printers display screens and speakers are __________ devices factory

You know, none of these are really easy choices. If it"s just you working on the system, the decisions might be simple, but if you have to consider others" opinions, not so much. Let"s start with the monitor. We use this to view the work we"re doing at the time or to view a finished product. We may also use it to view videos or photos we"ve taken or found online.

Monitors come in many sizes and descriptions. To make the best decision, you should ask yourself what you"ll be doing the most with your computer. Are you just writing papers or creating presentations? Are you surfing the Internet? Are you playing games once in a while? Are they games that are not intensive in graphics? Are you making and editing videos for fun - or for a profession?

If you can keep it simple, the standard monitor is for you. If you"re playing games with intensive graphics, making videos or working with digital photographs or art, you may want a high-definition monitor. If you"re going to use a computer as your home entertainment system, you can find one that is TV-ready as well.

The size of the monitor you use truly depends on your preference. Things to consider are your eyesight, who else will be using it and the distance the monitor will be sitting away from you (assuming you go with a desktop unit, not a laptop). There are monitor sizes ranging from 7 inches as a supplementary peripheral, but normal monitors range from a 17-inch diagonal to a monster 55-inch diagonal! You could comfortably surf from the couch in the living room with a monitor this size.

Monitors are created with LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode). LCDs have layers of glass, polarized film and liquid crystals. You get electrical impulses sent through, and this causes the color to be shown and image to be displayed. LED monitors take the LCD one step further. They put a diode on the back that forces light through the layers for a sharper picture and better colors. It is said that LED monitors will last longer than LCD monitors.

Have you decided which one you want to go with? Don"t forget, you"ve also got touchscreen monitors available should you have a use for them. The most practical use of a touchscreen monitor for consumer and professional use would be to someone with a physical disability.

The next difficult decision to make will be the printer that will work best for you. Printers are used to create a tangible product to look at away from a monitor. For consumer use there are two kinds to choose from: the inkjet and the laser printer.

The inkjet printer uses a liquid ink that"s sprayed through a print head onto a piece of paper. How? Simply put, the printer interprets the signal from the computer and converts it to instructions that go through the print head. Inkjet printers are typically inexpensive to purchase, although the replacement ink can be costly and add up.

Laser printers use heat technology and specialized powder called toner or another medium (I"ve seen it with wax - it looked like crayons) that"s heat-sealed onto a piece of paper. Laser printers are somewhat expensive, though they"ve come down in cost as the technology has increased.

Both types are often available as mono-color (or black-only printer), full-color or an all-in-one printer. An all-in-one printer typically has a printer, a copier and a scanner. Some still have a fax feature as well.

You should ask yourself how much you"ll be printing and how often. If you don"t print too much, the inkjet printer may be for you. One disadvantage, though, to not printing often with an inkjet printer is that the print head can actually plug up, dry out and then not work. If you print frequently or in large quantities, you may find yourself purchasing ink quite often. Ink varies in price but ranges between $9 and $25 for about 250 sheets of text-only in black ink. The toner for laser printers seems prohibitive but usually will print up to 5000 sheets of paper per cartridge. These toners are between $80-$100 a unit.

An example of typical usage: several years ago I bought a mono-laser printer (actually, it was an all-in-one) for about $170. It was used to create syllabi for seven different classes and hand-outs for most of those classes, for my daughter to write papers for her high school classes and for my son (who discovered SpongeBob on the Internet and printed out hundreds of coloring sheets), and I prepared at least 60 tax returns in that season. The one toner cartridge lasted more than a year.

Speakers are used to emit audio signals that may come from music files or other audio files. Many pre-constructed computers come with external speakers. All come with internal speakers. Usually, the external speakers included are more than good enough for sound quality, whether you"re watching YouTube videos or playing a movie in your DVD player. There are people who prefer a little more bump in their audio output, however. Speakers are available in surround-sound systems that rival a home system. How loud you want your system to be is up to you. The higher-quality the sound system, the more expensive it will be.

Many computers now support Bluetooth technology. You can connect to Bluetooth-enabled speakers and set them up without the need for additional cables or connections!

You don"t have to pick all of these output devices for your computer system, but it is important to remember that monitors are output devices that let us see what we"re working on as we are working on it as well as to get a feel for what the finished product looks like.

Speakers are fun to shop for. They"re an audio output device allowing the transmission of sound files so the user can hear them. You can pick out how loud you want your system to be and find the sound package that works for you.

