transparent lcd displays pdf free sample

A large transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) prototype with ultrahigh transmittance and good see-through property is demonstrated in this paper. The transmittance reaches more than 20% by introducing the RGBW pixel arrangement, a thin color filter process, a large aperture ratio design, as well as antireflective polarizer film. The see-through image quality is also greatly improved by suppressing the blurring by using domain reduction pixel design. All these approaches are applicable for large LCD panel products, and we expect broad applications of large transparent LCDs in the near future.

Screen Solutions offers complete solutions for transparent displays including standard and custom display cases. SSI has designed and built transparent displays for companies like Chrysler, Lockheed Martin, Mazda and many others over the last 15 years.

Standard Sizes start as small as 10″ and can get as big as 86″ Diagonal as seen in the video to your left. These complete displays include transparent panel, lighting, glass, display case and even a touch screen if you want.

Transparent LCD’s provide an innovative display solution opening up new ways for brands to promote their products and services. Examples include retail stores looking to advertise a new fashion clothing or accessory, museums securely housing a precious artifact with information displayed on screen or brands looking to launch a new product at a live event or show. The opportunities are endless!

Our Transparent LCD Displays include a Grade A LCD panel with metal bezel protecting the edges / electronics and a media board supporting HDMI or VGA inputs from your PC, Laptop or Media Player.

Transparent screen technology offers intriguing ways to deliver visual information to your audience, being used to reveal or conceal products, objects or artefacts behind the screen.

The combination of HD LCD technology (4K on our 65″, 86″, 98″ version) with a transparent screen substrate opens up creative avenues that were previously closed with traditional LCD displays. Solid black pixels on a transparent background can be used in intriguing ways to hide (and gradually reveal) whatever is behind the screen.

Our Transparent LCD monitors are designed for integration into the customers own furniture housing or display case while our Transparent LCD showcases offer a complete solution including the display, housing and backlight with white or black options available on request. We can also offer custom freestanding options for POP / POS displays. Transparent LCD’s are predominantly fully housed however we’ve recently developed an innovative housing method using a high brightness LED panel which allows the display case sides to remain transparent for improved visibly into the display case.

Using their original design as a starting point, we worked closely with the team at Nike to adapt to the mechanical aspects of the design, the result was a sleek and minimalist set of nine Transparent LCD Display Screens, custom built to suit the applications requirements, bringing Nike’s original concept ideas to life.

Transparent LCD’s comprise of an LCD panel without the backlight with white pixels appearing as transparent. In order to display an image, the Transparent LCD needs to be integrated into a housing with a high bright LED backlight.

We can also offer more complete solutions like our Transparent LCD Showcase that comes fully contained and ready to use with a powerful backlighting system to guarantee the best picture quality.

Yes in order to display an image Transparent LCD’s need to have a strong backlight. Notoriously Transparent LCD’s have also needed some form of housing to achieve optimum image quality, however, Nike’s House of Innovation paired our Transparent LCD’s with powerful, oversized backlights that allowed the screens to be mounted with no surround but still producing a high-quality image.

Transparent LCD’s are arguably the most popular transparent screens but are hindered by their need for a backlight to operate. For applications looking for a similar effect without the backlighting, Transparent OLEDs require no housing or surround but are only currently available in a 55″ screen size with HD quality. For larger transparent screen applications, Transparent LED’s are recommended with external and internal solutions usually installed to glass facades for the impact of an led screen without compromising the view from inside the building.

We also offer transparent projection technologies including our Clearview Rear Projection Film featured in Guardians of the Galaxy as well as at the 83rd Oscars celebration and MTV EMA awards.

Transparent LCD’s are a great way to combine physical and digital displays in one central place making them a popular choice for museums and exhibitions. Our transparent screens can also be integrated into display furniture and appliances & vending machines like freezer doors for supermarkets. Other uses include POS displays, store window displays, trade shows and product launches.

We manufacture in Britain and ship worldwide – if you need further information, a pricing quote, or want to discuss ideas for using our Transparent LCD Display click the link below to contact us, email us via info@prodisplay.com or call us on +44 (0)1226 361 306.

