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I have created an LCD screen and have it displaying the amount of energy I have, but it"s saying it"s 0. I thought it would display the amount of energy in the batteries right next to it, but it"s not. I have already tried grouping them together and that doesn"t fix it. What do I need to do?

it shows Large Symbols for an total amount of 1-10 Battery"s on 1x1 LCDs, and a total amount of 1-20 Battery"s on wide LCDs, all amount above will be shown in small Symbols, to show always small Symbols.

On October 7, 2020, Musk tweeted that Giga Berlin Model Y would get single-piece rear and front frame cast, structural battery pack, and new 4680 cells.

On July 25, 2021, CEO Elon Musk revealed that Tesla was planning to release an updated design for the Model Y by the end of 2021. In addition, Tesla planned to implement their new structural battery pack to improve range. These new cars would be manufactured by the two new Tesla production facilities in Austin, Texas and Berlin, Germany. If Tesla was not able to roll out the new 4680 battery cells by the end of 2021, they would use the standard battery cells until the 4680"s are ready.

Tesla originally announced plans at the unveil to assemble the Model Y at Giga Nevada (in Sparks, Nevada), along with the battery and drivetrain for the vehicles, unlike the Model 3, where drivetrains and batteries are assembled at Giga Nevada, with final assembly completed at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. Two months later, in May 2019, Tesla said that they instead planned to shuffle production lines at the Tesla Fremont Factory to make space for Model Y production.Giga ShanghaiGiga Berlin in Germany.

After a couple false starts finding a small enough 12 volt lead-acid battery and a solenoid that actually worked (Curiously, 2 out of 3 new solenoids I bought were bad), I succeeded in making an arduino-based spot welder suitable for making lithium ion battery packs.

Start with a small 12 volt battery in the range of 230-400 cold cranking amps. These are made for golf carts and motorcycles. A car battery is probably too powerful.

The hardware is simple. Use an output pin on the arduino to drive the gate of a mosfet. This causes the drain of the mosfet to close and open, which applies a small current to the input of a motorcycle solenoid. The contacts on the output of the solenoid controls the large current supplied by the battery, which does the actual welding. When the output contacts of the solenoid close, the battery applies the full output current of the battery to the weld.

Experiment with a combination of timings, starting at the shorter durations, and gradually building up to longer ones. Invest in some “pure” nickel foil strips for welding the lithium batteries together. Avoid the “nickel coated” variety, because the nickel-coated iron inside them can corrode rapidly in the presence of moisture. Experiment with applying different amounts of force to the things you are welding. Get a trickle charger so you can keep your battery in good shape. I have my 12 volt lead-acid battery secured to a hand truck, so I can wheel it to wherever I need to use it.

Though relatively simple, this was a really rewarding project for me. Now when I can’t find a source for a dead battery pack, I’m often able to remove the old batteries and weld in new batteries and foils, or even make up a whole new battery pack from scratch.

If used improperly, lithium ion batteries can be extremely dangerous, so please learn as much as you can about how to care for them. When making battery packs, I do it in a dedicated space either outdoors or in a garage well away from anything that could short circuit the batteries and cause them to catch fire. I use a plastic nonconductive table top, with plastic rails that enclose and define the work space only for the battery pack under construction. I keep my metal tools outside the rails of the dedicated work space, and always set a metal tool down outside the work space when I’m momentarily done with it. This prevents me from ever setting down a battery pack on top of a metal tool and inadvertently causing a short circuit.

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Immediately after construction, the battery will contain 30% of its capacity, ready to be used by other blocks. When grinding down a battery, the necessary Power Cells components will become scrap metal. This means you cannot gain infinite power anymore by grinding and rewelding batteries repeatedly, you “pay” for the free partial charge in Power Cells.

You expected a battery to provide power, but it didn’t? You expected the batteries to recharge, but they didn’t? Check your settings in the Control Panel Screen!

Select Automatic to cause the battery to charge itself when there is excess power on the ship, and discharge itself only if there is not enough other power on the ship.