Prices are very reasonable for basic projectors, however, a data projector capable of showing cinema films or sports footage in a bar are far more expensive.

These tiny mirrors are carefully in sync with the colour wheel, turning towards or away from the RGB light as and when it is needed, thousands of times per second. So, if part of the projected image requires no red light, they face away from the light when the colour wheel filter is allowing red light through.

Because the bulk of the action happens in the high-tech ink cartridges, they are priced quite highly in relation to the price of the actual printers (which are often very affordable).

A laser removes the negative charge from certain areas of the drum as it scans across it, creating a neutrally charged copy of the text/image to be printed.

Using a method called additive manufacturing, 3D objects are created by layering a material, layer by layer, from the ground up until the object is completed.

A 3D cutter is similar to a 2D cutter except it is capable of rotating and cutting at many angles. This means that 3D objects can have cuts made to all of its surfaces, unlike 2D cutters that can only cut into a flat 2D surface.

Speakers and headphones aren’t just for music, they also allow us to hear computer warning signals and other people when communicating via voice or video calls.

Actuators are the output devices responsible for creating real world movement. This could range from physically opening automatic shop doors to lowering the landing gears on a plane.

They are often used in a computerised control system, acting upon a signal sent by the microprocessor. Actuators include electric motors, pistons and pumps.

These could be standard 2D printers, reproducing text or images on a piece of paper. More recently, this category has been expanded to include 3D printers outputs - which create entire physical objects based on digital models and instructions. Of course, this latter category is a little more complicated than standard 2D printers.

Plotters are another type of output device. Unless you work in the engineering or architectural sector, it is unlikely that you"ll be regularly using these, but they are vital within these fields for converting vector images into physical diagrams. They come in the form of a large machine ‘arm’, which holds a pen (or sometimes a craft knife), which then uses specific instructions to mark a material such as paper in order to sketch out an exact diagram. This is particularly important for cases where precision and accuracy are vital, such as a blueprint.

Of course, there are too many output devices to cover in just one article. Alternatives to those listed above include haptic feedback devices, which convey information to users through motion, vibration, or force — think your phone’s vibrations, or the rumble of a gaming controller. Haptic feedback is also being trialled for use in virtual reality controllers, to pair the physical sensation of touch with the visual stimulation provided by the headset itself.

Braille readers are another example of an output device, bridging the gap between monitors and physical output devices by allowing visually-impaired users to read text by way of physical output. This is usually achieved through the use of round-tipped pins raised through holes, to simulate braille markings as the cursor is moved across text.

Hard-copy is the tangible form of output. This output is printed on a paper by using printer or recorded on other durable surface such as microfilm. The hard copy is permanent and  is a relatively stable output. The most common hard-copy devices are:

Soft-copy is the electronic version of output data which is stored in a computer memory such as hard disk. It is not tangible and permanent form of output. This type of output can be displayed on the computer screen in visual form or can be listened as audio through speakers. The common soft-copy output devices are:

Printer is the commonly used output device used to produce or print the hard-copy of the output data on a paper. The output data may be text documents, images or graphics.  There are different types of printers used according to their mechanism and printing quality.

Impact printer is that printer which consists of a printer head or hammer. The printer head or hammer strikes against the paper through ink ribbon to print the images or characters on the paper. The common impact printers are;

Non-impact printer does not use hammers or printer heads to print. In fact, it employs other technologies like electro-static and ink-jet technologies for print operation other than directly striking on the paper. Non-impact printer produces less sound and  high quality images  than impact printer. It is faster than impact printer.  Non-impact printer is used to print text documents, graphics images in black and white as well as colour. The most common types of non-impact printers are:

It is a type of impact printer which prints one character at a time. It consists of a printer head which is allowed to strike the paper through ink ribbon. Since, the impression made by the head to the paper is in the form of dot, the print quality is determined by the number of dots made by the printer head pins. More are the number of pins on a head, higher is the printer resolution. The number of pins vary from 9 to 24.The speed of printer is measured in characters per second (cps) and it can vary from 200 to over 500 cps. Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and have less operating cost. They are used in low quality applications like cash register, invoice copy etc.

It is also a type of impact printer which consist s of a mechanism that looks like a daisy flower and its printing arm resembles the petals of the flower, hence the name daisy wheel printer. It is commonly known as letter quality printer, because the print quality is better than that of the dot matrix printer. However, it has slower speed of about 100cps and can print only alphabets, numbers and special characters, but not graphics.

