patents tft lcd globally pricelist

In China. The biggest LCD panel manufacturer in the world now.  BOE has G4 (Chengdu), G5 (Beijing), G5.5 (Ordos), G6 (Hefei, Chengdu, Mianyang, Dalian), G8 (Beijing, Hefei, Chongqing), Fuqing, Dalian, Chongqing) and 10.5 (Hefei) production lines.

In Taiwan. One of the daughter company of Foxconn/Hon Hai.  In 2010, it bought the then famous LCD manufacturer, ChiMei, then changed its name to Innolux. It has G7.5 production lines.

In Korea and China. It is used to be the 2nd biggest TFT LCD manufacturers. LG also planned to stop the production but delayed the plan after the price increased. LG has G7.5 and G8.5 (Guangzhou) production lines.

In Korea. It used to be the biggest TFT LCD manufacturers before it was dethroned by BOE in 2019. Because of tough competition, Samsung planned to stop the production in 2021 but delayed because the price increase during the pandemic.  Samsung has G7 and G8.5 production lines.

In Japan and China. The pioneer and queen of LCD industry. Because of high cost and tough competitor, Sharp was acquired by Foxconn/Hon Hai in 2016. Sharp has G8, G8.5(Suzhou), G10, G10.5 (Guangzhou) production lines.

At present, TFT LCD touch panel prices rebounded, after six months of continuous decline, TFT LCD touch panel prices began to rebound at the end of July. Global TFT LCD panel prices have rebounded since August, according to Displaysearch, an international market-research firm. The price of a 17-inch LCD touch panel rose 6.6% to $112 in August, up from $105 in July, and fell from $140 in March to $105 in July. At the same time, 15 – inch, 19 – inch LCD touch panel prices also showed a different range of recovery. The price of a 17-inch LCD touch panel rose 5.8 percent, to $110, from $104 in late July, according to early August quotes from consulting firm with a view. Analysts believe the rebound will continue through the third quarter; LCDS will see seasonal growth in the third quarter, driven by back-to-school sales in us and the completion of inventory liquidation in the first half of the year. Dell and Hewlett-Packard (HPQ) started placing orders for monitors in the third quarter, and display makers Samsungelectronics (SXG) and TPV (TPV) are expected to increase production by 25% and 18% respectively.

It seems that due to the increasing demand in the market, the production capacity of the display panel production line has been released. Domestic TFT-LCD touch panel makers boe and Shanghai guardian said their production schedules have been set for September, and their production capacity may reach full capacity by the end of the year. Jd will produce 85,000 glass substrates per month (with a designed capacity of 90,000), according to boe and Shanghai guardian. Previously, panel makers have been hit by falling prices, with boe, SFT, and even international panel giant LG Philips all reporting losses. If the rebound continues into the fourth quarter, boe, Shanghai radio and television and other panel makers will use the rebound to reverse the decline, according to industry analysts.

It is understood that the first quarter of the boe financial results show that the company’s main business income of 2.44 billion yuan, a loss of 490 million yuan.Jd.com attributed the loss to a drop in the price of 17-inch TFT-LCD displays made by its Beijing TFT-LCD fifth-generation production line of Beijing boe photoelectric technology co., LTD., a subsidiary. Boe has issued the announcement of pre-loss in the first half of the year in April. Due to the influence of the off-season of TFT-LCD business operation in the first quarter of 2006, the company has suffered a large operating loss, and the low price in the TFT-LCD market has continued till now. Therefore, it is expected that the operating loss will still occur in the first half of 2006.LG Philips, the world’s largest TFT LCD maker, reported a won322bn ($340m) loss in July, compared with a won41.1bn profit a year earlier.LG Philips attributed the loss to fierce price competition and market demand did not meet expectations.

In some embodiments, display devices 124 a-124 nmay be connected to I/O controller 123. Display devices may include, e.g., liquid crystal displays (LCD), thin film transistor LCD (TFT-LCD), blue phase LCD, electronic papers (e-ink) displays, flexile displays, light emitting diode displays (LED), digital light processing (DLP) displays, liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays, liquid crystal laser displays, time-multiplexed optical shutter (TMOS) displays, or 3D displays. Examples of 3D displays may use, e.g. stereoscopy, polarization filters, active shutters, or autostereoscopy. Display devices 124 a-124 nmay also be a head-mounted display (HMD). In some embodiments, display devices 124 a-124 nor the corresponding I/O controllers 123 may be controlled through or have hardware support for OPENGL or DIRECTX API or other graphics libraries.

