printers display screens and speakers are __________ devices quotation

These could be standard 2D printers, reproducing text or images on a piece of paper. More recently, this category has been expanded to include 3D printers outputs - which create entire physical objects based on digital models and instructions. Of course, this latter category is a little more complicated than standard 2D printers.

Plotters are another type of output device. Unless you work in the engineering or architectural sector, it is unlikely that you"ll be regularly using these, but they are vital within these fields for converting vector images into physical diagrams. They come in the form of a large machine ‘arm’, which holds a pen (or sometimes a craft knife), which then uses specific instructions to mark a material such as paper in order to sketch out an exact diagram. This is particularly important for cases where precision and accuracy are vital, such as a blueprint.

Of course, there are too many output devices to cover in just one article. Alternatives to those listed above include haptic feedback devices, which convey information to users through motion, vibration, or force — think your phone’s vibrations, or the rumble of a gaming controller. Haptic feedback is also being trialled for use in virtual reality controllers, to pair the physical sensation of touch with the visual stimulation provided by the headset itself.

Braille readers are another example of an output device, bridging the gap between monitors and physical output devices by allowing visually-impaired users to read text by way of physical output. This is usually achieved through the use of round-tipped pins raised through holes, to simulate braille markings as the cursor is moved across text.

Virtually growing up in a computer repair shop, Naomi Bolton has held a passion for as long as she can remember. After earning a diploma through a four year course in graphic design from Cibap College, Bolton launched her own photography business. Her work has been featured on Blinklist, Gameramble and many others.

You know, none of these are really easy choices. If it"s just you working on the system, the decisions might be simple, but if you have to consider others" opinions, not so much. Let"s start with the monitor. We use this to view the work we"re doing at the time or to view a finished product. We may also use it to view videos or photos we"ve taken or found online.

Monitors come in many sizes and descriptions. To make the best decision, you should ask yourself what you"ll be doing the most with your computer. Are you just writing papers or creating presentations? Are you surfing the Internet? Are you playing games once in a while? Are they games that are not intensive in graphics? Are you making and editing videos for fun - or for a profession?

If you can keep it simple, the standard monitor is for you. If you"re playing games with intensive graphics, making videos or working with digital photographs or art, you may want a high-definition monitor. If you"re going to use a computer as your home entertainment system, you can find one that is TV-ready as well.

The size of the monitor you use truly depends on your preference. Things to consider are your eyesight, who else will be using it and the distance the monitor will be sitting away from you (assuming you go with a desktop unit, not a laptop). There are monitor sizes ranging from 7 inches as a supplementary peripheral, but normal monitors range from a 17-inch diagonal to a monster 55-inch diagonal! You could comfortably surf from the couch in the living room with a monitor this size.

Monitors are created with LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode). LCDs have layers of glass, polarized film and liquid crystals. You get electrical impulses sent through, and this causes the color to be shown and image to be displayed. LED monitors take the LCD one step further. They put a diode on the back that forces light through the layers for a sharper picture and better colors. It is said that LED monitors will last longer than LCD monitors.

Have you decided which one you want to go with? Don"t forget, you"ve also got touchscreen monitors available should you have a use for them. The most practical use of a touchscreen monitor for consumer and professional use would be to someone with a physical disability.

The next difficult decision to make will be the printer that will work best for you. Printers are used to create a tangible product to look at away from a monitor. For consumer use there are two kinds to choose from: the inkjet and the laser printer.

The inkjet printer uses a liquid ink that"s sprayed through a print head onto a piece of paper. How? Simply put, the printer interprets the signal from the computer and converts it to instructions that go through the print head. Inkjet printers are typically inexpensive to purchase, although the replacement ink can be costly and add up.

Laser printers use heat technology and specialized powder called toner or another medium (I"ve seen it with wax - it looked like crayons) that"s heat-sealed onto a piece of paper. Laser printers are somewhat expensive, though they"ve come down in cost as the technology has increased.

Both types are often available as mono-color (or black-only printer), full-color or an all-in-one printer. An all-in-one printer typically has a printer, a copier and a scanner. Some still have a fax feature as well.

You should ask yourself how much you"ll be printing and how often. If you don"t print too much, the inkjet printer may be for you. One disadvantage, though, to not printing often with an inkjet printer is that the print head can actually plug up, dry out and then not work. If you print frequently or in large quantities, you may find yourself purchasing ink quite often. Ink varies in price but ranges between $9 and $25 for about 250 sheets of text-only in black ink. The toner for laser printers seems prohibitive but usually will print up to 5000 sheets of paper per cartridge. These toners are between $80-$100 a unit.

