printers display screens and speakers are __________ devices manufacturer

These could be standard 2D printers, reproducing text or images on a piece of paper. More recently, this category has been expanded to include 3D printers outputs - which create entire physical objects based on digital models and instructions. Of course, this latter category is a little more complicated than standard 2D printers.

Plotters are another type of output device. Unless you work in the engineering or architectural sector, it is unlikely that you"ll be regularly using these, but they are vital within these fields for converting vector images into physical diagrams. They come in the form of a large machine ‘arm’, which holds a pen (or sometimes a craft knife), which then uses specific instructions to mark a material such as paper in order to sketch out an exact diagram. This is particularly important for cases where precision and accuracy are vital, such as a blueprint.

Of course, there are too many output devices to cover in just one article. Alternatives to those listed above include haptic feedback devices, which convey information to users through motion, vibration, or force — think your phone’s vibrations, or the rumble of a gaming controller. Haptic feedback is also being trialled for use in virtual reality controllers, to pair the physical sensation of touch with the visual stimulation provided by the headset itself.

Braille readers are another example of an output device, bridging the gap between monitors and physical output devices by allowing visually-impaired users to read text by way of physical output. This is usually achieved through the use of round-tipped pins raised through holes, to simulate braille markings as the cursor is moved across text.

You know, none of these are really easy choices. If it"s just you working on the system, the decisions might be simple, but if you have to consider others" opinions, not so much. Let"s start with the monitor. We use this to view the work we"re doing at the time or to view a finished product. We may also use it to view videos or photos we"ve taken or found online.

Monitors come in many sizes and descriptions. To make the best decision, you should ask yourself what you"ll be doing the most with your computer. Are you just writing papers or creating presentations? Are you surfing the Internet? Are you playing games once in a while? Are they games that are not intensive in graphics? Are you making and editing videos for fun - or for a profession?

If you can keep it simple, the standard monitor is for you. If you"re playing games with intensive graphics, making videos or working with digital photographs or art, you may want a high-definition monitor. If you"re going to use a computer as your home entertainment system, you can find one that is TV-ready as well.

The size of the monitor you use truly depends on your preference. Things to consider are your eyesight, who else will be using it and the distance the monitor will be sitting away from you (assuming you go with a desktop unit, not a laptop). There are monitor sizes ranging from 7 inches as a supplementary peripheral, but normal monitors range from a 17-inch diagonal to a monster 55-inch diagonal! You could comfortably surf from the couch in the living room with a monitor this size.

Monitors are created with LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode). LCDs have layers of glass, polarized film and liquid crystals. You get electrical impulses sent through, and this causes the color to be shown and image to be displayed. LED monitors take the LCD one step further. They put a diode on the back that forces light through the layers for a sharper picture and better colors. It is said that LED monitors will last longer than LCD monitors.

Have you decided which one you want to go with? Don"t forget, you"ve also got touchscreen monitors available should you have a use for them. The most practical use of a touchscreen monitor for consumer and professional use would be to someone with a physical disability.

The next difficult decision to make will be the printer that will work best for you. Printers are used to create a tangible product to look at away from a monitor. For consumer use there are two kinds to choose from: the inkjet and the laser printer.

The inkjet printer uses a liquid ink that"s sprayed through a print head onto a piece of paper. How? Simply put, the printer interprets the signal from the computer and converts it to instructions that go through the print head. Inkjet printers are typically inexpensive to purchase, although the replacement ink can be costly and add up.

Laser printers use heat technology and specialized powder called toner or another medium (I"ve seen it with wax - it looked like crayons) that"s heat-sealed onto a piece of paper. Laser printers are somewhat expensive, though they"ve come down in cost as the technology has increased.

Both types are often available as mono-color (or black-only printer), full-color or an all-in-one printer. An all-in-one printer typically has a printer, a copier and a scanner. Some still have a fax feature as well.

You should ask yourself how much you"ll be printing and how often. If you don"t print too much, the inkjet printer may be for you. One disadvantage, though, to not printing often with an inkjet printer is that the print head can actually plug up, dry out and then not work. If you print frequently or in large quantities, you may find yourself purchasing ink quite often. Ink varies in price but ranges between $9 and $25 for about 250 sheets of text-only in black ink. The toner for laser printers seems prohibitive but usually will print up to 5000 sheets of paper per cartridge. These toners are between $80-$100 a unit.

An example of typical usage: several years ago I bought a mono-laser printer (actually, it was an all-in-one) for about $170. It was used to create syllabi for seven different classes and hand-outs for most of those classes, for my daughter to write papers for her high school classes and for my son (who discovered SpongeBob on the Internet and printed out hundreds of coloring sheets), and I prepared at least 60 tax returns in that season. The one toner cartridge lasted more than a year.

Speakers are used to emit audio signals that may come from music files or other audio files. Many pre-constructed computers come with external speakers. All come with internal speakers. Usually, the external speakers included are more than good enough for sound quality, whether you"re watching YouTube videos or playing a movie in your DVD player. There are people who prefer a little more bump in their audio output, however. Speakers are available in surround-sound systems that rival a home system. How loud you want your system to be is up to you. The higher-quality the sound system, the more expensive it will be.

Many computers now support Bluetooth technology. You can connect to Bluetooth-enabled speakers and set them up without the need for additional cables or connections!

You don"t have to pick all of these output devices for your computer system, but it is important to remember that monitors are output devices that let us see what we"re working on as we are working on it as well as to get a feel for what the finished product looks like.

