

There are a variety of possible causes for horizontal green lines or vertical lines on your computer screen, from outdated video card drivers to damaged ribbon cables and improper video cable connections. To determine whether the problem is software or hardware, you may examine the BIOS settings.

When you see a green line on your computer screen, you should inspect your display for any faults, including all the connectors. There might be a problem with the cable causing the monitor’s color to lose signal.

It would help if you examined the possibility that your computer has been infected with a virus or other malicious software. While this isn’t one of the most prevalent reasons for a green vertical line on the display, it’s still possible.

Faulty graphics drivers might also cause problems with your monitor’s connection to the computer. However, although this is the most common symptom, it may also be seen in the form of green lines on a monitor.

Because Windows 10 does not contain the BIOS, any horizontal or vertical striations on your display problem result from a software problem. If you don’t see any horizontal or vertical lines on your Windows 10 computer screen, this is likely a hardware problem.

It’s possible that your computer’s drivers don’t cause the flickering green lines on your display if they occur immediately after the computer has started up and not on the initial screen while the machine is starting up.

The status of “This device is operating well” indicates that the hardware failure has no problems connecting to Windows 10 once the procedures are completed.

You’ll get an error number and an explanation of the issue if the component isn’t operating correctly. The device has been deactivated and must be re-enabled to fix “error code 22,” for example.

You may also try downloading the drivers from the hardware manufacturer’s website if it doesn’t work. Make sure you’re looking at “Display adapters” (in this case, “NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GTX/9800 GTX+”) and the graphics card’s name.

This is the standard procedure to remove the green lines on the monitor, regardless of whether your motherboard is set to UEFI or a classic BIOS configuration:

It’s good to have a backup copy of all of your computer’s crucial data before you begin. Even if a BIOS update fails, the data on your hard drive is not at risk.

Making a copy of your BIOS is an excellent idea, too. Don’t miss this step if you have to perform it manually, even if it’s done automatically during an update.

The prior driver version must be installed in this case. Using the drop-down option, choose the previous graphics driver version in Download Center to download and install it.

The second case is a well-known one. It will not install updates if you shut off your computer during Active Hours. For this reason, it is necessary to either modify Active Hours or manually install the application.

Monitoring a computer’s refresh rate can help identify and correct problems with graphics performance. The monitor’s refresh rate refers to how often the screen updates its image. A slow refresh rate can cause visual artifacts, such as green lines, on the screen.

Collectively, these lines indicate that the monitor is not keeping up with the latest graphics rendering instructions. This can lead to an overall degraded experience when using the computer.

The prior driver version must be installed in this case. Using the drop-down option, choose the previous graphics driver version in Download Center to download and install it.

Knowing your screen resolution, even if you aren’t an engineer or a photographer. You can appreciate your multimedia activities better if you know what you have and what you can do. In Windows 10, you may verify your screen’s native resolution by following these steps:

The resolution may be changed by selecting a different option from the drop-down menu. You should only view content that is compatible with your computer’s capabilities.

If you purchase a new external monitor or video card, you may have to change your resolution. If you’re having problems with your monitor, the first thing you should do is check the resolution. It’s a straightforward solution to a variety of visual issues.

When you start Windows regularly, programs and services in the background may cause these conflicts. If you’re having trouble accessing Task Manager, we’ve got the answer.

The monitor cabinet should never be opened to service this item. Everything that hasn’t been stated explicitly in the user handbook should be avoided at all costs.

Do not connect the monitor to anything other than the designated power supply and HDMI cable, which should be clearly stated on the monitor label or backplate.

Ensure that the monitor is close to a working power supply. The monitor’s power cord may be yanked out of the socket with a rugged grip. Attempting to disconnect the display issue by pulling its cord will not work.

Be sure to switch off your display when not in use. A screen saver program and turning off the display when it’s not in use will significantly prolong the monitor’s life.

The cabinet’s design includes ventilation holes. These openings should not be obstructed in any way. You should never shove anything into a cabinet slot or any other aperture!

The green line of death seems to be caused by a hardware problem based on the current symptoms. If you go back in time, you may discover similar problems on non-Apple devices. This problem only appeared on OLED-display phones, to be more exact.

There may be more to the problem with water damage than just a replacement screen, but it’s typically just a matter of getting a new LCD or OLED display.

Language settings are not lost when a monitor is reset to factory settings. Your specific settings, such as contrast, brightness, and picture ratio, will need to be re-entered after a factory reset.

Due to obsolete GPU drivers, the green lines on a Windows 10 laptop are standard. Using specialist driver update tools, you may repair this problem. One of the most prevalent reasons for this issue is a malfunctioning laptop display.

Your phone’s LCD might be damaged if you don’t mend a cracked screen right away. Damage to the LCD screen might occur if dust penetrates the screen cracks. Your phone’s LCD screen might be damaged if you drop it in water or other liquid.

A faulty video connection is most likely to blame for a monitor with no signal. Connect your display and PC using a different VGA cable or ribbon cable to check whether the problem remains. If not, then your video cable is to blame for this problem. Try attaching your display to another computer to see if it helps.

That’s all about the green lines on the monitor from us. An external display with bothersome vertical lines or horizontal lines may be fixed by testing the image to determine what causes these lines on the computer monitor.

It doesn’t matter whether the computer, cable box, or any other input source is to blame; the monitor, its LCD screen, or internal hardware is to blame.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1888,Friedrich Reinitzer (1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie (Wien) 9, 421–441 (1888)).Otto Lehmann published his work "Flüssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). In 1911, Charles Mauguin first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and presented in 1960.Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962.

In 1964, George H. Heilmeier, then working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of FameIEEE Milestone.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Mini-LED: Backlighting with Mini-LEDs can support over a thousand of Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.MicroLED.)

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures appear to be fading on the screen.

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing Crosstalk between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by Peter J. Wild in 1972,

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light"s path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure would reduce the resolution by around 25%. This means that a 4K TV cannot display the full UHD TV standard. The media and internet users later called this "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because the announced 4K UHD resolution but still being incapable of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacts the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which is especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers" policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.ISO 13406-2 standard.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard,ISO 9241, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

In 2004, researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.

Color performance: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display. Color gamut is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the content being shown on the screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain specification.white point and gamma correction, which describe what color white is and how the other colors are displayed relative to white.

Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range (HDR displays are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use less than half of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor would use.

Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked resolution.

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

Limited viewing angle in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle.

Uneven backlighting in some monitors (more common in IPS-types and older TNs), causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges ("backlight bleed").

Display motion blur on moving objects caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and eye-tracking on a sample-and-hold display, unless a strobing backlight is used. However, this strobing can cause eye strain, as is noted next:

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to dim the display,CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT"s phosphor sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe eye-strain for some people.LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off faster than a CCFL lamp.

Only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using 1:1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to run off the lower or right edges of the screen.

Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (218) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (224) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

Input lag, because the LCD"s A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or after a period of use. A stuck pixel will glow with color even on an all-black screen, while a dead one will always remain black.

Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours in badly designed displays.

In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal management, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without th