An example of typical usage: several years ago I bought a mono-laser printer (actually, it was an all-in-one) for about $170. It was used to create syllabi for seven different classes and hand-outs for most of those classes, for my daughter to write papers for her high school classes and for my son (who discovered SpongeBob on the Internet and printed out hundreds of coloring sheets), and I prepared at least 60 tax returns in that season. The one toner cartridge lasted more than a year.

Speakers are used to emit audio signals that may come from music files or other audio files. Many pre-constructed computers come with external speakers. All come with internal speakers. Usually, the external speakers included are more than good enough for sound quality, whether you"re watching YouTube videos or playing a movie in your DVD player. There are people who prefer a little more bump in their audio output, however. Speakers are available in surround-sound systems that rival a home system. How loud you want your system to be is up to you. The higher-quality the sound system, the more expensive it will be.

Many computers now support Bluetooth technology. You can connect to Bluetooth-enabled speakers and set them up without the need for additional cables or connections!

You don"t have to pick all of these output devices for your computer system, but it is important to remember that monitors are output devices that let us see what we"re working on as we are working on it as well as to get a feel for what the finished product looks like.

Speakers are fun to shop for. They"re an audio output device allowing the transmission of sound files so the user can hear them. You can pick out how loud you want your system to be and find the sound package that works for you.

Hello friends, computer awareness is an important subject for every competitive exam. On this website, we will discuss all those important topics for upcoming competitive exams. Today’s article discusses examples of computer output and input devices.

• Some electronic devices act as both input and output devices, such as mobile or tablet touch screens. It acts as an input device when we put some data through the touch screen(like typing a message) and it acts as an output device when it displays some data (like watching a video on it).

♦ A ____ is an input device, which is used for converting pictures, maps, and drawings into digital form for storage in computers. [SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 2012]

Answer: A USB flash drive is a secondary Storage Device. A flash drive serves as both an input and output device. It acts as an input device when you are copying files from it and as an output device when you are copying files to it.

Output Deviceis thehardwarethat displays the computer’s requests or processed data. The most commonly used are the display screen and the printer; others include disks, magnetic tapes, graphic plotters, and even the spoken word.

An output device is actually a part of device or computer components that gets data from a computing device and then converts the obtained information into a set that the reader can follow. Print, graphics, sound, and documents are the most frequently identified mediums (printed on paper).

The majority of computerized work is done with certain interfaces. The outcome (retrieved data) is called the output from theoperating systemduring the procedure, while the instruments or tools utilized to collect the output are termed the output devices.

Multiple output devices are linked to the desktop depending on the type of computer and the specifications. The following are the most popular output devices:

Shelly is a high school student who decided to buy a computer for various purposes. She needs a monitor, keyboard, mouse, soundbox and other necessary output devices. When she asked her mother about this she said, Without an output device, the system can still work.

Shelly responded that there is no way to tell what the software is doing without an output device. There is no indication of mistakes or the requirement for more information. The system will still work if I disconnect my monitor from it, but it will be less useful, she added. After this conversation, her mother understood why output devices are very much needed.

Any piece of computer hardware that translates data into an understandable form or, traditionally, into an external machine-readable version to be used with other non-computerized devices is referred to as anoutput device.

Ray Bradbury is a renowned author famous for his short science fiction stories and his novel "Fahrenheit 421". His works have inspired many and raised numerous questions about what the future may hold. He"s quoted as saying "I don"t try to describe the future. I try to prevent it." (Bradbury), and in many ways you can see the motif of this mindset in his work. He goes into detail about the dangers of reliance on technology, the ways it could result in our downfall as societies and people. He passed away in 2012 yet his stories live on and remain significant, not only as relics in history, but as reminders of what we"ve become and what we may be moving toward if we"re not careful. In today"s world its hard to go too far without seeing somebody wrapped up in something as simple as a

Gutenberg took the Chinese technique of block printing, rag paper, oil based inks, a screw press that was typically used to produce wine and olive oil, and made movable type letters of metal to create his printing press. The screw press was specially designed to achieve an effective and even transfer of the image to paper or even

As an IT technician, it is need to specify the hardware devices. Thus, it is consists of input devices, out devices and storage devices in order to set up a Multimedia Lab in Computing & Information Technology Department.