The dot-matrix printer and daisy wheel printer print one character at a time. That’s why they are also called characteror serial printers. However, the drum printer is a line printer that can print a whole line at a time. Hence, drum printer is faster than character printer. It consists of a special tractor-fed paper with pre-punched holes along each side that allows the printer to operate in a continuous high-speed. The speed may vary from 300 to 2000 lines per minute. Drum printer is designed for businesses where heavy printing is needed for a small amount of time. However, drum printer is considered to be expensive as compared to character printer.

Ink-jet printer uses a series of microscopic nozzles to spray liquid ink directly on the paper. It can print both black & white and colour pages. It produces very less sound while printing as compared to impact printer. The inkjet printer produces high quality print with a resolution of more than 600 dpi; hence the printing cost is relatively high. The printing speed is moderately high; however it takes more time to print multi-colour pages.  It is commonly used in homes, offices, small businesses, etc.

Laser jet printer uses the same basic technology as the conventional photo copier machine to print out the documents, images, etc. It produces a very high quality print and works very much faster than other printers discussed above. It can produce and store an entire page before it prints, hence it is also called page printer. The print resolution ranges between 300 to 2400 dpi. It can print  4-32 text-only pages per minute for microcomputers and up to 200 pages per minute for mainframes. The complex technology is used for printing operation in LaserJet printer, hence it is more expensive to buy and maintain than the other printers.

Plotter is another output device just like printer to draw vector graphics like high-resolution charts, graphs, maps, circuit diagram and other line based diagrams. It uses a series of different coloured (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black) pens to draw multiple, continuous and accurate lines. Since, the printing output must be more precise, accurate and minute details, it operates in much slower speed as compared to other printers. Plotters are used for high precision printing for Computer Aided Manufacturing ( CAM) and AUTOCAD ( computer assisted drafting).

Drum plotter consists of one or more pens mounted on a carriage that is placed horizontally across the drum and the printing paper is placed over the drum. The computer gives the plotting instruction to the drum to rotate it in both clockwise and anticlockwise direction.  Hence, the pen having different colour to produce multicolour design is allowed to move horizontally only, while the page moves vertically to computer to perform the print operation.

In flat-bed plotter, paper is placed stationary on the flatbed surface of the plotter. The pen of different colour is mounted on the carriage and this carriage is allowed to move horizontally, vertically, left and right to draw the lines. The flat-bed surface can be of varying sizes ranging from A4 size paper to more larger size , hence can be used for designing of ships, aircrafts, buildings and so on.

Microfilmis an output device which is in the form of a fiche. It records the computer output directly from the computer tape or cartridge. It is a high speed and low cost process to produce the copy of data on microfilm than that of paper printer. Normally, the film roll is 16 mm wide and the film image is 1/24 of the original document. Microfilm reader is used to read data/images from microfilm. Such microfilms are deployed for storing large amounts of archive data in a permanent film format for long periods of time.

The monitor or video display unit is the most common output device which displays the meaningful result as a soft-copy output. The monitor looks like a television screen on which the output is displayed and viewed either as colour or monochrome display. A monochrome screen uses only one colour to display text on contrasting background. The monitor can be used to show text, numbers, and graphics images. They come in many different sizes such as 14,15,17, 19, 1nd 21 inches. Aspect ratio and screen size are the two parameters which describe the size of the display. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width and the height of the display screen, whereas the screen size is the length of two opposite corners of screen diagonally.

CRT monitor is based on CRT technology which consists of a vacuum tube having electron gun at one end and the florescent screen at other end. The high intensity rays of electrons are allowed to pass through the deflection coil which directs the beam towards the phosphor coated screen and strike on it to form images. Although, CRT monitors are almost obsolete after the advent of the flat screen like LCD or LED display, CRT were popularly used during the early days of the computing technology.

LCD monitor is based on liquid crystal display (LCD) technology. Unlike, CRT monitor which looks bulky and heavier, LCD screen is much lighter and compact. Its screen has flat surface. LCD screen consists of liquid crystal which is neither solid nor liquid, but it has a molecular property which behaves like crystalline. LCD screen contains multiple layers  which includes backlight, polarized filter, electrodes. In LCD display, CCFL (Code Cathode Fluorescent Lamp)  backlight is used which provides the light source to the display. The light from the backlight is passed through the vertically and horizontally polarized filters which convert the scattered light into a single axis beam. These beams are then passed through the TFT (Thin Film Transistor) and liquid crystal. There are thousands of small transistors which controls the intensity of the light. Each transistor controls single pixel and each pixel consists of three sub pixels: red, green, blue. The variation of light intensity on all the pixels helped to display texts, images on the screen.