Use the preview options in the Flattener Preview dialog box to highlight the areas and objects that are transparent, as well as those affected by transparency flattening. Transparent content is highlighted in red, and the rest of the artwork appears in grayscale.

Use this information to adjust the flattener options before you apply the settings, and then save them as flattener presets. You can then apply these presets from other dialog boxes. For example,PDF Optimizer (Save As Other > Optimized PDF), Advanced Print Setup dialog box, and the PostScript Settings dialog box (File > Export To).

Transparent display technology surrounds us, even if we aren’t aware of it. In this article we look at transparent head-up displays, LCDs, OLEDs and transparent electroluminescent technology and delve into the pros and cons of the four main transparent technology displays.

However, if you think this is new technology, think again. While most transparent technology has come to the fore since the millennium, it was being used as far back as the mid-20th century.

In this article, we’re looking at four types of transparent tech which include typical projection head-up displays (HUDs), LCDs, OLEDs, and transparent electroluminescent displays (TASEL). We’ll look at the pros and cons of each and show you how transparent display technology plays an essential part in our working lives and free time. An explanatory

Of our four featured displays, we start with the oldest, HUDs. The HUD we’re referring to here is a typical projection head-up display. These use a projection system to project images onto a piece of glass in front of the viewer.A typical HUDcontains three primary components: a projector, a combiner, and a video generation computer.

The first steps into creating transparent head-up displays can be traced back as far as 1937. However, it wasn’t until the 1950s, following perfections to the technology by the US and British Royal Navies, UK Ministry of Defence and, finally, the Royal Aircraft Establishment in 1958, that the first true projection ‘head-up display’ was incorporated into aircraft.

There is also an emerging technology calledTASEL, which makes it possible to laminate displays in glass and show information without a projection system. However, as this a different transparent technology, we’ll mention thislaterin the article.

The most common transparent projection HUD is a display composed by a piece of flat glass used to project images in front of the pilot. This allows the pilot to keep their head up (hence the name ‘head-up display’) so they’re not distracted by looking down at their control panel for information during flight.

Why have we included LCDs as a transparent display when, at first glance, they’re not truly transparent? In fact, we’re only able to see the information on our monitors, such as laptops, with the introduction of a backlight and a reflector shield.

Take these away and we see true transparency of the LCD display - which is something Samsung did in 2012 with the production of theirSamsung Transparent Smart Window.

LCDs are also one of the most popular screens on the market and this rise occurred early in the 21st century when liquid-crystal-display sets rocketed in popularity. In 2007, LCDs eclipsed sales of competing technologies like plasma, cathode ray tube, and rear-projection TVs.

They were thinner and lighter, easier to scale. And for the manufacturers, the cost of production was lower, so it’s easy to see how LCD displays quickly became a favorite with manufacturers and consumers.

Organic light-emitting diode displays, orOLEDsfor short, are a step up from LCDs when it comes to transparent technology. For starters, unlike LCDs, OLEDs do not require the use of a backlight or any other filters due to the use of pixels which produce their own light.

This means they’re thinner and lighter and have higher levels of brightness which is why they’re used to create displays in smartphones, tablets, computer/laptop monitors and portable games consoles.

Lumineq’s Transparent Electroluminescent displays consist of a glass panel with a luminescent phosphorous layer and a circuit board. The circuit board contains the drive and controls which are connected directly to the glass panel making the panel light up.

The transparent electroluminescent displays are good solutions for transportation vehicles such as cars, buses, trucks, trains, trams, boats, and airplanes because they can be laminated in glass and turn windows/windshields into information and functional displays.

It’s viewable from all angles, is visible in all types of weather conditions and is theonlytransparent display capable of working in the most extreme environments, from the freezing temperatures of the Arctic winter to the blistering heat of a desert summer.

However, due to the limitation of monochromatic images, transparent electroluminescent displays shouldn’t be used as entertainment screens in vehicles - they should be used to display only the most critical information in the eye-line of the driver without distractions.