Speakers are fun to shop for. They"re an audio output device allowing the transmission of sound files so the user can hear them. You can pick out how loud you want your system to be and find the sound package that works for you.

Virtually growing up in a computer repair shop, Naomi Bolton has held a passion for as long as she can remember. After earning a diploma through a four year course in graphic design from Cibap College, Bolton launched her own photography business. Her work has been featured on Blinklist, Gameramble and many others.

This can include peripherals, which may be used for input/output (I/O) purposes, like network interface cards (NICs), modems, IR ports, RFID systems and wireless networking devices, as well as mechanical output devices, like solenoids, motors and other electromechanical devices.

For example: if you click “play” on a YouTube video and then plug your monitor off, the computer will keep reproducing it and, provided the speakers are turned on, the audio output will be guaranteed.

In fact, the computer will still consume all the resources and process the data required to run the video regardless of the presence of the output device (the monitor).

In order to work, an output device needs to receive a signal from the computer after the information it has processed is ready to be displayed into its new format (e.g. audio or video).

For example: the user could click the “Print Screen” button on his keyword (input device) to request the printer (output device) to print a screenshot of that video.

Note that the other output device (the monitor) is not required to process this signal, so even if the monitor was turned off, the printer will still be able to print that screenshot even if the user couldn’t see it.

Other more or less common output devices include speech-generating devices that transform plain text into audible sounds, and GPS devices that process satellite geolocation signals to calculate position and time.

An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then translates that data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document.

The key distinction between an input device and an output device is that an input device sends data to the computer, whereas an output device receives data from the computer.

For example, using a microphone to record a podcast is an example of using an input device. Listening to the recorded podcast through a connected speaker is an example of using an output device. Both output and input devices are examples of auxiliary,or peripheral, devices.

Each output device example has a specific history, so here I cover specifically howeach device works, whenit became a part of technology history, popular brands on the market selling the device, and a fun fact.

Function: A monitor consists of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons to adjust screen settings, and a casing that contains all of these components. A monitor displays data from a computer onto a screen so the user can interact with the data via a digital interface.

Origin Story: The first monitors used the same technology as early televisions, relying on a cathode ray tube and a fluorescent screen. This technology was first utilized for computer monitors in 1965 in the Uniscope 300 machine, which had a built-in CRT display. CRT display lights up a series of dots with a beam on an active part of the screen. This resulted in a maximum resolution of 1600 by 1200 pixels. LCD (liquid crystal display) entered the market in 2000 and outsold CRT monitors in 2007. Nowadays, monitors incorporate flat display technology. Plasma monitors are brighter than both CRT and LCD and function by illuminating tiny charged gas bubbles, or plasma, in the screen.

Function: The function of a printer is to create a copy of whatever is sent from the computer to the printer. Printers take electronic data sent from a computer and generate a hard copy.

Origin Story: Photocopying, also known as xerography, is the origin-technology of modern-day printing and was invented in 1938 by Chester S. Carlson of Queens, New York.

The first inkjet printer was developed in 1951. There are many different types of printers, with inkjet and laser printers being two of the most common. Modern printers usually connect to a computer with a USB cable or via Wi-Fi.

Fun Fact:A plotter, which is also a type of print output device, is a similar type of hardware device to a printer. Unlike a printer, however, plotters use writing tools, such as pen, pencil, marker, to draw lines. Designed to use vector graphics, plotters were once commonly employed for computer-aided design, but have now been largely replaced by wide-format printers.

Origin Story: There’s no single figure who invented headphones, but the use of headphones stems from the military. Nathaniel Baldwin of Utah submitted a headphone prototype to the U.S. Navy in 1910, which was adopted some years after by Naval radio operators. Koss Corporation then created the first commercial stereo headphones in 1958. Nowadays, headphones come in all shapes and sizes, from basic earbuds to the traditional style with padding around the earpieces and a connecting band that fits over the user"s head.

Function:Computer speakers are hardware devices that transform the signal from the computer"s sound card into audio. Speakers create sound using internal amplifiers that vibrate at different frequencies according to data from the computer. This produces sound.

Origin Story:Speakers are essential if you want a louder sound, surround sound, fuller bass, or just higher quality audio. The first internal computer speaker (a speaker inside the chassis of a laptop) was created in 1981 by IBM. External computer speakers began to appear in stores in the early 1990s when computer gaming, digital music, and other forms of media became popular. Some computer speakers are wireless nowadays, connecting to the computer via Bluetooth.

Fun Fact:You can turn your speakers (or headphones!) into a microphone. The difference between computer speakers and a microphone is that the frequency of the vibration originates from external sounds rather than data from a computer.

Origin Story: Originally, projectors weren’tan output device. Projectors were first created and used in late 19th-century France. Throughout history, biunial lanterns were used to project ink on glass by photographers, lecturers, and magicians. A biunial lantern is a lantern with projection capabilities. "Biunial" means combining two things into one, so a biunial lantern is a directional lantern and a glass slide with a print on it for projecting.

In the early 1920s, filmstrips were used to show “films” in classrooms. Turning the knob allowed teachers to stop on specific slides. Clear film copies for projectors weren’t invented until the 1960s, and 3M became the leading producer in clear film and projectors.

Nowadays, projectors are typically used for presentations, watching movies, or as a teaching aid, as they enable an entire roomful of people to see images generated by a single computer. Modern projectors usually connect to the computer via an HDMI (high-definition multimedia) cable or VGA (video graphics array) cable.