LED monitor employs the same technology as the LCD screen. The only difference is that LED screen uses LED as the light source instead of CCFL backlight. The LED screen is lighter than LCD and also they are energy efficient.

Speaker is also a type of output device which is most commonly used in computer system. Speaker can convert the electrical signal into sound energy. Speaker receives audio inputs in the form of electrical signal and then coverts them into audible sound. The sound energy is measured in terms of frequency and amplitude. The low pitch and high pitch sounds are determined by the frequency. The audible frequency range produced by speaker is from 50 Hz to 5 kHz. The amplitude determines the increase and decrease of the volume level of sound energy. The higher is  the amplitude the, greater the sound volume and vice versa.

The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the computer through an input device. There are a number of output devices that display output in different ways such as text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.

The monitor is the display unit or screen of the computer. It is the main output device that displays the processed data or information as text, images, audio or video.

CRT monitors are based on the cathode ray tubes. They are like vacuum tubes which produce images in the form of video signals. Cathode rays tube produces a beam of electrons through electron guns that strike on the inner phosphorescent surface of the screen to produce images on the screen. The monitor contains millions of phosphorus dots of red, green and blue color. These dots start to glow when struck by electron beams and this phenomenon is called cathodoluminescence.

The main components of a CRT monitor include the electron gun assembly, deflection plate assembly, fluorescent screen, glass envelope, and base.The front (outer surface) of the screen onto which images are produced is called the face plate. It is made up of fiber optics.

There are three electron beams that strike the screen: red, green, and blue. So, the colors which you see on the screen are the blends of red, blue and green lights.The magnetic field guides the beams of electrons. Although LCDs have replaced the CRT monitors, the CRT monitors are still used by graphics professionals because of their color quality.

The LCD monitor is a flat panel screen that is compact and light-weight as compared to CRT monitors. It is based on liquid crystal display technology which is used in the screens of laptops, tablets, smart phones, etc. An LCD screen comprises two layers of polarized glass with a liquid crystal solution between them. When the light passes through the first layer, an electric current aligns the liquids crystals. The aligned liquid crystals allow a varying level of light to pass through the second layer to create images on the screen.

The LCD screen has a matrix of pixels that display the image on the screen.Old LCDs had passive-matrix screens in which individual pixels are controlled by sending a charge. A few electrical charges could be sent each second that made screens appear blurry when the images moved quickly on the screen.

Modern LCDs use active-matrix technology and contain thin film transistors (TFTs) with capacitors. This technology allows pixels to retain their charge. So, they don?t make screen blurry when images move fast on the screen as well as are more efficient than passive-matrix displays.

The LED monitor is an improved version of an LCD monitor. It also has a flat panel display and uses liquid crystal display technology like the LCD monitors. The difference between them lies in the source of light to backlight the display. The LED monitor has many LED panels, and each panel has several LEDsto backlight the display, whereas the LCD monitors use cold cathode fluorescent light to backlight the display.Modern electronic devices such as mobile phones, LED TVs, laptop and computer screens, etc., use a LED display as it not only produces more brilliance and greater light intensity but also consumes less power.

The plasma monitor is also a flat panel display that is based on plasma display technology. It has small tiny cells between two glass panels. These cells contain mixtures of noble gases and a small amount of mercury. When voltage is applied, the gas in the cells turns into a plasma and emits ultraviolet light that creates images on the screen, i.e., the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of plasma, a charged gas. Plasma displays are brighter than liquid crystal displays (LCD) and also offer a wide viewing angle than an LCD.

Plasma monitors provide high resolutions of up to 1920 X 1080, excellent contrast ratios, wide viewing angle, a high refresh rate and more. Thus, they offer a unique viewing experience while watching action movies, sports games, and more.

The impact printer uses a hammer or print head to print the character or images onto the paper. The hammer or print head strikes or presses an ink ribbon against the paper to print characters and images.

Character printer prints a single character at a time or with a single stroke of the print head or hammer. It does not print one line at a time. Dot Matrix printer and Daisy Wheel printer are character printers. Today, these printers are not in much use due to their low speed and because only the text can be printed. The character printers are of two types, which are as follows:

Dot Matrix Printer is an impact printer. The characters and images printed by it are the patterns of dots. These patterns are produced by striking the ink soaked ribbon against the paper with a print head. The print head contains pins that produce a pattern of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The print head of a 24 pin dot matrix contains more pins than a 9 pin dot matrix printer, so it produces more dots which results in better printing of characters. To produce color output, the black ribbon can be changed with color stripes. The speed of Dot Matrix printers is around 200-500 characters per second.