In Creative Mode, a battery has infinite charge, but still limited throughput. If a grid exceeds its power capacity, you still need to add several batteries, even in Creative.

However, in contrast to reactors and hydrogen engines, batteries have the advantage of not requiring a conveyor system to feed them, and as such, they can be fitted in spaces not connected to conveyor systems, or for short trips, possibly equaling/surpassing the power density of a conveyored reactor when used in large banks.

A fully discharged battery is just dead weight until it can be recharged using another power source. This means that large banks of batteries are not the optimal solution for long distance travel. If the battery is only needed to power a drone or shuttle for 15 minutes or less, the battery"s life (and power per weight ratio) is sufficient and you can disregard the dead weight issue.

Given that each kilogram of Uranium ingots generates 1 MWh of power in a reactor, one full charge on a small battery is roughly equal to 0.36 ingots and on a large battery about 1 ingot. However, recharging batteries with reactors only has a 80% efficiency, meaning you"ll need somewhat more uranium to recharge batteries than to fuel a reactor.

Other power producing blocks (solar panels, wind mills) don"t lose efficiency when recharging batteries. So the optimal use for Batteries is when you have solar panels or wind mills to charge them, otherwise it"s a waste of uranium.

When providing power, batteries are given medium priority. Grids draw power first from solar panels and wind mills, then second from batteries. Reactors are only used if the output of the higher priority options is not sufficient, in order to conserve their uranium fuel.

Batteries in portable consumer devices such as a laptop, camcorder, cellular phone, etc., are typically made using either Nickel Cadmium (NiCad), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) or Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) battery cell chemistry. Each type of rechargeable battery chemistry has its own unique characteristics:

The main difference between the two is that NiMH battery (the newer technology of the two) offers higher energy density than NiCads. In other words, the capacity of a NiMH is approximately twice the capacity of its NiCad counterpart. What this means is for you is increased run-time from the battery with no additional bulk or weight. NiMH also offers another major advantage: NiCad batteries tend to suffer from what is called the "memory effect". NiMH batteries are less prone to develop this problem and thus require less maintenance and conditioning. NiMH batteries are also environmentally friendlier than NiCad batteries since they do not contain heavy metals (which present serious landfill problems). Note: Not all devices can accept both NiCad or NiMH batteries.

Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) has become the new standard for portable power in consumer devices. Li-Ion batterys produce the same energy as NiMH battery but weighs approximately 20%-35% less. This is can make a noticeable difference in devices such as cellular phones, camcorders or notebook computers where the battery makes up a significant portion of the total weight. Another reason Li-Ion batteries have become so popular is that they do not suffer from the "memory effect" at all. They are also environmentally friendly because they don"t contain toxic materials such as Cadmium or Mercury.

Maybe. NiCad, NiMH and Li-Ion are all fundamentally different from one another and cannot be substituted unless the device has been pre-configured from the factory to accept more than one type of battery chemistry.

Please refer to your manual to find out which rechargeable battery types the particular device supports or use our Battery Quick Finder Wizard to find all the compatible battery for your device. It will automatically list all of the battery types supported by the your specific device.

Usually NO. New batteries come in a discharged condition and must be fully charged before use. It is recommended that you fully charge and discharge the new battery two to four times to allow it to reach its maximum rated capacity.

It is generally recommend an overnight charge (approximately twelve hours). It is normal for a battery to become warm to the touch during charging and discharging. When charging the battery for the first time, the device may indicate that charging is complete after just 10 or 15 minutes. This is a normal with rechargeable batteries. New batteries are hard for the device to charge; they have never been fully charged and not “broken in”. Sometimes the device"s charger will stop charging a new battery before it is fully charged. If this happens, remove the battery from the device and then reinsert it. The charge cycle should begin again. This may happen several times during the first battery charge. Don"t worry; it"s perfectly normal.

Another scenario can be the BIOS interface. At times, the current software in your system is only set up to read an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) battery. If your BIOS as not been updated, and you have only used OEM batteries in your unit it can cause the replacement battery not to communicate efficiently with the software in your system.