This comparison of different transparent display technologies is conducted by the Ph.D. reseracher Jose Rosa for theImmerSAFE project. The project stands for "IMMERSIVE VISUAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS".

Each transparent display has its positives and negatives, and they’re all fantastic ways to showcase transparent display technology at its best when applied in areas which suit their purpose perfectly.

HUDs are ideal for planes and cars, however, Lumineq’s in-glass displays rival HUDs, doing an equally good job with the bonus of it using less space and costing less to implement too.

Lumineq’s transparent electroluminescent displays are ideal in transportation vehicles, heavy machinery, such as tractors, and optical devices, like range-finders and night-vision goggles.

To read how in-glass technology is making giant strides in optical devices, read our post ‘Bring augmented reality to optical devices with transparent displays’, or to find out more about Lumineq"s transparent electroluminescent technology,contact ustoday.

As exciting as these unlimited possibilities are, they also create a new need for understanding and embracing the benefits of see-through displays. The eBook from below will provide you with ideas, inspiration, basic guidelines and industry examples for designing transparent displays for vehicles – from cars, tractors, and ships to aircraft.

The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD"s memory you"re writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD"s controller looks for instructions on what to do next.

There"s also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and GND) and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins. For displaying text on the screen, you can do most everything in 4-bit mode, so example shows how to control a 16x2 LCD in 4-bit mode.

Before wiring the LCD screen to your Arduino board we suggest to solder a pin header strip to the 14 (or 16) pin count connector of the LCD screen, as you can see in the image further up.

This example sketch accepts serial input from a host computer and displays it on the LCD. To use it, upload the sketch, then open the Serial Monitor and type some characters and click Send. The text will appear on your LCD.

To evaluate the performance of display devices, several metrics are commonly used, such as response time, CR, color gamut, panel flexibility, viewing angle, resolution density, peak brightness, lifetime, among others. Here we compare LCD and OLED devices based on these metrics one by one.

The last finding is somehow counter to the intuition that a LCD should have a more severe motion picture image blur, as its response time is approximately 1000 × slower than that of an OLED (ms vs. μs). To validate this prediction, Chen et al.

If we want to further suppress image blur to an unnoticeable level (MPRT<2 ms), decreasing the duty ratio (for LCDs, this is the on-time ratio of the backlight, called scanning backlight or blinking backlight) is mostly adopted

To investigate the ACR, we have to clarify the reflectance first. A large TV is often operated by remote control, so touchscreen functionality is not required. As a result, an anti-reflection coating is commonly adopted. Let us assume that the reflectance is 1.2% for both LCD and OLED TVs. For the peak brightness and CR, different TV makers have their own specifications. Here, without losing generality, let us use the following brands as examples for comparison: LCD peak brightness=1200 nits, LCD CR=5000:1 (Sony 75″ X940E LCD TV); OLED peak brightness=600 nits, and OLED CR=infinity (Sony 77″ A1E OLED TV). The obtained ACR for both LCD and OLED TVs is plotted in Figure 7a. As expected, OLEDs have a much higher ACR in the low illuminance region (dark room) but drop sharply as ambient light gets brighter. At 63 lux, OLEDs have the same ACR as LCDs. Beyond 63 lux, LCDs take over. In many countries, 60 lux is the typical lighting condition in a family living room. This implies that LCDs have a higher ACR when the ambient light is brighter than 60 lux, such as in office lighting (320–500 lux) and a living room with the window shades or curtain open. Please note that, in our simulation, we used the real peak brightness of LCDs (1200 nits) and OLEDs (600 nits). In most cases, the displayed contents could vary from black to white. If we consider a typical 50% average picture level (i.e., 600 nits for LCDs vs. 300 nits for OLEDs), then the crossover point drops to 31 lux (not shown here), and LCDs are even more favorable. This is because the on-state brightness plays an important role to the ACR, as Equation (2) shows.

Calculated ACR as a function of different ambient light conditions for LCD and OLED TVs. Here we assume that the LCD peak brightness is 1200 nits and OLED peak brightness is 600 nits, with a surface reflectance of 1.2% for both the LCD and OLED. (a) LCD CR: 5000:1, OLED CR: infinity; (b) LCD CR: 20 000:1, OLED CR: infinity.