Fun Fact: 3D projectors are designed to project two images of the same thing from different angles at the same time. Wearing 3D glasses, the viewer can see a 3D projection composed of multiple superimposed images.

Function: GPS is a radio-based navigation system that’s composed of a sender computer and a receiver. The sender broadcasts signals to 24 satellites that ping to the sender the exact location of the sender computer in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates. The satellites use microwave signals to “talk” to the GPS, giving information on location, vehicle speed, and a number of other pieces of data.

Origin Story: A Soviet-era technology, GPS was originally used in the 1960s totrack U.S. submarines carrying nuclear missiles. The Department of Defense deployed more satellites to bolster the burgeoning navigation system. By 1993, 24 satellites were in orbit and GPS was used broadly across the world in agriculture, aviation, the military, athletics, science, and the list goes on.

Function: The sound card controls the output of sound signals, enabling devices like speakers and headphones to work. The sound card is known as an expansion card, which means it can be added to the motherboard. Although a sound card is not essential to a computer"s basic functionality, you need one if you wish to play games, watch movies, listen to music, and use audio and video conferencing.

Origin Story:The first sound card was invented by Sherwin Gooch in 1972 and was used in PLATO systems (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations). PLATO was the first computer-assisted learning system in widespread use. It wasn"t until 1988 that sound cards were widely used in PCs.

When computer data is sent through a sound card, it is sent to the card digitally. The sound card then translates the digital information (in the form of binary, or 0s and 1s) into analog information: vibrations, output in the form of sound.

Fun Fact:The popularization of sound cards originated in the gaming realm. Sierra Entertainment, a gaming platform, began supporting add-ons like sound cards and this enabled the sound card industry to grow without being an underground solution to a growing issue: shallow sound while gaming.

Function: As with the sound card, the video card is an expansion card that slots into the motherboard. The video card processes images and video, enabling visuals to be seen on a display. Most computers have basic video and graphics capabilities built into the computer"s motherboard, but for faster, more detailed graphics, a video card is required.

Origin Story:Video cards are also known as GPUs or graphics processing units. Before modern-day GPUs, IBM introduced the MDA (monochrome display adapter). The MDA supported visuals such as text and lines for uses such as drafting but didn"t offer any graphical experiences.

In order to increase the functionality of the burgeoning computing technology, Hercules Computer Technology invented the Hercules Graphics Card, which integrated with the MDA to offer a bitmapped (or "rasterized," or pixelated), graphics experience. From the 1990s on, graphics technology was increasingly like modern-day graphics cards and has increased in graphic quality and speed significantly since then.

Fun Fact:Video cards can work in both 2D images and 3D images. Images like browsers, computer desktops, and PDFs are considered 2D images, whereas computer games are considered 3D.

Function: A braille reader is a peripheral device that enables a blind person to read text displayed on a computer monitor. The text is sent by the computer to the device, where it is translated into a braille format and made readable by pushing rounded pins up through a flat surface. Braille readers are also called braille displays and come in various sizes. Braille readers come in the form of separate devices from a keyboard or as part of a keyboard. Most use piezoelectric technology, or electricity generated by mechanical stress, to create a single line of text at a time in the form of raised bumps.

This was the case until late 2018 when Blitlab proposed an electronic solution to the limited capabilities of braille readers. Blitlab, upon its release, will allow the visually impaired to use the internet and read books and newspapers more independently. The technology is still in development. The device will cost only around $500, which is little compared to traditional braille readers, which cost around $5,000 to $11,000.

Origin Story: Braille is a 63 character alphabet invented in 1824 by Louis Braille. Braille was embossed on paper and other materials for decades before braille reader technology was invented. The first braille output technology was patented in 1975 by the Schönherr Company, and braille reader technology has evolved slowly since.

Fun Fact: Blitlab is the first tablet-style braille reader technology that will utilize a perforated glass screen that raises bumps as the computer reads the text from websites and translates it to braille.

Function: SGDs, also known as voice output communication aids, generate text to speech. A user types something and when the command is sent, the SGD reads the sentence out loud.

Origin Story: The first version of the SGD used print output. The “patient-operated selector mechanism,” or POSSUM, found symbols on a display and illuminated them for the reader. In the 1980s Dynavox was formed by students from Carnegie Mellon University with the goal to make an effective SGD for a young woman with cerebral palsy. This resulted in the invention of the EyeTyper, a device that allowed the user to spell with their eyes that would then be spoken.

Fun Fact: The most famous use of an SGD was by Stephen Hawking. Hawking was an astrophysicist with Lou Gehrig’s disease (also known as ALS). Lou Gehrig’s disease slowly deteriorates nerves in the spine and brain that results in gradual loss of muscle control. This often includes the ability to speak.

The biunial lantern, for example, sufficed in lieu of a more advanced option for projecting pictures; most output devices (like projectors) as they are known today didn"t come into widespread use until the popularization of computer use at home in the 1980s.

This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.

I really like your explanation to the above topic ( Output device). I am teacher and i teach ICT at Daboya in the Northern part of Ghana, West Africa. Most the the pupils I teach have no much idea about ICT. Even some have never seen a computer before. Because of these, teaching ICT here is a big problem since every thing mention is new or strange to them. But for what i had from you,I am really grateful. My suggestion is that you should try to add the images of these devices so that pupils like mine can also have the opportunity to see them. Once again, thank you very much.