A patent war, initially ignited by Sharp ― Japan"s largest maker of liquid crystal displays ― is getting fiercer as Samsung Electronics recently countersued its Japanese rival over its patents on LCD products.

Experts cite growing demand for LCD products and intensifying competition among LCD panel manufacturers as the main reasons behind the escalating dispute.

``As seen in the recent alliance among Hitachi, Canon and Matsushita to merge their respective LCD businesses, Japanese manufacturers are eager to restore their past glory in the promising segment,"" said Shoji Tobisawa, an analyst with market research firm IDC in Japan in a recent research note.

On Thursday, Samsung Electronics countersued Sharp, alleging that it has infringed its four U.S. patents for the technology used in TVs and computer monitors.

In mid-December, Sharp took legal measures against Samsung by bringing the issue to Samsung"s home ground, Seoul, over possible LCD patent infringements. The Japanese manufacturer also sued its South Korean rival over a different set of LCD patents in Texas in August.

Under the onslaught of South Korean LCD manufacturers, led by Samsung Electronics and LG.Philips LCD with massive investment for technology development in the segment, Sharp, which was once the pathfinder in the LCD industry, has lost its reputation on the market.

According to industry sources, Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics accounted for 30 percent of the global LCD market in the first 11 months of the year. Sony came in next with an 11 percent market share, followed by Sharp with 8 percent.

Separately, a month ago, LG.Philips LCD reached an agreement with Taiwan"s flat-panel maker Chung Hwa Picture Tubes to resolve their disputes involving LG.Philips LCD"s own technology.

In August 2002, LG.Philips filed a patent infringement suit against Chunghwa Picture Tubes in a federal court in Calif., alleging that the Taiwanese LCD maker misused its side-mounting patents. Chunghwa Picture Tubes filed a countersuit in June 2004.

China is home to various TFT LCD panel manufacturers, all offering exceptional services and high-end products. China remains one of the top sources for TFT LCD panel manufacturing, as they have been producing some of the best quality panels available on the market. Many Chinese technology companies specialize in providing these superior TFT LCDs, and several of them have even managed to make it into the top ten list of China"s leading TFT LCD panel producers. These companies are known for their efficient service, impressive product lineup, reliability, innovative approach to design, and customer service excellence. If you are looking for an excellent China-based supplier for TFT LCD panels, it would be wise to consider one of these top 10 China TFT LCD manufacturers.

China is a leading producer of TFT LCD panels, with industry leaders such as BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. (BOE) at the forefront of innovation. Founded in 1993, BOE has developed a comprehensive business structure featuring port products and services for information exchange as well as healthcare solutions like its revolutionary MLED technology. In 2021, BOE boasted an impressive 70,000 independent patent applications, and more than 90% of its new patent applications are for invention patents. Additionally, over 35% of those inventions" patents can be found overseas in the United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, and other countries. China"s TFT LCD panel manufacturers continue developing their technology by innovating on existing models such as LCD screens and LCD panels to provide better solutions for customers worldwide.

China-based Tianma is a highly reputable TFT LCD panel manufacturer with over 30 years of expertise in the display solutions industry. Since 1983, the company has grown to become a trusted China TFT LCD panel provider, and in 1995, it obtained a public listing on China"s Shenzhen Stock Exchange. With tech and production capabilities at the top of their game, Tianma specializes in SLT-LCD, LTPS TFT-LCD, AMOLED, In-cell/On-cell integrated touch technology, Flexible Displays, Force Touch TED Plus, fingerprint recognition under/on-screen and Mini/Micro LED segments. They have set the benchmark for future innovative developments in terms of LCD panels, LCD screens, and more. Offering unbeatable support services around the globe that are coupled with advanced technology makes Tianma a forerunner for China TFT LCD panel manufacturers.