Recently, an LCD panel with an in-cell polarizer was proposed to decouple the depolarization effect of the LC layer and color filtersFigure 7b. Now, the crossover point takes place at 16 lux, which continues to favor LCDs.

For mobile displays, such as smartphones, touch functionality is required. Thus the outer surface is often subject to fingerprints, grease and other contaminants. Therefore, only a simple grade AR coating is used, and the total surface reflectance amounts to ~4.4%. Let us use the FFS LCD as an example for comparison with an OLED. The following parameters are used in our simulations: the LCD peak brightness is 600 nits and CR is 2000:1, while the OLED peak brightness is 500 nits and CR is infinity. Figure 8a depicts the calculated results, where the intersection occurs at 107 lux, which corresponds to a very dark overcast day. If the newly proposed structure with an in-cell polarizer is used, the FFS LCD could attain a 3000:1 CRFigure 8b), corresponding to an office building hallway or restroom lighting. For reference, a typical office light is in the range of 320–500 luxFigure 8 depicts, OLEDs have a superior ACR under dark ambient conditions, but this advantage gradually diminishes as the ambient light increases. This was indeed experimentally confirmed by LG Display

Calculated ACR as a function of different ambient light conditions for LCD and OLED smartphones. Reflectance is assumed to be 4.4% for both LCD and OLED. (a) LCD CR: 2000:1, OLED CR: infinity; (b) LCD CR: 3000:1, OLED CR: infinity. (LCD peak brightness: 600 nits; OLED peak brightness: 500 nits).

For conventional LCDs employing a WLED backlight, the yellow spectrum generated by YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) phosphor is too broad to become highly saturated RGB primary colors, as shown in Figure 9aTable 2. The first choice is the RG-phosphor-converted WLEDFigure 9b, the red and green emission spectra are well separated; still, the green spectrum (generated by β-sialon:Eu2+ phosphor) is fairly broad and red spectrum (generated by K2SiF6:Mn4+ (potassium silicofluoride, KSF) phosphor) is not deep enough, leading to 70%–80% Rec. 2020, depending on the color filters used.

Recently, a new LED technology, called the Vivid Color LED, was demonstratedFigure 9d), which leads to an unprecedented color gamut (~98% Rec. 2020) together with specially designed color filters. Such a color gamut is comparable to that of laser-lit displays but without laser speckles. Moreover, the Vivid Color LED is heavy-metal free and shows good thermal stability. If the efficiency and cost can be further improved, it would be a perfect candidate for an LCD backlight.

As mentioned earlier, TFT LCDs are a fairly mature technology. They can be operated for >10 years without noticeable performance degradation. However, OLEDs are more sensitive to moisture and oxygen than LCDs. Thus their lifetime, especially for blue OLEDs, is still an issue. For mobile displays, this is not a critical issue because the expected usage of a smartphone is approximately 2–3 years. However, for large TVs, a lifetime of >30 000 h (>10 years) has become the normal expectation for consumers.

Power consumption is equally important as other metrics. For LCDs, power consumption consists of two parts: the backlight and driving electronics. The ratio between these two depends on the display size and resolution density. For a 55″ 4K LCD TV, the backlight occupies approximately 90% of the total power consumption. To make full use of the backlight, a dual brightness enhancement film is commonly embedded to recycle mismatched polarized light