The 1950s was the decade that defined America after the second world war. The 50s birthed many of mankind’s greatest technological feats that still shine through today. One of the biggest political and social battles also took place in the decade.

Over 17 million people died in World War I. Over 60 million people died in World War II. The deaths almost tripled because of the advancements in the war. 73 years ago on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without warning sparking the start of World War II. By the evening of September 3, Britain and France were at war with Germany and within a week, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa had also joined the war. The world had been plunged into its second world war in 25 years. The technological advancements in World War II affected the wars in the following years because of advancements in weapons, inventions, and improvements in medicine.

A Keyboard allows for you to enter different characters such as letters, numbers and symbols. Each key on a keyboard represents a different character on the computer. There are several different types of keyboards, Ergonomic Keyboards, QWERTY Keyboards, and Braille Keyboards. Another example of an Input Device is a Mouse. A Mouse is a Pointing Device which allows you to move the cursor on the computer.

Computers have one or a lot of big or small R-A-M chips inside. RAM chips are a random access memory chip inside, the computer uses it to store information that will be used anytime or used to store something like the copy clipboard(The copy clipboard is the thing that stores what you copy to paste later) to delete/change later. There is also a spinning or solid state hard drive that uses DVD like disks that stores information like your video games, pictures, or other things. A CPU is the thing that your computer uses to do all the processing work, like our brain but not like it. CPU stands central-processing-unit.

For this particular task, I will be explaining what key components are necessary for client workstations to connect to a network and how to access network resources. I will be explaining the key features and functions of each of these components in relative detail.

These are mechanisms used to connect computers and other electronic devices together so they can exchange and share files or special resources like printers or fax machines used in big organisations. LAN is the main type of network device used by the community.

Imagine a world where communication is difficult, there is not a lot of entertainment, and places are hard to get to. This actually was the world in the 1900s-1910s. Technology has come a long way since the early 1900s. Our world has become more advanced and fast paced due to the advances of technology. Over the last 100 years, technology is by far the biggest change in our culture.

Software resources include all sets of information processing instructions. Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.

In second language learning, using visual aids is a necessity teaching strategy in both English as Second Language (ESL) classroom and English as Foreign Language (EFL) classroom (Allen, Kate & Marquez, 2011). They believed that using visual aids in the process of teaching a foreign language can strengthen what learners have learned and increase their interest. In their article, they proposed the positive impact of using visuals and they concluded that teachers should become aware of the strategies in which they can use visual aids and use them purposefully in the classroom to enhance students’ learning.

A broadcast or storage medium is utilizing electronic technology. They may include televisions, radios, the Internet, faxes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and any other medium that requires power or digital information encoding. The term electronic medium is usually in contrast to a print medium.

Ray Bradbury is a renowned author famous for his short science fiction stories and his novel "Fahrenheit 421". His works have inspired many and raised numerous questions about what the future may hold. He"s quoted as saying "I don"t try to describe the future. I try to prevent it." (Bradbury), and in many ways you can see the motif of this mindset in his work. He goes into detail about the dangers of reliance on technology, the ways it could result in our downfall as societies and people. He passed away in 2012 yet his stories live on and remain significant, not only as relics in history, but as reminders of what we"ve become and what we may be moving toward if we"re not careful. In today"s world its hard to go too far without seeing somebody wrapped up in something as simple as a

Gutenberg took the Chinese technique of block printing, rag paper, oil based inks, a screw press that was typically used to produce wine and olive oil, and made movable type letters of metal to create his printing press. The screw press was specially designed to achieve an effective and even transfer of the image to paper or even

As an IT technician, it is need to specify the hardware devices. Thus, it is consists of input devices, out devices and storage devices in order to set up a Multimedia Lab in Computing & Information Technology Department.

The 1950s was the decade that defined America after the second world war. The 50s birthed many of mankind’s greatest technological feats that still shine through today. One of the biggest political and social battles also took place in the decade.

Over 17 million people died in World War I. Over 60 million people died in World War II. The deaths almost tripled because of the advancements in the war. 73 years ago on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without warning sparking the start of World War II. By the evening of September 3, Britain and France were at war with Germany and within a week, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa had also joined the war. The world had been plunged into its second world war in 25 years. The technological advancements in World War II affected the wars in the following years because of advancements in weapons, inventions, and improvements in medicine.