By visiting your manufacturers website and locating your models BIOS upgrade, it can make it possible for your replacement battery to work as efficiently as your OEM battery. Once completing the BIOS upgrade, please recharge your battery for 12 hours and use as normal.

Prevent the Memory Effect - Keep the battery healthy by fully charging and then fully discharging it at least once every two to three weeks. Exceptions to the rule are Li-Ion batteries which do not suffer from the memory effect.Keep the Batteries Clean - It"s a good idea to clean dirty battery contacts with a cotton swab and alcohol. This helps maintain a good connection between the battery and the portable device.Exercise the Battery - Do not leave the battery dormant for long periods of time. We recommend using the battery at least once every two to three weeks. If a battery has not been used for a long period of time, perform the new battery break in procedure described above.Battery Storage - If you don"t plan on using the battery for a month or more, store it in a clean, dry, cool place away from heat and metal objects. NiCad, NiMH and Li-Ion batteries will self-discharge during storage; remember to recharge the batteries before use.Sealed Lead Acid - (SLA) batteries must be kept at full charge during storage. This is usually achieved by using special trickle chargers. If you do not have a trickle charger, do not attempt to store SLA batteries for more than three months.

Memory effect, can also be known as lazy battery effect, is an effect in some rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge over time. In its original meaning it describes one very specific situation in which certain NiCd batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. This battery chemistry should be fully discharged before attempting to recharge the battery.

Every battery has two ratings which are volts and amp-hours (AH). The Ah rating may also be given as milliamp-hours (mAh), which are one-thousandth of an amp-hour ( for example, a 4.6Ah battery is equal to 4600mAh). Ah hours are a rating of the amount of energy that a battery can store. Typically, the mAh rating is also a measure of the number of hours a battery may last. For example, a 4600mAh battery will last at least 4.5 hours. The higher a battery"s amp hour rating is, the longer the battery"s run-time will be. It is not uncommon for some of our batteries to have higher or lower amp ratings. This will not cause any incompatibilities.

Voltage ratings, however, must be within a reasonable range. For instance, your original battery may say 3.6v, but you purchase a battery that is 3.7v. This is still acceptable. The rule of thumb when dealing with voltage is to never exceed one volt higher than your original rating. So if your original battery is rated at 3.6v, then you would be able to use a replacement battery up to 4.6v and nothing higher.

Run times vary for many reasons, such as the type of device, the type of applications being used, whether or not you are playing a CD or DVD (etc.) and the chemistry of the battery. The average computer should give you between 1½ to 3 hours of run time. Once again, this varies for many reasons.

The life of a battery under normal use is around 500 to 900 charge-discharge cycles. This is between one and a half to three years of battery life for the average user. Of course, a more avid user might obtain less of a life span due to the frequency of charge-discharge cycles. As the rechargeable battery begins to fail the running time of the battery on a full cahrge will begin to decline. When a battery supplies thirty minutes or less of charge, it is time for a replacement.

Battery run-time on a laptop is difficult to determine. Actual battery running time depends upon the power demands made by the equipment. The use of the screen, the hard drive, and other accessories results in an additional drain upon the battery, effectively reducing its running time. The total run-time of the battery is also dependent upon the design of the equipment.

Smart batteries have internal circuit boards with smart chips which allow them to communicate with the notebook and monitor battery performance, output voltage and temperature. Smart batteries will generally run 15% longer due to their increased efficiency and also give the computer much more accurate "fuel gauge" capabilities to determine how much battery running time is left before the next recharge is required.

Run the device under the battery"s power until it shuts down or until you get a low battery warning. Then recharge the battery as instructed in the user"s manual.

One reason that your replacement battery might not be charging or performing well can be the BIOS. At times, the current software in your system is only set up to read an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) battery. If your BIOS as not been updated, and you have only used OEM batteries in your unit it can cause the replacement battery not to communicate efficiently with the software in your system.