China"s IVO is one of the top 10 China TFT LCD panel manufacturers and has been making a name for itself since 2005. From its Kunsan Jiangsu base, it now employs more than 3000 staff, including 400 dedicated R&D employees. IVO also boasts a G-5 TFT panel production line, and its products are used in a variety of cutting-edge applications: 60% for notebook displays, 23% for smartphones, and 11% for automotive uses. This makes it an important player in the China TFT LCD market as well as gaining great recognition worldwide in the notebook display industry.

With China being one of the leading suppliers in the global TFT LCD market, 4th in the top 10 manufacturers is TCL CSOT. This China TFT LCD panel manufacturer has been expanding its production capacity with continuous developments in technology and gaining a more solid global presence. According to the latest TV shipment stats, China"s CSOT has ranked 3rd in the world for producing TVs and 1st for supplying domestic 6 major brands since 2014. Furthermore, it holds strong places on the world scale when it comes to 55-inch UD product shipments (1st worldwide) and 32-inch UD product shipments (2nd). G6 LTPS-LCD production line is also amongst its highly lauded products, boasting second place in small and medium sizes with the most accelerated growth rate. Focused on independent innovation-driven development, TCLCSOT reinforces its position as China"s leader in TFT LCD screen technology by accumulating 12185 patent applications since 2019.

China"s TFT LCD panel manufacturer, Truly Semiconductor Co., Ltd., was established in 1991 and dedicated to TN-LCD production and became the first China-based CSTN/LCD line producer in 1995. In 2003 they obtained the OLED patents from Kodak, followed by mass production of TFT-LCD modules in 2012 and breakthrough technology in mobile 3D displays. Their 2013 production launch of naked-eye 3D displays for phones and tablet computers solidified their position as China"s top 10 TFT LCD manufacturers. To expand its portfolio further, it invested in Truly (Huizhou) Smart Display Co., Ltd., which specializes in G4.5 AMOLED and TFT displays. Truly sets an example for China"s other TFT LCD panel manufacturers through its sustained 25 years of research and development, innovation, and brand recognition.

Foxconn Technology Group founded China’s TFT LCD panel manufacturing company, Innolux, in 2003. With its headquarters and factory located in Longhua Foxconn Technology Park in Shenzhen and over 14 production bases situated across China like Nanjing, Ningbo and Foshan, Innolux is known for its comprehensive vertical integration that enables cutting-edge display technology research and development. The high quality and reliability of TFT LCD panels manufactured by Innolux have made them available to be used by some of the major global electronics giants like Apple, Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard Panda, Nokia, and Motorola. Furthermore, its amalgamation with Chi Mei Electronics and Tong Bao Optoelectronics in March 2010 has led to a significant improvement in the level of the world plane display industry.

Founded in 2001, China"s top 3 TFT LCD panel manufacturer HKC has come a long way since its inception. The company designs, manufactures, and markets a full range of TFT LCDs from 1 inch to 60 inches with an annual sales amount reaching up to half a billion USD. As it looks for global expansion opportunities, HKC has established branch companies in Russia and India and formed strategic relationships with customers worldwide. In 2010, the China-based firm moved into a new industrial park and is now capable of producing 1 million displays per month. Thanks to advanced technologies and excellent quality control standards, HKC has been praised by its customers both at home and abroad and continues to prove itself as a reliable China TFT LCD panel manufacturer.

Panda is one of China"s top 10 TFT LCD manufacturers, utilizing cutting-edge technology from China Electronics (CEC) to offer a wide range of products such as crystal resonators, thermal-sensitive crystals, ordinary oscillators, voltage-controlled oscillators, and temperature-compensated oscillators. These are used in various applications of TFT LCD screens that can be found in products like LCD TVs, monitors, and laptops. Panda studies customers" requirements with utmost care and provides reliable services and quality products. With the help of its diverse pricing strategy, it assists its clients in finding value for their money across global markets.

China has a flourishing automotive technology industry, and Eagle Tech is one of China"s top ten TFT LCD panel manufacturers. They understand the special requirements of their use environment, such as moisture-proof, dust-proof, anti-glare, high brightness, sun leakage resistance, and temperature resistance, in order to ensure the optimal performance of their displays. Having years of experience in providing Resistive touch screens, PCAP touch screens, and IPS panels make Eagle Tech the trusted electronic display manufacturer for automotive technologies to meet consumer expectations.