A Keyboard allows for you to enter different characters such as letters, numbers and symbols. Each key on a keyboard represents a different character on the computer. There are several different types of keyboards, Ergonomic Keyboards, QWERTY Keyboards, and Braille Keyboards. Another example of an Input Device is a Mouse. A Mouse is a Pointing Device which allows you to move the cursor on the computer.

Computers have one or a lot of big or small R-A-M chips inside. RAM chips are a random access memory chip inside, the computer uses it to store information that will be used anytime or used to store something like the copy clipboard(The copy clipboard is the thing that stores what you copy to paste later) to delete/change later. There is also a spinning or solid state hard drive that uses DVD like disks that stores information like your video games, pictures, or other things. A CPU is the thing that your computer uses to do all the processing work, like our brain but not like it. CPU stands central-processing-unit.

For this particular task, I will be explaining what key components are necessary for client workstations to connect to a network and how to access network resources. I will be explaining the key features and functions of each of these components in relative detail.

These are mechanisms used to connect computers and other electronic devices together so they can exchange and share files or special resources like printers or fax machines used in big organisations. LAN is the main type of network device used by the community.

Imagine a world where communication is difficult, there is not a lot of entertainment, and places are hard to get to. This actually was the world in the 1900s-1910s. Technology has come a long way since the early 1900s. Our world has become more advanced and fast paced due to the advances of technology. Over the last 100 years, technology is by far the biggest change in our culture.

Software resources include all sets of information processing instructions. Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.

In second language learning, using visual aids is a necessity teaching strategy in both English as Second Language (ESL) classroom and English as Foreign Language (EFL) classroom (Allen, Kate & Marquez, 2011). They believed that using visual aids in the process of teaching a foreign language can strengthen what learners have learned and increase their interest. In their article, they proposed the positive impact of using visuals and they concluded that teachers should become aware of the strategies in which they can use visual aids and use them purposefully in the classroom to enhance students’ learning.

A broadcast or storage medium is utilizing electronic technology. They may include televisions, radios, the Internet, faxes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and any other medium that requires power or digital information encoding. The term electronic medium is usually in contrast to a print medium.

An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then translates that data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document.

The key distinction between an input device and an output device is that an input device sends data to the computer, whereas an output device receives data from the computer.

For example, using a microphone to record a podcast is an example of using an input device. Listening to the recorded podcast through a connected speaker is an example of using an output device. Both output and input devices are examples of auxiliary,or peripheral, devices.

Each output device example has a specific history, so here I cover specifically howeach device works, whenit became a part of technology history, popular brands on the market selling the device, and a fun fact.

Function: A monitor consists of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons to adjust screen settings, and a casing that contains all of these components. A monitor displays data from a computer onto a screen so the user can interact with the data via a digital interface.

Origin Story: The first monitors used the same technology as early televisions, relying on a cathode ray tube and a fluorescent screen. This technology was first utilized for computer monitors in 1965 in the Uniscope 300 machine, which had a built-in CRT display. CRT display lights up a series of dots with a beam on an active part of the screen. This resulted in a maximum resolution of 1600 by 1200 pixels. LCD (liquid crystal display) entered the market in 2000 and outsold CRT monitors in 2007. Nowadays, monitors incorporate flat display technology. Plasma monitors are brighter than both CRT and LCD and function by illuminating tiny charged gas bubbles, or plasma, in the screen.

Function: The function of a printer is to create a copy of whatever is sent from the computer to the printer. Printers take electronic data sent from a computer and generate a hard copy.

Origin Story: Photocopying, also known as xerography, is the origin-technology of modern-day printing and was invented in 1938 by Chester S. Carlson of Queens, New York.

The first inkjet printer was developed in 1951. There are many different types of printers, with inkjet and laser printers being two of the most common. Modern printers usually connect to a computer with a USB cable or via Wi-Fi.

Fun Fact:A plotter, which is also a type of print output device, is a similar type of hardware device to a printer. Unlike a printer, however, plotters use writing tools, such as pen, pencil, marker, to draw lines. Designed to use vector graphics, plotters were once commonly employed for computer-aided design, but have now been largely replaced by wide-format printers.

Origin Story: There’s no single figure who invented headphones, but the use of headphones stems from the military. Nathaniel Baldwin of Utah submitted a headphone prototype to the U.S. Navy in 1910, which was adopted some years after by Naval radio operators. Koss Corporation then created the first commercial stereo headphones in 1958. Nowadays, headphones come in all shapes and sizes, from basic earbuds to the traditional style with padding around the earpieces and a connecting band that fits over the user"s head.

