limestone display screens factory
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LCD ScreensLCD is short for liquid crystal display.Due to the amount of space an LCD screen can save, it has become one of the leading options for computer monitors.This space is saved because LCD"s use two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them rather than bulky vacuum tubes. In order to create the pictures you view on a computer monitor, an electric current is passed through the liquid crystals, which causes each of the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. These "shutters" can be controlled to create vivid images.
A CRT, or cathode-ray tube, is another type of screen. It works by moving an electron beam across the back of the computer monitor screen. As the beam moves along the screen, it lights up the thousands of phosphor dots that are inside of the glass tube, thus illuminating portions of the screen. By creating many lines across the back of the screen, it creates an entire screen filled with colorful pictures. However, these screens are larger and heavier than LCD"s. They are also a larger threat to the environment. CRTs can contain cadmium, a toxic substance, in its phosphors. The back part of the CRT can contain leaded glass, another dangerous substance.
The circuit board is located inside the plastic casing of the computer monitor and controls all of the computer monitor"s functions.It is made from many mined materials such as gold, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, beryllium, tantalum, coltan, silver, and other materials that conduct electricity.Manufacturing of circuit boards requires the use of crude oil to make the plastic and sand and limestone to create fiberglass.Tantalum is often used as one of the materials in circuit boards as it conducts electricity well.Many of the materials used in circuitboards are non-renewable and can remain in theenvironment for a large amount of time.
Chalk is the name of a limestone that forms from an accumulation of calcareous shell remains of microscopic marine organisms such as foraminifera. It can also form from the calcareous remains of some marine algae.
Coquina is the name of a poorly cemented limestone composed almost exclusively of sand-size fragments of calcareous shell and/or coral debris. A small amount of calcareous cement usually binds the grains together.
Crystalline Limestone: A specimen of limestone that has been subjected to metamorphism. Some might call this material "crystalline limestone" - however, the proper name is marble. If you view this rock closely by eye, or better, with a hand lens, you will clearly see cleavage faces of calcite intersecting at rhombic angles. The rock shown here is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.
When limestone is subjected to heat, pressure, and chemical activity, the calcite in the rock begins to transform. This is the beginning of the process known as metamorphism.
Marble is the name of the metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. It is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals that might include clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxide, and graphite.
Dolomitic Limestone: A view of the Kaibab Limestone at Walnut Canyon National Monument, Arizona. At this location, and many other locations, the Kaibab Limestone is fossiliferous and dolomitic. Photograph by the United States Geological Survey.
Dolomite is thought to form when the calcite (CaCO3) in carbonate sediments or in limestone is modified by magnesium-rich groundwater. The available magnesium facilitates the conversion of calcite into dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). This chemical change is known as "dolomitization."
Fossiliferous Limestone: Ammonite fossils found in limestone quarry in Germany. Ammonite fossils are abundant in the area around Nuremberg and Stuttgart. Image copyright iStockphoto / hsvrs.
Fossiliferous limestone is a limestone that contains obvious and abundant fossils. They are usually marine invertebrates such as brachiopods, crinoids, mollusks, gastropods, and coral. These are the normal shell and skeletal fossils found in many types of limestone.
Fossiliferous limestone often contains information about the environment of deposition, and where the organisms lived (or were deposited). Paleontologists can often examine the fossils and determine the geologic age of the rock.
Lithographic Limestone: In 1908, workers at NOAA"s printing shop ink a slab of lithographic limestone that contains an image of a nautical chart. In 1900, NOAA produced approximately 100,000 lithographic prints using this method. A crop from an image in the NOAA archive.
Lithographic limestone is a dense rock with a very fine and very uniform grain size. It occurs in thin beds which separate easily to form a very smooth surface.
Oolitic Limestone: A specimen of limestone composed almost entirely of oolites. This rock was collected from the Salem Limestone, Middle Mississippian, at an unrecorded / undisclosed site in southern Indiana. Photograph by James St. John, displayed here under a Creative Commons attribution license.