China is the leading source of TFT LCD panel manufacturers, and Eagle Tech has been making a name for itself as one of China"s top 10 TFT LCD manufacturers. Not only do they offer quality automotive TFT LCDs in sizes ranging from 3.5" to 21.5", but their products boast excellent durability as well; if you are looking for a reliable China TFT LCD provider that can deliver quality products for your applications, look no further than Eagle Tech.

TFT LCD manufacturing is an incredibly important part of the technology industry, and Century Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. (CTC) is one of China"s top 10 TFT LCD manufacturers. In addition, CTC invests in global optoelectronics industry personnel who specialize in TFT-LCD research and development, as well as manufacturing display panel products such as laptops, PCs, monitors, and LCD TVs. The production line project was installed during the eleventh five-year plan to position CTC at the forefront of TFT-LCD production lines for the Pearl River Delta region. Looking ahead to late 2008, this ambitious project will be put into action – it is sure to leave a lasting impact on the growth of TFT production globally.

China is the world"s largest producer and exporter of TFT LCD panels, making it a great resource for any company looking to purchase them. China is home to some of the world"s most respected TFT LCD manufacturers, with the top 10 China-based TFT LCD panel manufacturers providing displays that consistently exceed industry requirements. All ten have been commended for their amazing product designs, expertise, and quality standards. Collectively, these companies serve customers all over the world by producing panels that are reliable and high-performance – making China an important resource for businesses seeking out cost-effective TFT LCD panels.

China is quickly becoming the leader in TFT LCD technology. The top 10 China TFT LCD manufacturers are a testament to this, as they provide outstanding quality at competitive prices without sacrificing any of the standards that people have grown to expect from China"s expertise and craftsmanship.

It"s clear that China is fast becoming an unstoppable force when it comes to LCD panel production and innovative screen solutions. With its ability to make efficient panels for various applications, China is respected around the world for its skillful production of TFT LCD panels and screens. Additionally, with these reliable manufacturers trying to ensure maximum customer satisfaction with competitive pricing and high-quality products, China has become a trusted source of LCD screens worldwide.

One of the industry’s leading oxide panel makers selected Astra Glass as its backplane glass substrate because it has the inherent fidelity to thrive in high-temperature oxide-TFT glass fabrication for immersive high-performance displays.

One of the industry’s leading oxide panel makers selected Astra Glass as its backplane glass substrate because it has the inherent fidelity to thrive in high-temperature oxide-TFT glass fabrication for immersive high-performance displays.

Let us take you back to 2008 when this Sharp LB-1085 was first launched. This LCD TV was meant to be a commercial space enhancer for presentation purposes in malls and other commercial areas. Thus, it comes with extreme durability in terms of usage. It is designed for 24-hour use and rugged operating condition.

Up until September 2011, this was the largest LCD panel TV that is commercially available in the world. That should explain the $160,000 price tag attached to it. It was ground breaking in terms of size. And it also set a new standard in TV industry, one where bigger means better.

This 108-inch TV features 1,920 by 1,080 pixels of Full HD resolution to ensure clear and detail visual impact. It is also equipped with Advanced Super View low-reflection black TFT LCD to deliver superb image quality unhindered by sunlight or bright ambient light.

“The closure of LCD business units on one front leaves a void to be filled by Chinese players and at the same time opens opportunities for different IP players—corporates or NPEs interested in Samsung and LG’s patent portfolios.”

Samsung Display and LG Display, the two South Korean technology behemoths, announced plans earlier this year to stop the production of LCDs by the end of 2020. The announcements first appeared in Reuters’ reports and aim to consolidate the two companies’ lead in organic light emitting diode (OLED) panels, while conceding to Chinese manufacturers who have aggressively expanded their LCD productions.

LCD prices have slumped over the years, as Chinese manufacturers backed by state subsidies have aggressively expanded production capacities. The plunging LCD prices have widened the operating losses at both Samsung and LG Display and finally led to the decision to cut production by year’s end.