Function:Computer speakers are hardware devices that transform the signal from the computer"s sound card into audio. Speakers create sound using internal amplifiers that vibrate at different frequencies according to data from the computer. This produces sound.

Origin Story:Speakers are essential if you want a louder sound, surround sound, fuller bass, or just higher quality audio. The first internal computer speaker (a speaker inside the chassis of a laptop) was created in 1981 by IBM. External computer speakers began to appear in stores in the early 1990s when computer gaming, digital music, and other forms of media became popular. Some computer speakers are wireless nowadays, connecting to the computer via Bluetooth.

Fun Fact:You can turn your speakers (or headphones!) into a microphone. The difference between computer speakers and a microphone is that the frequency of the vibration originates from external sounds rather than data from a computer.

Origin Story: Originally, projectors weren’tan output device. Projectors were first created and used in late 19th-century France. Throughout history, biunial lanterns were used to project ink on glass by photographers, lecturers, and magicians. A biunial lantern is a lantern with projection capabilities. "Biunial" means combining two things into one, so a biunial lantern is a directional lantern and a glass slide with a print on it for projecting.

In the early 1920s, filmstrips were used to show “films” in classrooms. Turning the knob allowed teachers to stop on specific slides. Clear film copies for projectors weren’t invented until the 1960s, and 3M became the leading producer in clear film and projectors.

Nowadays, projectors are typically used for presentations, watching movies, or as a teaching aid, as they enable an entire roomful of people to see images generated by a single computer. Modern projectors usually connect to the computer via an HDMI (high-definition multimedia) cable or VGA (video graphics array) cable.

Fun Fact: 3D projectors are designed to project two images of the same thing from different angles at the same time. Wearing 3D glasses, the viewer can see a 3D projection composed of multiple superimposed images.

Function: GPS is a radio-based navigation system that’s composed of a sender computer and a receiver. The sender broadcasts signals to 24 satellites that ping to the sender the exact location of the sender computer in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates. The satellites use microwave signals to “talk” to the GPS, giving information on location, vehicle speed, and a number of other pieces of data.

Origin Story: A Soviet-era technology, GPS was originally used in the 1960s totrack U.S. submarines carrying nuclear missiles. The Department of Defense deployed more satellites to bolster the burgeoning navigation system. By 1993, 24 satellites were in orbit and GPS was used broadly across the world in agriculture, aviation, the military, athletics, science, and the list goes on.

Function: The sound card controls the output of sound signals, enabling devices like speakers and headphones to work. The sound card is known as an expansion card, which means it can be added to the motherboard. Although a sound card is not essential to a computer"s basic functionality, you need one if you wish to play games, watch movies, listen to music, and use audio and video conferencing.

Origin Story:The first sound card was invented by Sherwin Gooch in 1972 and was used in PLATO systems (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations). PLATO was the first computer-assisted learning system in widespread use. It wasn"t until 1988 that sound cards were widely used in PCs.

When computer data is sent through a sound card, it is sent to the card digitally. The sound card then translates the digital information (in the form of binary, or 0s and 1s) into analog information: vibrations, output in the form of sound.

Fun Fact:The popularization of sound cards originated in the gaming realm. Sierra Entertainment, a gaming platform, began supporting add-ons like sound cards and this enabled the sound card industry to grow without being an underground solution to a growing issue: shallow sound while gaming.

Function: As with the sound card, the video card is an expansion card that slots into the motherboard. The video card processes images and video, enabling visuals to be seen on a display. Most computers have basic video and graphics capabilities built into the computer"s motherboard, but for faster, more detailed graphics, a video card is required.

Origin Story:Video cards are also known as GPUs or graphics processing units. Before modern-day GPUs, IBM introduced the MDA (monochrome display adapter). The MDA supported visuals such as text and lines for uses such as drafting but didn"t offer any graphical experiences.

In order to increase the functionality of the burgeoning computing technology, Hercules Computer Technology invented the Hercules Graphics Card, which integrated with the MDA to offer a bitmapped (or "rasterized," or pixelated), graphics experience. From the 1990s on, graphics technology was increasingly like modern-day graphics cards and has increased in graphic quality and speed significantly since then.

Fun Fact:Video cards can work in both 2D images and 3D images. Images like browsers, computer desktops, and PDFs are considered 2D images, whereas computer games are considered 3D.