Prices are very reasonable for basic projectors, however, a data projector capable of showing cinema films or sports footage in a bar are far more expensive.

These tiny mirrors are carefully in sync with the colour wheel, turning towards or away from the RGB light as and when it is needed, thousands of times per second. So, if part of the projected image requires no red light, they face away from the light when the colour wheel filter is allowing red light through.

Because the bulk of the action happens in the high-tech ink cartridges, they are priced quite highly in relation to the price of the actual printers (which are often very affordable).

A laser removes the negative charge from certain areas of the drum as it scans across it, creating a neutrally charged copy of the text/image to be printed.

Using a method called additive manufacturing, 3D objects are created by layering a material, layer by layer, from the ground up until the object is completed.

A 3D cutter is similar to a 2D cutter except it is capable of rotating and cutting at many angles. This means that 3D objects can have cuts made to all of its surfaces, unlike 2D cutters that can only cut into a flat 2D surface.

Speakers and headphones aren’t just for music, they also allow us to hear computer warning signals and other people when communicating via voice or video calls.

Actuators are the output devices responsible for creating real world movement. This could range from physically opening automatic shop doors to lowering the landing gears on a plane.

They are often used in a computerised control system, acting upon a signal sent by the microprocessor. Actuators include electric motors, pistons and pumps.

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Any peripheral that accepts data from a computer and prints, projects, or reproduces it is known as an output device. The output may be audio, video, hard copy – printed paper, etc. Output devices convert the computer data to human understandable form.

We give input to the computer using input devices and the computer performs operations on the data and displays the output to the user using the output device.

A computer’s principal output device is a monitor, often known as a Visual Display Unit (VDU). It displays the processed data like text, images, videos, audios, etc. It makes images by arranging microscopic dots in a rectangular pattern, known as pixels. The sharpness of an image is determined by the number of pixels. There are two types of monitor viewing screens:

(1) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT):This type of monitor is based on a cathode ray tube. In which the cathode ray tube generates a beam of electrons with the help of electron guns they strike on the inner surface of phosphorescent of the screen to generate images. The CRT monitor holds millions of phosphorus dotes in three different colors, i.e., red, blue, and green. These dots glow when the beam struck on them and create an image. The main parts of the CRT monitor are the electron gun, fluorescent screen, glass envelope, deflection plate assembly, and base.

(2) Display on a Flat Panel Monitor with a Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT): A flat-panel display is a type of video display with less volume, weight, and power consumption than a CRT. They can be put on the wrist or hang on the wall. Calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computers, and graphical displays all use flat-panel displays.

(3) Plasma Monitor:It is also a flat panel display but it is based on plasma display technology. In a plasma monitor, a small cell is present in between two glass surfaces and these cells contain a solution of noble gases and mercury. So when the electricity supply on the gas present in the cell converts into plasma and produces UV light that creates an image. It is much better than an LCD monitor. The resolution of this monitor is also high up to 1920 x 1920. It has a good contrast ratio, high refresh rate, etc.

Printers are information output devices that allow you to print data on paper. Or in other words, it is an output device that creates a hard copy of the processed data or information. Printers are divided into two categories:

(1) Impact Printer:In impact printers, characters are printed on the ribbon, which is then smashed on the paper. Or we can say that such type of printer uses a print head or hammer to print the data on the paper. Here to print the paper the hammer or print head strikes an ink ribbon against the paper and the character starts printing. Some of the types of impact printers are:Dot matrix printer

(2) Non-Impact Printers:Non-impact printers print characters without the use of a ribbon. These printers are often known as Page Printers because they print a full page at a time. Some of the types of non-impact printers are:Laser printer

A plotter is a device that prints high-quality graphics in a variety of color formats. It works in a similar way to a printer, although it has more advanced features. It is used to print large maps, architectural drawings, large-format printing, and create pictures, 3D postcards, advertising signs, charts, and various designs of the internal structure of building machines, as well as create pictures, 3D postcards, advertising signs, charts, and various designs of the internal structure of building machines.

A projector is a device that allows users to project their output onto a large area, such as a screen or a wall. It can be used to project the output of a computer and other devices onto a screen. It magnifies texts, photos, and movies using light and lenses. As a result, it’s an excellent output device for giving presentations or teaching big groups of people.

A small projector mounted on a back shelf or bookcase, or mounted on the ceiling, takes up no area on the floor. It is barely visible when it is not in use.

Speakers are connected to computers to allow sound to be output. For the working of speakers, sound cards are required. From simple two-speaker output devices to surround-sound multi-channel sets, speakers come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They take audio input from the computer’s sound card and output sound waves as audio output.

To hear the sound, use earbuds with your PC, laptop, or smartphone. It enables you to hear the sound without causing any inconvenience to others. To translate electronic signals into sounds without causing inconvenience to others. They can be wired or wireless and can be connected to computers, laptops, mobile phones, etc. They are connected with the devices via Bluetooth.

Sound cards are computer output devices that are inserted into the computer. A sound card, either external or internal, is required to produce sound on any computer (built-in). An external sound card enables for better overall sound generation and is required for wide and clear sound recording, as well as sound without noise and interference.

Characteristics of Sound Card:To listen speakers or headphones, to play games, watch movies, listen to music, or use audio and video conferencing, we use an internal sound card.

Synthesizers and a variety of electronic musical instruments, such as drums and keyboards, can be connected to your computer using a sound card with standard Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) connections.