By visiting your manufacturers website and locating your models BIOS upgrade, it can make it possible for your replacement battery to work as efficiently as your OEM battery. Once completing the BIOS upgrade, please recharge your battery for 12 hours and use as normal.

SLA (Sealed Lead Acid) and VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid) are different acronyms for the same battery. This battery type has the following characteristics: Maintenance-free, leak-proof, position insensitive. Batteries of this kind have a safety vent to release gas in case of excessive internal pressure build up. AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) refers to a specific type of SLA/VRLA where the electrolyte is absorbed into separators between the plates consisting of sponge like fine glass fiber mats. SLA batteries are divided up into specific subsets of batteries:

Designed to be a general purpose battery that can be used in a wide variety of applications like in toys, consumer level UPS, alarm systems, etc; Can provide a large discharge current over a short time period and the life cycle of the battery is 1-3 years depending on use. Capacity is usually calculated at 20HR. These batteries have generally regular sized plates.

AGM (absorbed glass mat) is a special design glass mat designed to wick the battery electrolyte between the battery plates. AGM Batteries contain only enough liquid to keep the mat wet with the electrolyte and if the battery is broken no free liquid is available to leak out.

Gel Cell batteries contain a silica type gel that the battery electrolyte is suspended in. This thick paste like material allows electrons to flow between plates but will not leak from the battery if the case is broken.

AGM Batteries are preferred when a large amount of Amps may be required. In most cases, recharge can be accomplished by using a good quality standard battery charger. The life expectancy; measured as cycle life or years remains excellent in most AGM batteries if the batteries are not discharged more than 60% between recharge and/or recharged fully every 3-6 months.

Gel Cell Batteries do not offer the same power capacity as do the same physical size AGM battery. However, the Gel Cell excels in slow discharge rates and slightly higher operating temperatures and with excellent deep cycle capability. Gel Cell Batteries are considered Deep Cycle battery by virtue of their construction. One big issue with Gel Cell Batteries that must be addressing is the CHARGE PROFILE. Gel Cell Batteries must be recharged correctly or the battery will suffer premature failure. Please refer to specification sheet for max charging current limit. Using Gel Cell chargers is highly recommended.

HR (Hour Rate) - All SLA type batteries have their capacity rated depending on the amount of Amps they can discharge over a certain period of time. General SLA Batteries are usually rated at 20HR, meaning their current over a period of 20 hours. If a battery is rated at 20Ah capacity at 20HR, it means that the battery can discharge 1 Amp per hour over that 20 hour period. A High Rate Battery will typically be rated at 10HR or less. So if a High Rate Battery that is 20Ah capacity at a 10HR, it would be able to discharge 2 Amps per hour over a 10 hour period.

Generally, a battery will have more effective capacity if it is discharged slowly and conversely, the battery will have less effective capacity if it is discharged quickly. For example, if a 20Ah (10HR) rated battery is discharged over a 20 hour period (20HR), the effective capacity could be 23Ah. If the same 20Ah (20HR) battery is discharged over a 5 hour period, then the effective capacity maybe only be just 15Ah, a loss of 25%.

High Rate Batteries however are manufactured in a way to maximize quick discharge at the expense of deep cycling and cyclic life. They can discharge high Amps at very short periods of time. For example, a 20Ah (10HR) High Rate Battery can discharge 70 Amps over a 5 minute period, while a General SLA Battery may only be able to do just 45 Amps.

There is a belief that you can recondition your old nickel based battery. Nickel based batteries will crystallize after a period of time and use. Some people say that you can break up the crystallization by running the battery at a very low volt (.5V or less) over a long period of time and doing this over and over a couple of times as the battery drains. However, this process can take a long time and has not been scientifically proven to work, so in most cases, your best bet is to replace the old battery.

There are several things you can do to help extend the life of your battery. First, store it separate from the tool to which it belongs. Do not leave it in the charger when it is fully charged. Second, keep it in a place that has a fairly consistent temperature. Finally, if dealing with Nickel based batteries, make sure that the battery is fully discharged before recharging it.