Function: A braille reader is a peripheral device that enables a blind person to read text displayed on a computer monitor. The text is sent by the computer to the device, where it is translated into a braille format and made readable by pushing rounded pins up through a flat surface. Braille readers are also called braille displays and come in various sizes. Braille readers come in the form of separate devices from a keyboard or as part of a keyboard. Most use piezoelectric technology, or electricity generated by mechanical stress, to create a single line of text at a time in the form of raised bumps.

This was the case until late 2018 when Blitlab proposed an electronic solution to the limited capabilities of braille readers. Blitlab, upon its release, will allow the visually impaired to use the internet and read books and newspapers more independently. The technology is still in development. The device will cost only around $500, which is little compared to traditional braille readers, which cost around $5,000 to $11,000.

Origin Story: Braille is a 63 character alphabet invented in 1824 by Louis Braille. Braille was embossed on paper and other materials for decades before braille reader technology was invented. The first braille output technology was patented in 1975 by the Schönherr Company, and braille reader technology has evolved slowly since.

Fun Fact: Blitlab is the first tablet-style braille reader technology that will utilize a perforated glass screen that raises bumps as the computer reads the text from websites and translates it to braille.

Function: SGDs, also known as voice output communication aids, generate text to speech. A user types something and when the command is sent, the SGD reads the sentence out loud.

Origin Story: The first version of the SGD used print output. The “patient-operated selector mechanism,” or POSSUM, found symbols on a display and illuminated them for the reader. In the 1980s Dynavox was formed by students from Carnegie Mellon University with the goal to make an effective SGD for a young woman with cerebral palsy. This resulted in the invention of the EyeTyper, a device that allowed the user to spell with their eyes that would then be spoken.

Fun Fact: The most famous use of an SGD was by Stephen Hawking. Hawking was an astrophysicist with Lou Gehrig’s disease (also known as ALS). Lou Gehrig’s disease slowly deteriorates nerves in the spine and brain that results in gradual loss of muscle control. This often includes the ability to speak.

The biunial lantern, for example, sufficed in lieu of a more advanced option for projecting pictures; most output devices (like projectors) as they are known today didn"t come into widespread use until the popularization of computer use at home in the 1980s.

This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.

I really like your explanation to the above topic ( Output device). I am teacher and i teach ICT at Daboya in the Northern part of Ghana, West Africa. Most the the pupils I teach have no much idea about ICT. Even some have never seen a computer before. Because of these, teaching ICT here is a big problem since every thing mention is new or strange to them. But for what i had from you,I am really grateful. My suggestion is that you should try to add the images of these devices so that pupils like mine can also have the opportunity to see them. Once again, thank you very much.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation"s Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.

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Peripheral devices are those devices that are connected with the computer and work with the computer to perform particular functions. These are the gadgets used to expand the capabilities of the computer to a large extent such as printer, scanner, loudspeaker, etc. When a printer is connected to a computer, you can easily print any type of document by using it. Peripheral devices are also called Auxiliary devices which are depended on the computer & can’t work or perform functions on their own. Peripheral devices may be internal or external. The devices that are connected externally with the computer are called external peripheral devices like printer while those devices which are present inside the computer are called internal peripheral devices like an optical disc drive. A computer is a machine used to perform multiple tasks at extremely very high speed. It includes the various devices which are designed to achieve a specific piece of work or job at a particular time.

Input devices are those devices that are used to provide input to the computer. The input devices play a very important role in converting the data & instructions into the binary form because the computer can only understand or accepts the binary codes otherwise it does not respond to any other language.

Different types of data can be entered through the input device such as text, graphics images, audio, video, graphical symbols, etc. Different types of input devices are available to process the data. used according to the form of the data

Numeric keys are used to enter the numeric information. This keypad includes 10 digits (0-9) and mathematical operator (+, -, *, /). These keys are also used for cursor movement. Numeric keypad is consists of a set of 17 keys and it is located on the right side of the keyboard.

These keys are used to enter characters. It letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), space bar, punctuation. It also includes some modify keys which are used to modify the functions of other keys like shift, ctrl (control key), alt (alternate key) and these keys are used in concert with other keys.

Punctuation keys are also available on the computer keyboard like the semicolon (;), the colon (:), the question mark (?), single quotes (‘) and double quotes (“).

Functions keys are present in a row at the top of the keyboard. There are 12 functions keys (F1-F12) in a keyboard and each key is used for a unique purpose.