Oolitic limestone is found in many parts of the world. Oolitic sediment is found in Great Salt Lake, Utah. Some sedimentary rocks are composed almost entirely of ooids and the calcium carbonate cement that binds them together.
Travertine is a variety of limestone that forms where geothermally heated alkaline water, supercharged with dissolved gases and minerals, emerges at the surface. There, calcium carbonate and other minerals precipitate as the water degases and begins to evaporate.
Tufa Towers are spectacular limestone features found in Mono Lake at Yosemite National Park in California. Image copyright iStockphoto / Andrew Soundarajan.
Tufa is a porous limestone produced by precipitation of calcium carbonate from the waters of a hot spring or other body of surface water that has the ability to precipitate volumes of calcium carbonate. The pore space in tufa often results when plant material is trapped in precipitating calcium carbonate.
He is confident that Factum’s facsimile technology is without parallel. Though he welcomes competition, he can be withering about rivals, especially the Institute for Digital Archaeology, an upstart founded, in 2012, by Roger Michel, an American. Michel is an unconventional arts professional; he is an assistant district attorney in Massachusetts, who has, as Lowe puts it, a “talent for publicity.” Last year, the I.D.A. made headlines, and the cover of Newsweek, after it erected, in Trafalgar Square, a marble replica of a triumphal Roman arch in Palmyra, Syria—another icon destroyed by ISIS. A 3-D model was produced, Michel says, by collating dozens of photographs that archeologists and tourists had taken before the terrorists descended. Lowe went to London to examine the arch, and felt that it was a sloppy stunt. “For starters, it is one-third the original size!” he fumed. (According to Michel, a one-to-one facsimile would have been too heavy to display in Trafalgar Square.) Moreover, Lowe said, the facsimile was inaccurate: “If you look at the arch, there are these beautiful Corinthian columns on it, and on the finial it looks like there’s an artichoke on it. You can just tell that one of the people making it was, like, ‘That’s too hard right there,’ and simplified the shape! It’s appalling.” Recently, Michel and Lowe appeared on a panel at Columbia. Michel said that he made his arch to “redress a sense of loss” felt by Syrians, and he complained that Western scholars were “very fetishistic” about high-resolution data. Lowe noted icily that Nicholas Reeves’s Tutankhamun discoveries would not have been possible “without the data being submillimetric.”
Such a project might be his strongest challenge yet to the idea of physical restoration. If you can create a replica that effectively relays a curator’s hypothesis about what an art work once looked like, why make possibly damaging physical alterations to the original? The Art Institute of Chicago has experimented with a similar approach. In 2005, it displayed a “digital rejuvenation” of Seurat’s Pointillist masterpiece “A Sunday on La Grande Jatte,” many of whose pigments, such as zinc yellow, have browned with age. A large printout of the color-adjusted image was presented next to the painting, which has not been restored. Lowe’s proposition is thornier: will museums want their doctored Griffoni panels subjected to a merciless critique? “It’s an idea that may have to remain inside my head,” Lowe said.
A few years ago, Lowe decided that he would try to restore the chapel’s aura, by creating what he called a “performance of the Caravaggio, with me as the conductor.” He digitally combined details from multiple photographs of the “Nativity,” including black-and-white images, to create the “most complete data set possible.” (Anna Paola Ferrara, a Factum employee who worked on the project, calls the resulting image “a Frankenstein.”) Lowe marshalled what he had learned from making the other Caravaggio facsimiles to mimic the topography created by the artist’s thick, quick brushstrokes. Using the giant Epson, he printed out the “rebuilt” composition, then showed it to an Italian art historian. In response to his comments, Lowe and two colleagues acted like old-school restorers, making touch-ups with a brush. To integrate these tweaks, he scanned the altered fake and made another 3-D print. The historian made yet more critiques, and six more printouts were produced before the work was deemed ready for display. The project, which cost a hundred thousand euros, was paid for by Sky TV, the European cable channel, which made a documentary about the painting’s theft.