Once the life of your battery has ended, you need to dispose of it properly. You do not want to throw it in the garbage, bury it or cremate it because they are not bio-degradable and they will explode in extreme heat. What you can do, however, is recycle them. To recycle them, all you have to do is check your phone book or look online for a place that recycles batteries. Also, many battery sellers will help you with this process such as online sites or even local stores. Just call first to verify that they actually accept batteries for recycling.

That would depend on your point of view. Some people prefer to stick with the OEM battery because they feel safer with it. Other people would prefer to go with an aftermarket version because, in general, they are less expensive than the OEM version and in a lot of cases they have a higher capacity. So just do your research and make sure that you evaluate your needs before making this decision.

To answer this question, you would have to determine your usage. Are you going on a trip where you might not have access to electricity and can"t charge your battery? Are you going to an event that will have you taking a lot of pictures? In such cases, additional batteries can only make things easier for you.

In most cases you cannot. Unfortunately, most digital cameras have an internal battery that is made to work with only a standard battery. In the case of these internal batteries, you will only have a small range of capacity difference of maybe 100mAh +/-. If, however, you are lucky enough to have a digital camera that has an external battery, then you should be able to use an extended battery. As with any changes of batteries (i.e. chemistry and capacity), you should check your manual to verify that your model can handle these changes.

Lithium-ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-ion batteries) are a type of rechargeable battery in which a lithium ion moves between the anode and cathode. The lithium ion moves from the anode to the cathode during discharge and from the cathode to the anode when charging.

Lithium ion batteries are commonly used in consumer electronics. They are currently one of the most popular types of battery for portable electronics, with one of the best energy-to-weight ratios, no memory effect, and a slow loss of charge when not in use. In addition to uses for consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are growing in popularity for defense, automotive, and aerospace applications due to their high energy density. However certain kinds of mistreatment may cause Li-ion batteries to explode.

The three primary functional components of a lithium ion battery are the anode, cathode, and electrolyte, for which a variety of materials may be used. Commercially, the most popular material for the anode is graphite. The cathode is generally one of three materials: a layered oxide, such as lithium cobalt oxide, one based on a polyanion, such as lithium iron phosphate, or a spinel, such as lithium manganese oxide, although materials such as TiS2 (titanium disulfide) were originally used.[3] Depending on the choice of material for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte the voltage, capacity, life, and safety of a lithium ion battery can change dramatically. Lithium ion batteries are not to be confused with lithium batteries, the key difference being that lithium batteries are primary batteries containing metallic lithium while lithium-ion batteries are secondary batteries containing an intercalation anode material.

When your electricity goes out and your UPS kicks in, there is a moment of relief. Then the question enters your mind, “How long will the batteries last, and will the power turn back on before they die?” Well with our new line of high capacity (HC) UPS batteries, you can be sure that the power will last longer. The HC batteries will last longer than the standard version, as the batteries used to build the units have a higher amperage or Ah. Battery life is directly related to the amount of Ah the battery has. Our standard series of UPS batteries are built with a 12 volt 7 Ah battery versus our high capacity line is built with a 12 volt 9 Ah battery.

Each laptop battery is configured with a set number of cells to determine capacity and voltage. Each cell within the battery is configured to contain a certain Ah. The cells that Amstron uses contain 2.6 Ah / 2600mAh each versus most OEMs contain 2.2 ah to 2.4 Ah. Two-tenths does not seem very significant, but when configured inside the battery casing this small amount can add up to a ½ hour more battery life cycle. Each cell is connected in a parallel connection to create a maximum capacity, while the voltage remains constant. To read further about how cells are connected to create a set voltage and amperage, refer to our Serial & Parallel Connections Article. Not only will the Amstron battery last longer between charges, but the quality of the cells is comparable to those in an OEM. Amstron uses high quality cells that are produced by Samsung, Sanyo, and Panasonic to create a battery with optimal performance.