Daisy Wheel Printer was invented by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems.It consists of a wheel or disk that has spokes or extensions and looks like a daisy, so it is named Daisy Wheel printer. At the end of extensions, molded metal characters are mounted. To print a character the printer rotates the wheel, and when the desired character is on the print location the hammer hits disk and the extension hits the ink ribbon against the paper to create the impression. It cannot be used to print graphics and is often noisy and slow, i.e., the speed is very low around 25-50 characters per second. Due to these drawbacks,these printers have become obsolete.

Line printer, which is also as a bar printer, prints one line at a time. It is a high-speed impact printer as it can print 500 to 3000 lines per minute. Drum printer and chain printer are examples of line printers.

Drum printer is a line printer that is made of a rotating drum to print characters. The drum has circular bands of characters on its surface. It has a separate hammer for each band of characters. When you print, the drum rotates, and when the desired character comes under the hammer, the hammer strikes the ink ribbon against the paper to print characters. The drum rotates at a very high speed and characters are printed by activating the appropriate hammers. Although all the characters are not printed at a time, they are printed at a very high speed. Furthermore, it can print only a predefined style as it has a specific set of characters. These printers are known to be very noisy due to the use of hammering techniques.

Chain printer is a line printer that uses a rotating chain to print characters. The characters are embossed on the surface of the chain. The chain rotates horizontally around a set of hammers, for each print location one hammer is provided, i.e., the total number of hammers is equal to the total number of print positions.

The chain rotates at a very high speed and when the desired character comes at the print location, the corresponding hammer strikes the page against the ribbon and character on the chain.They can type 500 to 3000 lines per minute. They are also noisy due to the hammering action.

Non-impact printers don"t print characters or images by striking a print head or hammer on the ink ribbon placed against the paper. They print characters and images without direct physical contact between the paper and the printing machinery. These printers can print a complete page at a time, so they are also known as page printers. The common types of non-impact printers are Laser printer and Inkjet printer:

A laser printer is a non-impact printer that uses a laser beam to print the characters. The laser beam hits the drum, which is a photoreceptor and draws the image on the drum by altering electrical charges on the drum. The drum then rolls in toner, and the charged image on the drum picks the toner. The toner is then printed on the paper using heat and pressure. Once the document is printed, the drum loses the electric charge,and the remaining toner is collected. The laser printers use powdered toner for printing instead of liquid ink and produce quality print objects with a resolution of 600 dots per inch (dpi) or more.

The inkjet printer is a non-impact printer that prints images and characters by spraying fine,ionized drops of ink. The print head has tiny nozzles to spray the ink. The printer head moves back and forth and sprays ionized drops of ink on the paper, which is fed through the printer. These drops pass through an electric field that guides the ink onto the paper to print correct images and characters.

An inkjet printer has cartridges that contain ink. Modern inkjet printers are color printers that have four cartridges containing different colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. It is capable of printing high-quality images with different colors. It can produce print objects with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch (dpi).

A projector is an output device that enables the user to project the output onto a large surface such as a big screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project their output onto a screen. It uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts, images, and videos. So, it is an ideal output device to give presentations or to teach a large number of people.

Modern projects (digital projectors) come with multiple input sources such as HDMI ports for newer equipment and VGA ports that support older devices. Some projectors are designed to support Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as well. They can be fixed onto the ceiling, placed on a stand, and more and are frequently used for classroom teaching, giving presentations, home cinemas, etc.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) digital projector: This type of digital projectors are very popular as they are lightweight and provide crisp output. An LCD projector uses transmissive technology to produce output. It allows the light source, which is a standard lamp, to pass through the three colored liquid crystal light panels. Some colors pass through the panels and some are blocked by the panels and thus images are on the screen.

Digital Light Processing (DLP) digital projector: It has a set of tiny mirrors, a separate mirror for each pixel of the image and thus provide high-quality images. These projectors are mostly used in theatres as they fulfill the requirement of high-quality video output.