The power efficiency of an OLED is generally limited by the extraction efficiency (ηext~20%). To improve the power efficiency, multiple approaches can be used, such as a microlens array, a corrugated structure with a high refractive index substrateFigure 11 shows the power efficiencies of white, green, red and blue phosphorescent as well as blue fluorescent/TTF OLEDs over time. For OLEDs with fluorescent emitters in the 1980s and 1990s, the power efficiency was limited by the IQE, typically <10 lm W−1(Refs. 41, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118). With the incorporation of phosphorescent emitters in the ~2000 s, the power efficiency was significantly improved owing to the materials and device engineering−1 was demonstrated in 2011 (Ref. 127), which showed a >100 × improvement compared with that of the basic two-layer device proposed in 1987 (1.5 lm W−1 in Ref. 41). A white OLED with a power efficiency >100 lm W−1 was also demonstrated, which was comparable to the power efficiency of a LCD backlight. For red and blue OLEDs, their power efficiencies are generally lower than that of the green OLED due to their lower photopic sensitivity function, and there is a tradeoff between color saturation and power efficiency. Note, we separated the performances of blue phosphorescent and fluorescent/TTF OLEDs. For the blue phosphorescent OLEDs, although the power efficiency can be as high as ~80 lm W−1, the operation lifetime is short and color is sky-blue. For display applications, the blue TTF OLED is the favored choice, with an acceptable lifetime and color but a much lower power efficiency (16 lm W−1) than its phosphorescent counterpartFigure 11 shows.

To compare the power consumption of LCDs and OLEDs with the same resolution density, the displayed contents should be considered as well. In general, OLEDs are more efficient than LCDs for displaying dark images because black pixels consume little power for an emissive display, while LCDs are more efficient than OLEDs at displaying bright images. Currently, a ~65% average picture level is the intersection point between RGB OLEDs and LCDs

Flexible displays have a long history and have been attempted by many companies, but this technology has only recently begun to see commercial implementations for consumer electronics

In addition to the aforementioned six display metrics, other parameters are equally important. For example, high-resolution density has become a standard for all high-end display devices. Currently, LCD is taking the lead in consumer electronic products. Eight-hundred ppi or even >1000 ppi LCDs have already been demonstrated and commercialized, such as in the Sony 5.5″ 4k Smartphone Xperia Z5 Premium. The resolution of RGB OLEDs is limited by the physical dimension of the fine-pitch shadow mask. To compete with LCDs, most OLED displays use the PenTile RGB subpixel matrix scheme

The viewing angle is another important property that defines the viewing experience at large oblique angles, which is quite critical for multi-viewer applications. OLEDs are self-emissive and have an angular distribution that is much broader than that of LCDs. For instance, at a 30° viewing angle, the OLED brightness only decreases by 30%, whereas the LCD brightness decrease exceeds 50%. To widen an LCD’s viewing angle, three options can be used. (1) Remove the brightness-enhancement film in the backlight system. The tradeoff is decreased on-axis brightness

In addition to brightness, color, grayscale and the CR also vary with the viewing angle, known as color shift and gamma shift. In these aspects, LCDs and OLEDs have different mechanisms. For LCDs, they are induced by the anisotropic property of the LC material, which could be compensated for with uniaxial or biaxial films

Cost is another key factor for consumers. LCDs have been the topic of extensive investigation and investment, whereas OLED technology is emerging and its fabrication yield and capability are still far behind LCDs. As a result, the price of OLEDs is about twice as high as that of LCDs, especially for large displays. As more investment is made in OLEDs and more advanced fabrication technology is developed, such as ink-jet printing

The global transparent display market size was USD 1.26 Billion in 2021 and is expected to register a revenue CAGR of 45.0% during the forecast period. Increasing usage of transparent displays in media & entertainment industries for advertisement and better user experience is expected to drive market revenue growth. In addition, rising innovation in display technologies will play a major part in the future of smartphones, laptops, and automobiles. Increasing innovations in micro-OLED technology have potential to bring Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR) to the next level. Micro-OLED screens can be directly attached to single crystal silicon wafers that create more energy-efficient, self-illuminating displays. This technology is also suited for wearable devices and companies, such as Samsung, Apple, Sony, and others, are developing consumer electronics displays featuring micro-OLEDs.

Technological advancements in OLED display technologies for airplanes, cars, hotel rooms, and others are driving revenue growth of the market. On 02 January 2020, LG announced flexible and transparent 55-inch OLED displays designed to be installed on walls of airplanes to create a sense of openness and freedom in small cabins. These displays will show clouds, sky, and other peaceful things that will elevate passengers’ flight experience while traveling. Passengers can also turn off transparency if they want privacy. In addition, , according to US-based DPI Labs, a producer of airline cabin technology introduced 4K OLED screens for business and VVIP airplane cabins . In fact, in January 2021, the company successfully installed 55-inch and 65-inch OLED screens on VVIP Boeing 767. This installation includes a complete cabin management system consisting of passenger and cabin crew control panels, audio/video distribution, cabin control modules, and multi-colored LED cabin lighting.