Lately, Chinese companies have emerged as a major force in LCD production. The LCD manufacturing champions—China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSOT), BOE Technology, HKC and Tianma Microelectronics—assumed the lead by either entering late in the market or starting fresh production lines. The recent generation LCD production units produce larger size display panels and an enhanced throughput, rendering the former generation’s smaller size production lines uncompetitive in the current market.

The closure of LCD business units on one front leaves a void to be filled by Chinese players and at the same time opens opportunities for different IP players—corporates or NPEs interested in Samsung and LG’s patent portfolios. No doubt, triggers like expenditure overheads and the COVID-19-induced financial stress have expedited the unavoidable decision to scrap the LCD business.

Before we make any predictions about the two companies’ LCD patent portfolios, an analysis of the strength of their patent portfolios and corresponding U.S. patent maintenance costs warrant a closer look, as U.S. patents are arguably the most valuable patents in the world, with comparatively higher maintenance costs.

Samsung Display has 5,116 active/granted patents in its LCD portfolio. The countrywide publication distribution can be seen in figure 1. More than 50% of its LCD patents are U.S. publications – the most valuable patents. The maintenance cost analysis of U.S. patents, as illustrated in figure 2, shows that an expenditure of $2 million for the year 2020 and a lifetime maintenance cost of approximately $6 million is required to conserve 56% of their LCD portfolio.

LG Display has 17,209 active/granted patents in its LCD portfolio. The LCD display technology leader’s countrywide publication distribution is illustrated in figure 3. Although only 25% of its patents are U.S. publications, they constitute some 4,400 individual publications. To maintain a mere 25% of its LCD portfolio would cost $3.4 million by the end of 2020 and a whopping sum of $6.2 million over the portfolio’s lifetime. The same can be seen in figure 4, divided into three renewal terms.

As observed in graphs 2 and 4, the cumulative maintenance cost of Samsung and LG for their LCD portfolio sums to tens of millions over the next couple of years, even after halting the LCD business units. This effectively means millions of dollars in expenditure for null returns. Thus, both LCD leaders may be bracing for a decision on a largely impotent patent portfolio.

The LCD industry roughly operates at three levels: the material and equipment suppliers, the panel manufacturers and the consumer ready original equipment manufacturers. The LCD patent infringement and licensing disputes have emerged from all three levels because of the omnipresent nature of LCD corresponding to its applicability to almost any of the electronic products in the market.

In the United States, it started with the September 2003 infringement suit filed by Sharp against BenQ and Viewsonic alleging infringement of its LCD technology patents. Numerous patent abuses, licensing agreements across the three mentioned operating levels of LCD industry have been witnessed over the years.

In one of the recent disputes raised in California district court in February 2020, Philips accused TTE Technology and others for infringing on its LCD patents. While, in another patent dispute, Vista Peak Ventures (PAE) has asserted 14 of its properties against a group of corporations. The patents asserted in Texas district court on  March 1, 2020 dispute have been acquired from NEC Corporation through one of its mediators and the count continues.

In another scenario, while enforcing their patent rights, companies have entered into volatile transactional friendships; one such instance is Samsung’s January 2006 sweeping cross-licensing agreement with AUO for its LCD and related technology patents before it later sued AUO prior to the end of the agreement to enter into a fresh cross-licensing agreement le.

All this emphasizes the importance of LCD technology patents for both corporations continuing to operate and expand their market and NPEs with explicit revenue generation models.

Both Samsung Display and LG Display hold a huge number of LCD patents. With the closure or selling of business units, patent portfolios always become an important part of the discussions. The interested players range from corporations to NPEs. Furthermore, with the world’s businesses struggling amidst the current pandemic, many organizations have already started to monetize their IP assets to mitigate the financial stress. Thus, a decision on Samsung’s and LG’s LCD patent portfolios holds even more significance. On top of these factors, the millions of dollars it costs to maintain their LCD patents further underscores the importance for both companies to execute immediate decisions on their LCD portfolios.

According to TrendForce"s latest panel price report, TV panel pricing is expected to arrest its fall in October after five consecutive quarters of decline and the prices of certain panel sizes may even be poised to move up. The price decline of IT panels, whether notebook panels or LCD monitor panels, has also begun showing signs of easing and overall pricing of large-size panels is developing towards bottoming out.