P.S. NarayanaP. Suresh Narayana is MSc in Botany from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi. He has a teaching experience of about 37 years. He retired as Principal, SSBN Junior College, Anantapur. During his tenure as Principal, he established the NSS unit in the college and conducted many programmes such as: `Clean and Green` and `Planting and Environmental Awareness`. He has participated in several National Symposia on Botany, Environmental Awareness and Biotechnology. He has authored four books: Eminent Indian Botanists and Text Book of Pharmacognosy (3 volumes).

D. Varalakshmi is M.Phil from Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur and MSc in Botany from Sri Venkateswara University, Titupathi. She has a teaching experience of more than 25 years.She has participated in several National Symposia on Botany, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences.

Prof. T. Pullaiah obtained his M.Sc. (1973) & Ph.D. degrees in Botany from Andhra University. He was a Post Doctoral Fellow at Moscow University, Russia during 1976-78. He traveled widely in Europe and visited Universities and Botanical Gardens in about 16 countries. Prof. Pullaiah joined Sri Krishnadevaraya University as Lecturer in 1979 and became Professor in 1993. He held several positions in the University, which include Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences, Head of the Dept. of Botany, Chairman, BOS in Botany, Head of the Department of Sericulture, Co-ordinator and Chairman, BOS in Biotechnology, Vice Principal, S.K. University College and Warden S.K.U. Hostels. Presently Prof. Pullaiah is Principal, S.K. University College. Prof. Pullaiah has published 40 books, 228 research papers and 35 popular articles. His books include Flora of Andhra Pradesh (5 volumes), Flora of Eastern Ghats (vol. 1-3), Biodiversity in India (vol. 1-4), Taxonomy of Angiosperms (3rd ed.), Plant Development, Flora of Guntur district, Flora of Kurnool, Flora of Anantapur district, Flora of Nizamabad, Flora of Ranga Reddi district etc. He is Principal Investigator of 20 major Research Projects totaling more than a Crore of Rupees funded by DBT, DST, CSIR, UGC, BSI, WWF, GCC etc. Under his guidance 45 students obtained their Ph.D. degrees and 34 students their M.Phil. degrees. He is recipient of Best Teacher Award from Government of Andhra Pradesh, Prof. P. Maheswari Gold Medal of Indian Botanical Society & Prof. Y.D. Tyagi Gold medal of Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy. He was Vice President of Indian Botanical Society and presently Councilor of the same.

You know, none of these are really easy choices. If it"s just you working on the system, the decisions might be simple, but if you have to consider others" opinions, not so much. Let"s start with the monitor. We use this to view the work we"re doing at the time or to view a finished product. We may also use it to view videos or photos we"ve taken or found online.

Monitors come in many sizes and descriptions. To make the best decision, you should ask yourself what you"ll be doing the most with your computer. Are you just writing papers or creating presentations? Are you surfing the Internet? Are you playing games once in a while? Are they games that are not intensive in graphics? Are you making and editing videos for fun - or for a profession?

If you can keep it simple, the standard monitor is for you. If you"re playing games with intensive graphics, making videos or working with digital photographs or art, you may want a high-definition monitor. If you"re going to use a computer as your home entertainment system, you can find one that is TV-ready as well.

The size of the monitor you use truly depends on your preference. Things to consider are your eyesight, who else will be using it and the distance the monitor will be sitting away from you (assuming you go with a desktop unit, not a laptop). There are monitor sizes ranging from 7 inches as a supplementary peripheral, but normal monitors range from a 17-inch diagonal to a monster 55-inch diagonal! You could comfortably surf from the couch in the living room with a monitor this size.

Monitors are created with LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode). LCDs have layers of glass, polarized film and liquid crystals. You get electrical impulses sent through, and this causes the color to be shown and image to be displayed. LED monitors take the LCD one step further. They put a diode on the back that forces light through the layers for a sharper picture and better colors. It is said that LED monitors will last longer than LCD monitors.

Have you decided which one you want to go with? Don"t forget, you"ve also got touchscreen monitors available should you have a use for them. The most practical use of a touchscreen monitor for consumer and professional use would be to someone with a physical disability.

The next difficult decision to make will be the printer that will work best for you. Printers are used to create a tangible product to look at away from a monitor. For consumer use there are two kinds to choose from: the inkjet and the laser printer.

The inkjet printer uses a liquid ink that"s sprayed through a print head onto a piece of paper. How? Simply put, the printer interprets the signal from the computer and converts it to instructions that go through the print head. Inkjet printers are typically inexpensive to purchase, although the replacement ink can be costly and add up.