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are interested in advanced forward-looking displays for mobility solutions. Manufacturers are taking initiatives, such as on 30 November 2021, Covestro and Ceres Holographics, a company based in Scotland announced to expand their collaboration to create transparent displays with volume holographic optical elements suitable for the car industry. With this collaboration, creation of vehicle-specific master designs will also be possible, which can subsequently be replicated as large-format HoloFlekt films and incorporated into glass.

Rising demand for OLED displays in the automotive sector is driving revenue growth in the market. Transparent OLED panels are also ideal for use in long-distance traveling by buses, trains, and other public transportation as they are surrounded by windows that can serve as displays showing information about routes, tourist attractions, weather, news, advertisements, and any others. Polymer Organic Light-Emitting Diode (P-OLED) technology replaces glass with polymers or plastic substrates and offers superior image quality and clarity in vehicles. In addition, Augmented Reality (AR) can be used on windshield displays, which offers more vivid and convenient information to drivers and also helps to decrease road accidents. Moreover, rising demand for autonomous and Electric Vehicles (EVs) is also increasing demand for Head-Up Displays (HUDs). Autonomous cars are built to communicate with other road users through exterior displays. Smart transparent display increases visualization and shows information such as vehicle’s driving mode, speed limit, visual detection of other vehicles and nearby pedestrians, and navigation instructions, which helps to increase road safety.

However, a complicated setup that occupies space and high cost of installation and maintenance are expected to hamper growth of the market. Transparent display technology is still developing, which has led to high manufacturing costs. Production of black images, limited viewing angle, limited brightness, and screen lag, and blur are some other factors restraining growth of transparent LED displays. Furthermore, materials used in OLEDs are impacted by environment, as they are sensitive to moisture and intense heat can discolor the screen, and its pixels are quickly burned. Compared to other transparent technologies, it also loses brightness significantly more quickly. These factors are expected to hamper revenue growth of the market over the forecast period.

Based on technology, the global transparent display market is segmented into OLED, LCD, and others. The OLED segment is expected to register a rapid revenue CAGR owing to various benefits and being more transparent than conventional LCD technology. Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) does not need a backlight source to reflect and create an image. Transparent OLED screens are self-emissive as they are made up of pixels. and panel allows light to travel through in both directions, which makes it transparent even after being turned off. OLEDs also have advantage of being 40% more transparent as compared to traditional LCDs, which can only reach up to 10% transparency. Manufacturers are using this advantage to replace LCD products with OLEDs. For example, LG launched "OLED Shelf," made with two transparent OLED screens, which smoothly integrates into any living room decorating and adds a touch of elegance by hanging off from shelf on the wall and is also best for displaying TV shows or gallery paintings.

Based on product, the global transparent display market is segmented into smart appliances, Head-Up Displays (HUDs), digital signage, and others. The smart appliance segment is expected to register a rapid growth rate during the forecast period due to rising demand for high-quality LEDs and laptops for gaming. Demand for gaming displays are surging since the onset of pandemic driving revenue growth in this segment. For example, LG is all set to launch its highly-touted 48-inch and 42-inch gaming OLED displays to the market by end of 2022. LG gaming range OLEDs have already received high praise from gaming community and are faster than conventional LCD counterparts.

Based on end-use, the global transparent display market is segmented into transportation & logistics, media & entertainment, automotive, aerospace, healthcare, and others. The media & entertainment segment accounted for largest revenue share in 2021 owing to high demand for OLED screens for better visualization. Transparent display technology provides angle-free and stunning Full High Definition (FHD) pictures, which is perfect for futuristic or hi-tech environments and creates incredible effects for media productions. Transparent OLED technology offers a visual effect with its impactful display solutions that is not attainable with other technologies, making it perfect for digital signage and prop/visual effects. Majority of companies now prefer to use transparent display panels for branding or advertising. As these screens provide a strong visual impact on audience by playing dynamic graphics or even 3D images continuously, leaving them with a lasting visual impact on the brand.