An extension card via which a computer can transfer graphical data to a video display device like a TV, projector, or monitor. It processes photos and video, as well as other functions that the CPU generally does. As they have a good processing capability and video RAM, Gamers utilize video cards.

A speech synthesizer is a computerized device that takes in data, interprets it, and generates audible words. It might be a computer card, a box connected by a cable, or software that works with the computer’s sound card.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio-based satellite navigation system that uses radio signals to pinpoint a specific position. The sender sends a radio signal to satellites, which collect data such as time, location, speed, and other variables and deliver it to the reception computer for analysis. Because this processed data can be evaluated to obtain information, it is considered as an output device.

Output devices are the devices that are use to show the results or details. The display can seen on a monitor or printed on paper using a printer. On the other hand, the monitor and printer are the most popular output devices.

The most popular output device connected to a computer for displaying processed data is this. It has the appearance of a television and is also known as VDU (Visual Display Unit). Pixels are a large number of very tiny dots on a projector that are used to view pictures. Furthermore, The resolution of a monitor refers to the amount of pixels that can be displayed on its screen.

Since the display on the computer cannot save for a long time, it is refer to as Soft Copy Output. LCD monitors are becoming more common as a result of their sharp picture quality. They are flat-screen displays with a light weight.

A projector is a device that allows users to project their output onto a large surface, such as a screen or a wall. It can use to project a computer’s or other device’s output onto a screen. In addition, It uses light and lenses to magnify texts, images, and movies. As a result, it’s a great tool for presenting presentations or instructing large groups of people.

Input sources on modern digital projectors include HDMI connectors for newer equipment and VGA ports for older devices. Moreover, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth features are available on some projectors. They are commonly use for classroom teaching, providing presentations, home theaters, and more. In addition, They can mounted to the ceiling, placed on a stand, and more.

Output devices, such as speakers, are classified as such. These are uses to listen to the computer’s music and sound effects. Moreover, They typically come in pairs and are of varying shapes and sizes.

A speaker is a physical output device that produces audio when linked to a computer. A hardware component known as a sound card that is pre-installed with the computer produces the sound produced by computer speakers.

This is a vital computer system output unit. It prints out the results that shows on the computer screen. Printed output is define as hard copy output because, unlike display output, it can saved even when the screen is turn off.

A plotter may use to print a photograph, drawing, or picture stores on a screen. It’s a printer output system that produces high-quality printed output. Engineers and architects are the most popular users.

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A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support electronics, power supply, housing, electrical connectors, and external user controls.

The display in modern monitors is typically an LCD with LED backlight, having by the 2010s replaced CCFL backlit LCDs. Before the mid-2000s,CRT. Monitors are connected to the computer via DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C, DVI, VGA, or other proprietary connectors and signals.

Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television sets were used for video. From the 1980s onward, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and video, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. In the 2000s, the typical display aspect ratio of both televisions and computer monitors has changed from 4:3 to 16:9.

Modern computer monitors are mostly interchangeable with television sets and vice versa. As most computer monitors do not include integrated speakers, TV tuners, nor remote controls, external components such as a DTA box may be needed to use a computer monitor as a TV set.

Early electronic computer front panels were fitted with an array of light bulbs where the state of each particular bulb would indicate the on/off state of a particular register bit inside the computer. This allowed the engineers operating the computer to monitor the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights came to be known as the "monitor". As early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of information and were very transient, they were rarely considered for program output. Instead, a line printer was the primary output device, while the monitor was limited to keeping track of the program"s operation.

The first computer monitors used cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s, it was common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of the workstation in a single large chassis, typically limiting them to emulation of a paper teletypewriter, thus the early epithet of "glass TTY". The display was monochromatic and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time. High-resolution CRT displays were developed for specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but they were far too costly for general use; wider commercial use became possible after the release of a slow, but affordable Tektronix 4010 terminal in 1972.

Some of the earliest home computers (such as the TRS-80 and Commodore PET) were limited to monochrome CRT displays, but color display capability was already a possible feature for a few MOS 6500 series-based machines (such as introduced in 1977 Apple II computer or Atari 2600 console), and the color output was a speciality of the more graphically sophisticated Atari 800 computer, introduced in 1979. Either computer could be connected to the antenna terminals of an ordinary color TV set or used with a purpose-made CRT color monitor for optimum resolution and color quality. Lagging several years behind, in 1981 IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 × 200 pixels, or it could produce 640 × 200 pixels with two colors. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 × 350.

By the end of the 1980s color progressive scan CRT monitors were widely available and increasingly affordable, while the sharpest prosumer monitors could clearly display high-definition video, against the backdrop of efforts at HDTV standardization from the 1970s to the 1980s failing continuously, leaving consumer SDTVs to stagnate increasingly far behind the capabilities of computer CRT monitors well into the 2000s. During the following decade, maximum display resolutions gradually increased and prices continued to fall as CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor market into the new millennium, partly because it remained cheaper to produce.

There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid-crystal displays (LCD). Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color (TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines.

The first standalone LCDs appeared in the mid-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declined they became more popular, and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors. Among the first desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo FlexScan L66 in the mid-1990s, the SGI 1600SW, Apple Studio Display and the ViewSonic VP140vision science remain dependent on CRTs, the best LCD monitors having achieved moderate temporal accuracy, and so can be used only if their poor spatial accuracy is unimportant.

High dynamic range (HDR)television series, motion pictures and video games transitioning to widescreen, which makes squarer monitors unsuited to display them correctly.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide most of the benefits of both LCD and CRT monitors with few of their drawbacks, though much like plasma panels or very early CRTs they suffer from burn-in, and remain very expensive.