Laser printers use heat technology and specialized powder called toner or another medium (I"ve seen it with wax - it looked like crayons) that"s heat-sealed onto a piece of paper. Laser printers are somewhat expensive, though they"ve come down in cost as the technology has increased.

Both types are often available as mono-color (or black-only printer), full-color or an all-in-one printer. An all-in-one printer typically has a printer, a copier and a scanner. Some still have a fax feature as well.

You should ask yourself how much you"ll be printing and how often. If you don"t print too much, the inkjet printer may be for you. One disadvantage, though, to not printing often with an inkjet printer is that the print head can actually plug up, dry out and then not work. If you print frequently or in large quantities, you may find yourself purchasing ink quite often. Ink varies in price but ranges between $9 and $25 for about 250 sheets of text-only in black ink. The toner for laser printers seems prohibitive but usually will print up to 5000 sheets of paper per cartridge. These toners are between $80-$100 a unit.

An example of typical usage: several years ago I bought a mono-laser printer (actually, it was an all-in-one) for about $170. It was used to create syllabi for seven different classes and hand-outs for most of those classes, for my daughter to write papers for her high school classes and for my son (who discovered SpongeBob on the Internet and printed out hundreds of coloring sheets), and I prepared at least 60 tax returns in that season. The one toner cartridge lasted more than a year.

Speakers are used to emit audio signals that may come from music files or other audio files. Many pre-constructed computers come with external speakers. All come with internal speakers. Usually, the external speakers included are more than good enough for sound quality, whether you"re watching YouTube videos or playing a movie in your DVD player. There are people who prefer a little more bump in their audio output, however. Speakers are available in surround-sound systems that rival a home system. How loud you want your system to be is up to you. The higher-quality the sound system, the more expensive it will be.

Many computers now support Bluetooth technology. You can connect to Bluetooth-enabled speakers and set them up without the need for additional cables or connections!

You don"t have to pick all of these output devices for your computer system, but it is important to remember that monitors are output devices that let us see what we"re working on as we are working on it as well as to get a feel for what the finished product looks like.

Speakers are fun to shop for. They"re an audio output device allowing the transmission of sound files so the user can hear them. You can pick out how loud you want your system to be and find the sound package that works for you.

There are many input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, webcam, microphone and more, which send information to a computer system for processing. An output device, like Monitor, printer and more, displays the result of processing generated by input devices. Input devices only work for giving input of data to the system, and output devices accept the output after processing of data from other devices.

One of the main differences between input and output devices is that input devices are ones that are used to give input to the system by the users, whereas output devices are those, which are used to reproduce the output signals for the user.

There are various devices that are used to accept input of data from user or output data generated by a computer; therefore, they are known as input devices or output devices. However, some devices are referred to as Input/output devices, as they can receive input and reproduce output.

For instance, as shown in the above image, a keyboard is an input device, sending an electrical signal to the computer system. A computer system accepts these signals as input, then translates them and produces or displays output to the user on the monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, it is also shown that after processing, the computer sends data or output to the printer. Then, once the computer sends output to the printer, it is printed onto the piece of paper that is also considered output.

An input device can receive instructions from users or forward information to another device, but it is not able to accept data from another system. After receiving input, it translates these data into the electrical signals in binary code, which cannot be understandable by humans, and only a digital computer can understand it. There are many examples of input devices, which are discussed below:

Output devices are the section of a computer device that receives data from another device and produces output with the information. Although it cannot send data to another device, it has the ability to forward data from a computer to another computer system. It functions to take data from input devices and translate the digitized signals into a form that can be understandable by users. There are various examples of output devices; some are discussed below:

Monitor: A monitor is a piece of computer hardware that accepts data from a computer (output) and displays it on the system screen through the computer"s video card. Monitors have the ability to display information at a much higher resolution. Additionally, these are much like televisions and also known as video screen, display, video display terminal, or video display unit.

Speakers: The most common output devices, speakers accept sound data from a computer and play the sounds for users to hear. Although speakers can be used with any type of sound system, some speakers are manufactured only for computers. It is a device that cannot receive sound generated by users as well as refer that sound to another device. The main objective of the speakers is to produce sound or audio output for the listener.

Projector: A projector is an output device that accepts data from a computer (output) and projects that data or information as a picture onto a wall or screen or any large surface. It does not have the ability to receive data from a user and also not capable of sending that data to another device. When you are showing video or images to a large group of people, a projector is more beneficial to use instead of a monitor because it displays data on a large surface that can be visible to a large number of people clearly.