The special-purpose keys are space bar, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Del, Page Up, Page Down, Print Screen, Tab, etc. All these keys are known for performing special functions.

The mouse is one of the most important devices of the computer. It is also called a pointing device. This pointing device is represented on the screen in the form of an arrow & this arrow is called a cursor. As you move the mouse the cursor/arrow will also move on the screen. It consists of two buttons right & left and a small wheel between the buttons. The left button is used for the options while the right button is used for selecting the options. The mouse is used to control the movement of the cursor on the screen and it is connected with the computer by using a wire. But wireless mouses are also available now that do not require any wire to connected with the computer. It moves the cursor faster as compared to the arrow keys on the keyboard but it is not used for the text typing. To move the cursor on the screen we need to move the whole mouse on a smooth surface.

Trackball is a pointing device used in many laptops to control cursor. It consists of a half inserted ball and you can easily move the pointer by moving or rolling this ball with your fingers. It comes in various shapes like a square, button, etc. It does not require a smooth surface & nor to move the whole device like a mouse. It covers less space than a mouse.

Light pen is an input device used to point to demonstrated objects. It is also used to draw things/pictures on the monitor screen. It is just like a pen. It contains photocells & an optical system fixed in a small tube. So, when someone moves the tip of the light pen over the screen, pressed the pen button. Then the elements of the photocells will detect the location of the screen and will transmit the signal to the processor (CPU).

Resistive: Resistive touch screen technology is composed of several layers (generally electrically conductive and resistive layer). The upper resistive circuit layer is made up of polyester while the lower resistive circuit layer is made up of glass. Both of these layers are coated with conductive ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). When you touch and then, press the screen with your finger at a point, both the upper & lower layers become connected at that point. It will cause changes in the electric current and this will called the touch event, will be transmitted to the Processor for further processing.

Surface Wave: Surface wave touch screens depend upon the sound waves such as ultrasonic waves, the waves have very high frequency above the limit of human hearing. These type of touch screens operate by capturing these waves.

Infrared (IR): Infrared touch screens are consist of glass at both top as well as the bottom. IT depends upon the light beam interruption technology. It consists of LEDs and Sensors placed vertically & horizontally just opposite to each other.

Optical mark reader is an input device that has a light (laser light). It is used to read the existence or non-existence of a pencil or pen mark. In simple words, you can say that it is a scanner used to It is mainly used to check OMR sheets used in several exams. The OMR sheets are the specialized sheets where you get four options in spherical balls (option A, B, C, D). The students have to mark one of these options by a black ball pen. By doing so it becomes easy to check whether the marked answers are correct or not. These sheets are put in the scanner (OMR) which has been already connected to the computer system that has the original sheets with correct answers. The light that has been used in the scanner is more reflected or passed through the white color as compared to the black color. A light is already present on the correct option which is not visible to us but the OMR scanner can detect it. Hence, it makes possible to check the number of OMR sheets of several exams by using this device.

MICR is a microprocessor used for character-recognition. It is mainly used in bank sector for clearance of cheques and other documents. We all have seen that there are few digits at the bottom of a cheque. These digits are magnetic micro-fonts and are called MICR Code. They had been written by a special ink made up of iron oxide. The MICR microprocessor contains a magnetic filament that can only recognize the magnetic micro-fonts or characters written by the special ink of iron oxide. So, when the cheque is passed through this device it reads the digits, processes them and then, gives the information like bank name, branch name, name of the account holder, etc. So, it is very helpful in reading the characters & then, executing the information at extremely high speed.

Barcode is a code made up of few black colored lines (as black color much absorbs light) some of them are thick and some of them are thin. This can be usually seen on the products. The device used to scan this barcode is called barcode reader/scanner. Barcode Reader is a gun-shaped input device produces a red beam of light (infrared light as it much reflects light) & this red beam of light reads/target the printed barcode of the product. After that, an output will be executed on your PC & shows complete information about the product like the product’s name, its price, etc.

Scanner is an input device used to scan documents, images, etc. It works just like a photocopy machine, scan the information accessible on the paper & ten, transfer this scanned information into the computer for further processing. It converts the information into the digital format. Images captured/taken from the source by the image scanner to scan them & then converted them into the digital form to store them into the computer’s disk. Before printing these stored images you can easily edit them through a software called Adobe’s Photoshop.