The TFT-LCD (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litigationclass-action lawsuit regarding the worldwide conspiracy to coordinate the prices of Thin-Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) panels, which are used to make laptop computers, computer monitors and televisions, between 1999 and 2006. In March 2010, Judge Susan Illston certified two nationwide classes of persons and entities that directly and indirectly purchased TFT-LCDs – for panel purchasers and purchasers of TFT-LCD integrated products; the litigation was followed by multiple suits.

TFT-LCDs are used in flat-panel televisions, laptop and computer monitors, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, semiconductors and other devices;

In mid-2006, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Antitrust Division requested FBI assistance in investigating LCD price-fixing. In December 2006, authorities in Japan, Korea, the European Union and the United States revealed a probe into alleged anti-competitive activity among LCD panel manufacturers.

The companies involved, which later became the Defendants, were Taiwanese companies AU Optronics (AUO), Chi Mei, Chunghwa Picture Tubes (Chunghwa), and HannStar; Korean companies LG Display and Samsung; and Japanese companies Hitachi, Sharp and Toshiba.cartel which took place between January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2006, and which was designed to illegally reduce competition and thus inflate prices for LCD panels. The companies exchanged information on future production planning, capacity use, pricing and other commercial conditions.European Commission concluded that the companies were aware they were violating competition rules, and took steps to conceal the venue and results of the meetings; a document by the conspirators requested everybody involved "to take care of security/confidentiality matters and to limit written communication".

Companies directly affected by the LCD price-fixing conspiracy, as direct victims of the cartel, were some of the largest computer, television and cellular telephone manufacturers in the world. These direct action plaintiffs included AT&T Mobility, Best Buy,Costco Wholesale Corporation, Good Guys, Kmart Corp, Motorola Mobility, Newegg, Sears, and Target Corp.Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 26) to prevent Defendants from violating Section 1 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1), as well as (b) 23 separate state-wide classes based on each state"s antitrust/consumer protection class action law.

In November 2008, LG, Chunghwa, Hitachi, Epson, and Chi Mei pleaded guilty to criminal charges of fixing prices of TFT-LCD panels sold in the U.S. and agreed to pay criminal fines (see chart).

The South Korea Fair Trade Commission launched legal proceedings as well. It concluded that the companies involved met more than once a month and more than 200 times from September 2001 to December 2006, and imposed fines on the LCD manufacturers.

Sharp Corp. pleaded guilty to three separate conspiracies to fix the prices of TFT-LCD panels sold to Dell Inc., Apple Computer Inc. and Motorola Inc., and was sentenced to pay a $120 million criminal fine,

Seven executives from Japanese and South Korean LCD companies were indicted in the U.S. Four were charged with participating as co-conspirators in the conspiracy and sentenced to prison terms – including LG"s Vice President of Monitor Sales, Chunghwa"s chairman, its chief executive officer, and its Vice President of LCD Sales – for "participating in meetings, conversations and communications in Taiwan, South Korea and the United States to discuss the prices of TFT-LCD panels; agreeing during these meetings, conversations and communications to charge prices of TFT-LCD panels at certain predetermined levels; issuing price quotations in accordance with the agreements reached; exchanging information on sales of TFT-LCD panels for the purpose of monitoring and enforcing adherence to the agreed-upon prices; and authorizing, ordering and consenting to the participation of subordinate employees in the conspiracy."

On December 8, 2010, the European Commission announced it had fined six of the LCD companies involved in a total of €648 million (Samsung Electronics received full immunity under the commission"s 2002 Leniency Notice) – LG Display, AU Optronics, Chimei, Chunghwa Picture and HannStar Display Corporation.

On July 3, 2012, a U.S. federal jury ruled that the remaining defendant, Toshiba Corporation, which denied any wrongdoing, participated in the conspiracy to fix prices of TFT-LCDs and returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff class. Following the trial, Toshiba agreed to resolve the case by paying the class $30 million.

Apple has reportedly acquired a patent for a display material that has self-healing properties. It could be used in the future foldable smartphone from the iPhone-maker. This material is reported to help the display recover from scratches as well as dents and might be a groundbreaking technology as far as the foldable smartphones go. Currently, Samsung has the lion"s share of foldable smartphones in the market globally and it uses a special material to protect the foldable display from external factors and provide them durability.