Viewable image size - is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.

Radius of curvature (for curved monitors) - is the radius that a circle would have if it had the same curvature as the display. This value is typically given in millimeters, but expressed with the letter "R" instead of a unit (for example, a display with "3800R curvature" has a 3800mm radius of curvature.

Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed natively. For a given display size, maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch or DPI.

Dot pitch represents the distance between the primary elements of the display, typically averaged across it in nonuniform displays. A related unit is pixel pitch, In LCDs, pixel pitch is the distance between the center of two adjacent pixels. In CRTs, pixel pitch is defined as the distance between subpixels of the same color. Dot pitch is the reciprocal of pixel density.

Pixel density is a measure of how densely packed the pixels on a display are. In LCDs, pixel density is the number of pixels in one linear unit along the display, typically measured in pixels per inch (px/in or ppi).

Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing simultaneously. For example, a ratio of 20,000∶1 means that the brightest shade (white) is 20,000 times brighter than its darkest shade (black). Dynamic contrast ratio is measured with the LCD backlight turned off. ANSI contrast is with both black and white simultaneously adjacent onscreen.

Color depth - measured in bits per primary color or bits for all colors. Those with 10bpc (bits per channel) or more can display more shades of color (approximately 1 billion shades) than traditional 8bpc monitors (approximately 16.8 million shades or colors), and can do so more precisely without having to resort to dithering.

Color accuracy - measured in ΔE (delta-E); the lower the ΔE, the more accurate the color representation. A ΔE of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye. A ΔE of 2–4 is considered good and requires a sensitive eye to spot the difference.

Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without subjectively excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.

Refresh rate is (in CRTs) the number of times in a second that the display is illuminated (the number of times a second a raster scan is completed). In LCDs it is the number of times the image can be changed per second, expressed in hertz (Hz). Determines the maximum number of frames per second (FPS) a monitor is capable of showing. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.

Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to change between two shades. The particular shades depend on the test procedure, which differs between manufacturers. In general, lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts such as ghosting. Grey to grey (GtG), measured in milliseconds (ms).

On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or view able image size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture, video or working space, without obstruction from the bezel or other aspects of the unit"s design. The main measurements for display devices are: width, height, total area and the diagonal.

The size of a display is usually given by manufacturers diagonally, i.e. as the distance between two opposite screen corners. This method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being circular, it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that described their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube"s face (due to the thickness of the glass). This method continued even when cathode-ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3.

With the introduction of flat panel technology, the diagonal measurement became the actual diagonal of the visible display. This meant that an eighteen-inch LCD had a larger viewable area than an eighteen-inch cathode-ray tube.

Estimation of monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21-inch (53 cm) widescreen display has less area, than a 21-inch (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 in × 12.6 in (43 cm × 32 cm) and area 211 sq in (1,360 cm2), while the widescreen is 18.3 in × 10.3 in (46 cm × 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2).

Until about 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3 aspect ratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003 and 2006, monitors with 16:9 and mostly 16:10 (8:5) aspect ratios became commonly available, first in laptops and later also in standalone monitors. Reasons for this transition included productive uses for such monitors, i.e. besides Field of view in video games and movie viewing, are the word processor display of two standard letter pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size drawings and application menus at the same time.LCD monitors and the same year 16:10 was the mainstream standard for laptops and notebook computers.

In 2010, the computer industry started to move over from 16:10 to 16:9 because 16:9 was chosen to be the standard high-definition television display size, and because they were cheaper to manufacture.

In 2011, non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small quantities. According to Samsung, this was because the "Demand for the old "Square monitors" has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years," and "I predict that by the end of 2011, production on all 4:3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand."

The resolution for computer monitors has increased over time. From 280 × 192 during the late 1970s, to 1024 × 768 during the late 1990s. Since 2009, the most commonly sold resolution for computer monitors is 1920 × 1080, shared with the 1080p of HDTV.2560 × 1600 at 30 in (76 cm), excluding niche professional monitors. By 2015 most major display manufacturers had released 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD) displays, and the first 7680 × 4320 (8K) monitors had begun shipping.

Every RGB monitor has its own color gamut, bounded in chromaticity by a color triangle. Some of these triangles are smaller than the sRGB triangle, some are larger. Colors are typically encoded by 8 bits per primary color. The RGB value [255, 0, 0] represents red, but slightly different colors in different color spaces such as Adobe RGB and sRGB. Displaying sRGB-encoded data on wide-gamut devices can give an unrealistic result.Exif metadata in the picture. As long as the monitor gamut is wider than the color space gamut, correct display is possible, if the monitor is calibrated. A picture which uses colors that are outside the sRGB color space will display on an sRGB color space monitor with limitations.Color management is needed both in electronic publishing (via the Internet for display in browsers) and in desktop publishing targeted to print.

Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also extends the monitor"s service life. Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.

Most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the battery is in use. This extends battery life and reduces wear.

Most modern monitors have two different indicator light colors wherein if video-input signal was detected, the indicator light is green and when the monitor is in power-saving mode, the screen is black and the indicator light is orange. Some monitors have different indicator light colors and some monitors have blinking indicator light when in power-saving mode.

Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard ports within easy reach and eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or set of speakers. These monitors have advanced microprocessors which contain codec information, Windows interface drivers and other small software which help in proper functioning of these functions.