An input/output device has the ability to accept data from users or another device (input), as well as forward data to another device (output). Some examples of input/output devices are discussed below:

CD-RW drive and DVD-RW drive: These drives functions for accepting data from a computer as an input to copy onto a writable CD or DVD. And, this data contained on a CD or DVD is sent by the drive to the computer.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

Virtually growing up in a computer repair shop, Naomi Bolton has held a passion for as long as she can remember. After earning a diploma through a four year course in graphic design from Cibap College, Bolton launched her own photography business. Her work has been featured on Blinklist, Gameramble and many others.

I/O stands for input/output, or the process by which information is transmitted to a computer and the process by which the computer interacts with the physical world. Given the increasing number of sensors, actuators and peripherals in today’s vehicles

— each of which drives an I/O requirement on the controllers that support them — I/O is becoming an increasingly important area of emphasis in next-generation vehicle architectures.

In the IT world, common input devices are keyboards, mice, microphones and webcams — in other words, devices that allow people to input data to a computer. Examples of output devices are monitors, printers, speakers, sound cards and video cards.

In the industrial world, input devices are pressure gauges, thermometers and other types of sensors, while output devices are the control valves and other physical systems that respond to the information provided by the input devices.

Input data is often transmitted via a bus (the hardware and software that makes up the communication system), and output activities are typically coordinated by a controller.

Vehicles are currently undergoing a rapid increase in I/O, unlike anything seen previously in the automotive industry. This is leading to high levels of complexity that require new approaches to electrical and electronic architecture, such as Aptiv’s

Consider the number of input devices in an automotive scenario, allowing controllers to receive input not just from the human occupants, but also from the vehicle itself, the environment around the vehicle and wireless communications networks.

Common examples of human inputs include the buttons or touchscreens that allow occupants to turn up the heat, play music, adjust the seat position, roll down the windows, and so forth — and moving forward, inputs will increasingly come through microphones

and cameras for features such as voice and gesture control. Some inputs will come from the occupants without them having to take actions, such as the Passive Occupant Detection System (PODS) that detects someone sitting in a seat or the driver state sensing system that determines whether the driver is alert and in a driving position.

But the vehicle systems also receive other inputs ranging from the traditional to the cutting edge. For example, vehicle inputs include sensors measuring temperature, fuel level and tire pressure, but increasingly vehicles are adding environmental inputs

on the rise, from well-established wireless key fobs, to cellular and Wi-Fi support for over-the-air (OTA) software updates from the cloud, cellphone connections and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications.

that keeps a vehicle in its lane or guides the vehicle during automated parking. Outputs also include comfort features such as the air conditioner, the seat heaters and cabin lighting. They include any communications with the driver and other humans,

Infotainment is a complex system that involves both input and output in a single device. Input is received when users touch the screen, and output is the information displayed on the same screen.

The challenge for OEMs is that all these inputs and outputs are being added at once, and space within a vehicle’s chassis is finite. In the past, each new feature has required its own electronic control unit (ECU), and each ECU would have its own I/O connections. This approach will not scale, and it is too complex.

each I/O device in that zone. The zone controller helps manage the I/O in a much more efficient and cost-effective manner, performing local data transformation, aggregating the data and putting it onto a single high-speed cable that connects to the vehicle’s domain controller or central computer.

This decoupling of I/O from compute provides multiple benefits. Delivering power and data connections to the sensors and other devices with just a backbone connection to the domain controllers improves scalability and reduces physical complexity.

In addition, once I/O is separated from compute, resources can be allocated to various software applications dynamically, as needed, based on priority and need. This approach allows the sharing of resources among physically separate domain controllers,

so they can operate logically as one. And this approach supports mixed criticality, where processing power is prioritized for safety features over less critical functions such as infotainment.

Finally, Aptiv’s SVA not only reduces complexity and lowers costs for OEMs. The approach also provides a platform for innovation by giving OEMs the ability to fully control the software that defines the user experience of their vehicles and to enhance that functionality via continuous software release cycles.

An output device is a peripheral (external device that is connected to a computer) which will be used to output data. All output devices take up space physically, the space taken up is called the footprint.

-In OLEDs, error rates are high and the complicated manufacturing process makes OLEDs really expensive. Inkjet printing helps with a longer lifespan for OLED displays.

-OLEDs can also produce different colours by putting the RGB materials at the subpixel location to produce light or use white material across display area. An OLED display helps us to watch a picture clearly due to the fast refresh rate. They are used for advertising and marketing.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.