When the battery that powers a house alarm begins to lose its ability to function, a warning will normally display on the front panel of the alarm. Typically, the message will indicate that a technician needs to be contacted in order to replace the battery. However, calling a technician can be expensive, when the work is quite simple. By following these steps, replacing a house alarm battery can be done within minutes.

Step 1: Locate the battery within the alarm system by removing the front panel door. The battery will be installed with two cables hooked into the alarm.

Step 2: Normally, when a home alarm system is installed, a technician will leave the homeowner an engineer’s code to disable the alarm when needed. This code should be entered into the system prior to disconnecting the battery to avoid tripping the alarm. Unfortunately, without this code, removal of the battery will cause the alarm to sound. If this code is not accessible, cover the speaker of the alarm to weaken the noise while removing the battery. It is important to muffle the sound as best as possible as most alarm sound louder than 100 decibels and could cause serious damage to human eardrums if too close for longer than a few minutes.

Step 3: Once the cables have been removed, unplug the power supply to the main panel. This will keep the alarm from running electricity through the cables and possibly causing electrocution.

Step 4: Install the new battery into the compartment inside the panel. Reattach the cables to the battery just as they were removed. Plug the power supply to the main panel. On most alarm models, the alarm will continue to sound with the engineer’s code being entered. A message may appear that warns “Open Zone” or “Tamper”. If the engineer’s code was entered prior to the battery removal, the alarm will not continue to sound.

Step 5: If the alarm continues to sound after the battery has been installed, check the main panel tamper switches. These switches are spring loaded and are pushed back into place once the main panel door has been put back into place. Reinstall the door so that the switches are pushed in and the alarm will cease.

As long as the battery that you are substituting is the same voltage, you can use a higher capacity (higher Ah) battery than the original one. The reverse is also true. Using a battery with a higher Ah will improve the device’s running time on a single charge. This feature is important if the power frequently goes out or is out for long periods of time. However, the higher the Ah is on a battery the bigger (physically) it will be. Make sure the dimensions of the new battery will fit in the designated space. You must also keep in mind that the charge time for a higher Ah battery will be longer than a lower Ah battery.

Most emergency lighting batteries are Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries. All SLA batteries self-discharge. If the battery is not recharged periodically, its full capacity may not be recoverable. Typically, SLA batteries self-discharge 3% every month. We recommend you check and recharge every three months. SLA batteries should never be stored longer than six months without being recharged.

As long as the battery that you are substituting is the same voltage, you can use a higher capacity (higher Ah) battery than the original one. The reverse is also true. Using a battery with a higher Ah will improve the device"s running time on a single charge. This feature is important if the power frequently goes out or is out for long periods of time. However, the higher the Ah is on a battery the bigger (physically) it will be. Make sure the dimensions of the new battery will fit in the designated space. You must also keep in mind that the charge time for a higher Ah battery will be longer than a lower Ah battery.

Realizing the strategic importance of batteries, Western governments are aiming to build their own ecosystems, competing (and collaborating) with Asian leaders. So, what will the battery ecosystem of tomorrow look like? To discuss current and future trends, Arthur D. Little (ADL) brought together representatives of established and emerging players. This Viewpoint provides a high-level summary of the discussion.

When it comes to batteries, the market is seeing a seemingly unstoppable increase in the use of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries led by electric vehicles (EVs), and a correspondingly steep drop in price. According to Bloomberg, demand is expected to rise from less than 500 GWh to more than 1,800 GWh by 2030, with the costs of battery packs falling from US $1,100/kWh in 2010 to ~$60/kWh by 2030. This virtuous cycle of demand driving down cost is spreading to other sectors beyond automotive EVs as well, including industrial mobility, energy storage systems, and drones/flying vehicles.