The North America market accounted for second-largest revenue share in 2021 owing to rising demand for cutting-edge corporate display solutions in public and private sectors to create next-generation working experiences. For example, at InfoComm 2022, Planar, a pioneer in visualization technology announced to showcase a number of cutting-edge video wall LED display systems. This system offers unmatched viewing experiences with its seamless, wide-view LED video wall displays, which are perfect for video conferencing, Unified Communications (UC), and hybrid meeting spaces. Rising demand for OLED transparent display screens in the media & entertainment industry is also contributing to revenue growth of the market in this region. Trains and bus companies in the U.S., Canada, and other countries in the region are also developing advanced technologies to use transparent OLED panels in subways, metros, and tourist buses to enhance safety and experience.

The Asia Pacific market accounted for largest revenue share in 2021 owing to advancements in transparent display technologies such as moveable screens and room dividers and presence of major companies such as LG Electronics, and others in the region. Moreover, Chinese cities such as Beijing and Shenzhen use transparent High Definition (HD) displays in subways and underground trains. Japanese East Japan Railway Company uses transparent displays on tourist trains routed between Akita and Aomori, which is also contributing to revenue growth of the market in this region. Mergers, collaboration, and partnerships are also driving revenue growth in the region. For example, on 09 December 2020, JOLED, which is a Japan-based company partnered with Germany-based AERQ to integrate medium-sized OLED displays in aircraft cabins.

The Europe market is expected to register a steady growth rate over the forecast period. Countries in Europe are more developed in terms of technology and infrastructure, which is creating major revenue opportunities for providers offering latest transparent display solutions. For example, UK-based tech firm Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) is working on a new concept, an airplane with flexible screens and invisible walls, windows, and panels to display 360-degree images of the outside. These invisible walls will be covered with ultra-thin, lightweight, and malleable screens made from flexible OLED technology and will broadcast streaming high-quality footage of outside scenes of the plane. Removing windows entirely would significantly reduce weight of aircraft and will also reduce its fuel consumption and carbon footprint.

The global transparent display market is fragmented with many small, medium, and large-sized companies accounting for market revenue. Major companies are deploying various strategies, entering into mergers & acquisitions, strategic agreements & contracts, developing, testing, and introducing more effective transparent displays. Some major companies included in the global transparent display market report are:

On 03 January 2022, LG Display, a leading innovator of display technologies showcased its latest innovations at Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2022. OLED shelf, smart window, shopping managing showcase, and show window are some of the display concepts used by LG and it is made by using 55-inch Full-HD transparent OLED panels that provide 40% transparency. LG transparent high-end OLED technologies provide commercial, home, and office spaces with an innovative and new consumer experience.

For the purpose of this report, Emergen Research has segmented the global transparent display market based on technology, offerings, product, end-use, and region:

The transparent display market was valued at $524.7 million in 2018, and it is predicted to register a CAGR of 46.2% during the forecast period (2019–2024), reaching $4,933.6 million by 2024.

Among all regions, Asia-Pacific (APAC) is expected to be the fastest growing market for transparent displays in 2018. This is attributed to the rising demand for these products from China, Japan, and South Korea. The combined share of these countries in the global transparent display market reached 40.1% in 2018. The low cost associated with the development of the displays in China has made it possible for advertisers to invest in them.

The transparent display market is witnessing the increased adoption of transparent OLED displays, owing to the advantages offered by them over the transparent LCD displays. OLED displays use self-illuminating pixels, which do not require any backlighting. Further, the OLED technology offers a high image resolution and better viewing angles, which are often required in digital signage applications. OLED displays are much thinner as compared to LCD displays, which leads to better aesthetic appeal for viewers, and hence provides better marketing advantages to end users. Owing to this, companies, including LG Electronics Inc. and Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Ltd., have started producing large transparent OLED displays in 2019 for commercial use, to cater to the demand for appealing advertisements in the retail and hospitality industries.