Monitors that feature an aspect ratio greater than 2:1 (for instance, 21:9 or 32:9, as opposed to the more common 16:9, which resolves to 1.77:1).Monitors with an aspect ratio greater than 3:1 are marketed as super ultrawide monitors. These are typically massive curved screens intended to replace a multi-monitor deployment.

These monitors use touching of the screen as an input method. Items can be selected or moved with a finger, and finger gestures may be used to convey commands. The screen will need frequent cleaning due to image degradation from fingerprints.

Some displays, especially newer flat panel monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy one. This increases color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are more visible. Anti-reflective coatings are sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although this only partly mitigates the problem.

Most often using nominally flat-panel display technology such as LCD or OLED, a concave rather than convex curve is imparted, reducing geometric distortion, especially in extremely large and wide seamless desktop monitors intended for close viewing range.

Newer monitors are able to display a different image for each eye, often with the help of special glasses and polarizers, giving the perception of depth. An autostereoscopic screen can generate 3D images without headgear.

A combination of a monitor with a graphics tablet. Such devices are typically unresponsive to touch without the use of one or more special tools" pressure. Newer models however are now able to detect touch from any pressure and often have the ability to detect tool tilt and rotation as well.

The option for using the display as a reference monitor; these calibration features can give an advanced color management control for take a near-perfect image.

Raw monitors are raw framed LCD monitors, to install a monitor on a not so common place, ie, on the car door or you need it in the trunk. It is usually paired with a power adapter to have a versatile monitor for home or commercial use.

A desktop monitor is typically provided with a stand from the manufacturer which lifts the monitor up to a more ergonomic viewing height. The stand may be attached to the monitor using a proprietary method or may use, or be adaptable to, a VESA mount. A VESA standard mount allows the monitor to be used with more after-market stands if the original stand is removed. Stands may be fixed or offer a variety of features such as height adjustment, horizontal swivel, and landscape or portrait screen orientation.

The Flat Display Mounting Interface (FDMI), also known as VESA Mounting Interface Standard (MIS) or colloquially as a VESA mount, is a family of standards defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association for mounting flat panel displays to stands or wall mounts.

A fixed rack mount monitor is mounted directly to the rack with the flat-panel or CRT visible at all times. The height of the unit is measured in rack units (RU) and 8U or 9U are most common to fit 17-inch or 19-inch screens. The front sides of the unit are provided with flanges to mount to the rack, providing appropriately spaced holes or slots for the rack mounting screws. A 19-inch diagonal screen is the largest size that will fit within the rails of a 19-inch rack. Larger flat-panels may be accommodated but are "mount-on-rack" and extend forward of the rack. There are smaller display units, typically used in broadcast environments, which fit multiple smaller screens side by side into one rack mount.

A stowable rack mount monitor is 1U, 2U or 3U high and is mounted on rack slides allowing the display to be folded down and the unit slid into the rack for storage as a drawer. The flat display is visible only when pulled out of the rack and deployed. These units may include only a display or may be equipped with a keyboard creating a KVM (Keyboard Video Monitor). Most common are systems with a single LCD but there are systems providing two or three displays in a single rack mount system.

A panel mount computer monitor is intended for mounting into a flat surface with the front of the display unit protruding just slightly. They may also be mounted to the rear of the panel. A flange is provided around the screen, sides, top and bottom, to allow mounting. This contrasts with a rack mount display where the flanges are only on the sides. The flanges will be provided with holes for thru-bolts or may have studs welded to the rear surface to secure the unit in the hole in the panel. Often a gasket is provided to provide a water-tight seal to the panel and the front of the screen will be sealed to the back of the front panel to prevent water and dirt contamination.

An open frame monitor provides the display and enough supporting structure to hold associated electronics and to minimally support the display. Provision will be made for attaching the unit to some external structure for support and protection. Open frame monitors are intended to be built into some other piece of equipment providing its own case. An arcade video game would be a good example with the display mounted inside the cabinet. There is usually an open frame display inside all end-use displays with the end-use display simply providing an attractive protective enclosure. Some rack mount monitor manufacturers will purchase desktop displays, take them apart, and discard the outer plastic parts, keeping the inner open-frame display for inclusion into their product.

According to an NSA document leaked to Der Spiegel, the NSA sometimes swaps the monitor cables on targeted computers with a bugged monitor cable in order to allow the NSA to remotely see what is being displayed on the targeted computer monitor.

Van Eck phreaking is the process of remotely displaying the contents of a CRT or LCD by detecting its electromagnetic emissions. It is named after Dutch computer researcher Wim van Eck, who in 1985 published the first paper on it, including proof of concept. Phreaking more generally is the process of exploiting telephone networks.

Masoud Ghodrati, Adam P. Morris, and Nicholas Seow Chiang Price (2015) The (un)suitability of modern liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for vision research. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:303.

Koren, Norman. "Gamut mapping". Archived from the original on 2011-12-21. Retrieved 2018-12-10. The rendering intent determines how colors are handled that are present in the source but out of gamut in the destination

Definition of terms clarified and discussed in Aaron Schwabach, Internet and the Law: Technology, Society, and Compromises, 2nd Edition (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014), 192-3. ISBN 9781610693509

Hard-copy is the tangible form of output. This output is printed on a paper by using printer or recorded on other durable surface such as microfilm. The hard copy is permanent and  is a relatively stable output. The most common hard-copy devices are:

Soft-copy is the electronic version of output data which is stored in a computer memory such as hard disk. It is not tangible and permanent form of output. This type of output can be displayed on the computer screen in visual form or can be listened as audio through speakers. The common soft-copy output devices are:

Printer is the commonly used output device used to produce or print the hard-copy of the output data on a paper. The output data may be text documents, images or graphics.  There are different types of printers used according to their mechanism and printing quality.