Smart cards are the electronic device, also called a stored-value card. They contain a microchip (integrated circuit chip) embedded into them. The smart cards are used to store customer-specific information like deposit amount, withdrawal amount, personal information of the customer, bank name, etc. The withdrawal/deposited amount and the amount left in the account can be easily detected after every transaction by using this device. It includes a Pin code that is unique for every specific customer. It means it provides security keys to you so, that no unauthorized person can access your account or get any kind of information about it. Smart cards are used in ATM called Automatic Teller Machine from where we can withdrawal/deposit our money without interacting with any bank agent.

Digital cameras are used in many fields like smartphones, production lines, traffic monitoring, in many other industries, etc. Digital cameras are consists of a lens & a sensor (usually CCD charged coupled device). Lens is used to focus on the object while the sensor is sensitive to light and is used to store images electrically & also detects color content, brightness level of the image.

Microphones are used to communicate through audio. It is the most commonly used audio communication system in computers. They are used to magnify & record sounds, transfer sound inputs to the computer. They are connected to the motherboard of the computer system as there is an in-built sound chips in the motherboard. Microphones catch the sound, produced signals & then, sent them to the sound cards of the computer. These sound cards are allowed to convert these analog signals into digital signals.

Infrared remotes are depended on infrared technology used to control the various computer devices without making use of any wire. At the top of these remotes, there is a small LED which emits infrared light in a particular pattern to complete a particular task of functions that you want from them to perform. It consists of a keypad and below the keypad, there is a circuit plate. For each button there is a rubber/plastic buttons. So, when you will press any button the circuit will be completed & got informed that which action you want to perform them. These remotes do not show any compatibility with each other. It means that they are liable to perform functions for a specific brand or you can say that they are Brand/Model specific. The remote of a Samsung sound player will perform functions only for the sound players belongs to the Samsung company. The behind this is that each company includes some particular codes so that no interference will be their other the remotes belonged to other companies.

Digitizer is an input device connected with the computer to draw graphics or art into a computer by using a pen. It is mainly used by graphic designers. It consists of a pressure-sensitive pad and a pen connected with the system unit. You can draw anything on the pad by using a pen. The output of your hand-drawn graphic will be produced on the computer. Due to its flat surface, it is also called Graphic Tablet.

Output devices are the devices on which the output is generated and they are also able to convert the information into a form that can be easily understood by humans. The different types of outputs can be produced by the output devices.

Soft-copy Output: Soft-copy output is an intangible output (cannot be touched) & temporary. It disappears when the computer is switched off. The soft-copy output is displayed on the screen may be in the form of e-mails, a digital word document. The soft-copy output devices electronically display information on the computer screen.

A computer monitor is one of the most important output device. It is also called Visual Display Unit (VDU) as it is allowed to display information visually. It consists of very small dots called pixels that are arranged in a particular pattern so that they do not overlap each other. These pixels together form an image. The sharpness of an image depends upon the number of pixels present in a screen. Means the more the number of pixels available in a screen the better will be the picture quality of the screen. The maximum number of pixels per unit area of the screen is called resolution.

CRT Monitors: It stands for Cathode Ray Tube which includes beam penetration method. Three electron guns are present in these type of monitors like RGB (Red, green & blue). These electron guns transmit or radiate a constant flow of electrons through an electric field. The two phosphors layers are available, one is inside the tube & other at the outer surface of the tube. The displayed colors are based on the fact that how far electron beam penetrate (enter) into these layers. CRT monitors include different phosphors that are responsible for emitting different colored light. These emitted light get combined to generate a wide range of colors (new colors). Hence, it is the combination of phosphors which can emit different colored light which results in a colored picture on the monitor.

LCD Monitors: LCD stands for the liquid crystal display. Crystal is something whose elements lie between liquid & solid and the LCD screens are neither a complete liquid and nor a crystal. It is an intermediate between these two. It shows the properties of a crystalline solid in which molecules are arranged in a specific pattern but does not have a fixed shape. Polarization is present in LCD screens which allows the movement of light in one direction. Three colors are needed to glow a pixel i.e. red, green & blue (RGB). When voltage is applied the molecules of crystal regulate in one direction, these molecules are passed and it polarizes the light (from vertical to horizontal) and also controls the intensity of light.

TFT Monitors: TFT stands for thin-film transistor. It is mainly used in laptops. This type of screen is very sensitive and have better resolution than the LCD screen. It includes independent and tiny