To meet growing needs and deliver on sustainable goals and targets, challenges must be overcome. The clock is ticking — scale-up of battery technology, manufacturing, and ecosystems takes time, meaning that players must act now to guarantee an effective energy transition. To understand the challenges and opportunities, ADL brought together key players from across the battery industry. We would like to thank our panelists for sharing their insights:

Asia currently dominates battery ecosystems, but Europe and the US are both investing heavily and strategically to catch up, as shown in Figure 1. This has been spurred by increased political concerns about over-reliance on Asian/Chinese suppliers and exacerbated by supply chain disruptions resulting from COVID-19, along with a realization that local battery production creates jobs and is critical to a functioning local industrial base, particularly in the automotive sector.

Both are aiming to recreate the success of Asian countries, particularly China. China created its battery ecosystem through the following key factors:

Access to available technology, building on its consumer electronics experience, especially in manufacturing battery-centric devices such as smartphones at scale.

The right skills and manufacturing equipment for complex, large-scale battery production; again, built on its consumer electronics manufacturing experience.

Success requires players to build partnerships across the supply chain — and we are seeing this through the growing alliances between European, US, and Asian companies. A subset of the partnerships of European battery manufacturers is shown in Figure 2.

Andersen explained that “a battery is not just a battery. Supply chain integration is crucial, and sustainability is vital.” In demonstrating this, his company, Morrow, is partnering with multiple players, including POSCO, Haldor Topsoe, and Elkem (on critical battery components) and ReSiTec and ECO STOR (for end-of-life recycling). Emerging EU battery manufacturer FREYR is scaling up technology from US startup 24M.

Swedish battery manufacturer Northvolt, whose biggest shareholder is Volkswagen, has partnered with Portuguese energy company Galp to build Europe’s largest plant for producing lithium hydroxide, a key material for Li-ion batteries.

Delivering on expected battery demand requires effective scale-up across the battery ecosystem. Hu explained that “having technology is step zero. To get it into a car is a rigorous, long engineering process.” Players within the supply chain will have to be able to create custom solutions for specific uses, based on a wide range of material technologies — all delivered cost-efficiently, quickly, sustainably, and in massive volumes. This requires the whole ecosystem to work together, with many players colocating around the growing number of planned battery gigafactories and EV production facilities recently announced.

Ecosystems span the whole battery lifecycle, including covering end-of-life recycling. This emerging part of the ecosystem has already seen multiple partnership agreements, such as those between Italvolt and American Manganese and Northvolt and Hydro. Such partnerships will be on the rise, as manufacturers are required to meet more stringent EU recycling regulations. Current proposals, according to the European Commission, are for 65% of battery weight to be recycled by 2025, with a material recovered rate of 70% for lithium and 95% for nickel, cobalt, and copper by 2030. This should also have a positive effect on the supply of key raw materials. As Jansseune pointed out, “The beauty of metals is that they are infinitely recyclable.”

Battery technology is intrinsically complex, with multiple components (cathodes, anodes, coating processes, separators, and electrolytes) that all need to be optimized. New innovations are driving diverging, disruptive technology pathways, both within Li-ion batteries and in new technology areas, such as:

The requirement to take a system/solution approach. A working battery cell is a well-balanced system, where each component and process is carefully tuned to deliver performance at acceptable cost levels. Thus, replacing materials in one component impacts other parts of the battery.

They deliver the finance required to scale. Battery technologies require investment in the hundreds of millions; for example, it costs between $50-$200 million per GWh of capacity to set up a gigafactory. These sums can be beyond the reach of normal funding mechanisms.

Batteries are at the heart of creating a sustainable future, not just in automotive, but also in sectors such as energy storage and aviation. Innovation may lead in completely new directions. As Hu explained, “Li-ion smartphones drove the rise of the Internet and social media. New batteries will drive new applications that will transform the world.” This could include areas such as battery-powered aircraft enabling urban air mobility.

Expanding capabilities, bringing down costs, and meeting application needs are vital initiatives. As outlined in this Viewpoint, it will take an ecosystem approach to succeed. While the US and Europe can learn lessons from Asia, processes cannot simply be replicated — meaning that areas such as recycling must be a key focus. Summing up the feelings of the panel, Jansseune eloquently concluded: “This is the challenge for a generation. It will take a whole industry working together to ensure sustainable success.”