Impact printer is that printer which consists of a printer head or hammer. The printer head or hammer strikes against the paper through ink ribbon to print the images or characters on the paper. The common impact printers are;

Non-impact printer does not use hammers or printer heads to print. In fact, it employs other technologies like electro-static and ink-jet technologies for print operation other than directly striking on the paper. Non-impact printer produces less sound and  high quality images  than impact printer. It is faster than impact printer.  Non-impact printer is used to print text documents, graphics images in black and white as well as colour. The most common types of non-impact printers are:

It is a type of impact printer which prints one character at a time. It consists of a printer head which is allowed to strike the paper through ink ribbon. Since, the impression made by the head to the paper is in the form of dot, the print quality is determined by the number of dots made by the printer head pins. More are the number of pins on a head, higher is the printer resolution. The number of pins vary from 9 to 24.The speed of printer is measured in characters per second (cps) and it can vary from 200 to over 500 cps. Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and have less operating cost. They are used in low quality applications like cash register, invoice copy etc.

It is also a type of impact printer which consist s of a mechanism that looks like a daisy flower and its printing arm resembles the petals of the flower, hence the name daisy wheel printer. It is commonly known as letter quality printer, because the print quality is better than that of the dot matrix printer. However, it has slower speed of about 100cps and can print only alphabets, numbers and special characters, but not graphics.

The dot-matrix printer and daisy wheel printer print one character at a time. That’s why they are also called characteror serial printers. However, the drum printer is a line printer that can print a whole line at a time. Hence, drum printer is faster than character printer. It consists of a special tractor-fed paper with pre-punched holes along each side that allows the printer to operate in a continuous high-speed. The speed may vary from 300 to 2000 lines per minute. Drum printer is designed for businesses where heavy printing is needed for a small amount of time. However, drum printer is considered to be expensive as compared to character printer.

Ink-jet printer uses a series of microscopic nozzles to spray liquid ink directly on the paper. It can print both black & white and colour pages. It produces very less sound while printing as compared to impact printer. The inkjet printer produces high quality print with a resolution of more than 600 dpi; hence the printing cost is relatively high. The printing speed is moderately high; however it takes more time to print multi-colour pages.  It is commonly used in homes, offices, small businesses, etc.

Laser jet printer uses the same basic technology as the conventional photo copier machine to print out the documents, images, etc. It produces a very high quality print and works very much faster than other printers discussed above. It can produce and store an entire page before it prints, hence it is also called page printer. The print resolution ranges between 300 to 2400 dpi. It can print  4-32 text-only pages per minute for microcomputers and up to 200 pages per minute for mainframes. The complex technology is used for printing operation in LaserJet printer, hence it is more expensive to buy and maintain than the other printers.

Plotter is another output device just like printer to draw vector graphics like high-resolution charts, graphs, maps, circuit diagram and other line based diagrams. It uses a series of different coloured (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black) pens to draw multiple, continuous and accurate lines. Since, the printing output must be more precise, accurate and minute details, it operates in much slower speed as compared to other printers. Plotters are used for high precision printing for Computer Aided Manufacturing ( CAM) and AUTOCAD ( computer assisted drafting).

Drum plotter consists of one or more pens mounted on a carriage that is placed horizontally across the drum and the printing paper is placed over the drum. The computer gives the plotting instruction to the drum to rotate it in both clockwise and anticlockwise direction.  Hence, the pen having different colour to produce multicolour design is allowed to move horizontally only, while the page moves vertically to computer to perform the print operation.

In flat-bed plotter, paper is placed stationary on the flatbed surface of the plotter. The pen of different colour is mounted on the carriage and this carriage is allowed to move horizontally, vertically, left and right to draw the lines. The flat-bed surface can be of varying sizes ranging from A4 size paper to more larger size , hence can be used for designing of ships, aircrafts, buildings and so on.

Microfilmis an output device which is in the form of a fiche. It records the computer output directly from the computer tape or cartridge. It is a high speed and low cost process to produce the copy of data on microfilm than that of paper printer. Normally, the film roll is 16 mm wide and the film image is 1/24 of the original document. Microfilm reader is used to read data/images from microfilm. Such microfilms are deployed for storing large amounts of archive data in a permanent film format for long periods of time.

The monitor or video display unit is the most common output device which displays the meaningful result as a soft-copy output. The monitor looks like a television screen on which the output is displayed and viewed either as colour or monochrome display. A monochrome screen uses only one colour to display text on contrasting background. The monitor can be used to show text, numbers, and graphics images. They come in many different sizes such as 14,15,17, 19, 1nd 21 inches. Aspect ratio and screen size are the two parameters which describe the size of the display. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width and the height of the display screen, whereas the screen size is the length of two opposite corners of screen diagonally.

CRT monitor is based on CRT technology which consists of a vacuum tube having electron gun at one end and the florescent screen at other end. The high intensity rays of electrons are allowed to pass through the deflection coil which directs the beam towards the phosphor coated screen and strike on it to form images. Although, CRT monitors are almost obsolete after the advent of the flat screen like LCD or LED display, CRT were popularly used during the early days of the computing tech