The transparent display market is exhibiting an increasing demand for transparent displays for outdoor advertisement applications, as they increase the aesthetic appeal of advertisements. Companies are increasingly adopting transparent displays to promote their products through digital signage. The rising transparent digital signage popularity can be attributed to the growing out-of-home (OOH) advertisement industry, which is propelled by the development of advanced technology-based retail stores. Additionally, the overall spending in the advertisement industry is rising at a significant rate, owing to the increasing competition among companies in the retail sector. This has created a significant demand for transparent displays, which show the information regarding products, services, discounts, and offers in a more aesthetic way.

Increasing technological advancements in the healthcare industry is paving the way for the use of transparent displays in applications, such as surgery and patient checkup. Transparent displays are being deployed to assist surgeons during critical operations. These show patients’ vital signs, such as heartbeats, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. Globally, the healthcare industry is exhibiting a substantial growth Y-o-Y, for example, the U.S. healthcare industry registered a growth rate of 4.4% in 2018, with a spending of over $3.6 trillion.

Based on technology, the LCD category generated the highest revenue in 2018, in the transparent display market. LCD displays have the ability to significantly reduce the power consumption. Advertisements often run on the screens for long durations on a daily basis, and the screens require uninterrupted power supply, which makes it important for advertisers to consider their electricity consumption. Transparent LCDs are mostly used for showcasing products in a box, as these inherently require some backlight for displaying the contents.

On the basis of application, the heads-up display (HUD) category is expected to witness the highest CAGR, in the transparent display market, during the forecast period. HUDs are majorly used in the automotive and aerospace and defense sectors. In the automotive sector, they are used to display the speed and direction, which helps in reducing road accidents. This, in turn, is increasing the popularity of HUDs in the market.

On the basis of display size, large displays held the largest revenue share, in the transparent display market, in 2018. This is owing to the fact that large displays are used for several products, including digital signage and smart appliances. Smart appliances, for example, smart refrigerators, are gaining traction for advertisement and infotainment purposes. Smart refrigerators with transparent displays are being used by major food & beverage companies to increase their sales.

On the basis of end user, automotive is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, in the transparent display market, during the forecast period. With the increasing demand for luxury cars and premium-range vehicles, the demand for transparent displays is projected to significantly rise in the coming years. Car manufacturers, such as Volkswagen Group (Audi), Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW), and Daimler Group (Mercedes-Benz), are retrofitting their vehicles with HUD, to offer better assistance to drivers.

Globally, Asia-Pacific (APAC) held the largest share, in the transparent display market, in 2018. The regional market is primarily driven by the growing adoption of transparent displays in the automotive as well as retail sectors, especially in China and Japan. China is expected to be the leading country in the APAC transparent display market, reaching $135.0 million, in 2024. This is due to the introduction of heads-up display (HUD)-integrated vehicles by automakers in their luxury car segments. Further, augmented reality (AR)-based HUDs are increasingly being deployed in vehicles to offer drivers better navigational support. Such HUDs are much more complex in terms of implementation than the traditional variants, as these are required to be integrated with cars’ advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). So, with the increasing deployment of ADAS, the demand for AR-based HUDs is proliferating in the region.

The transparent display market is consolidated, with the top four companies accounting for the major share in 2018. The market is presently characterized by players such as LG Electronics Inc., Panasonic Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co. Ltd., Japan Display Inc., NEC Corporation, BenQ Corporation, Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Ltd., Crystal Display Systems Ltd., AU Optronics Corporation, Shenzhen NEXNOVO Technology Co. Ltd., Pro Display, and Vuzix Corporation.

The major players in the global transparent display market are focusing on product launches to increase their consumer base. For instance, in June 2019, LG Electronics Inc. launched the LG transparent OLED digital signage display for commercial usage, especially for the retail and hospitality sectors. The display is available in a 55-inch size, in two variants: touch and non-touch.

Moreover, in May 2019, Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Ltd. launched Planar LookThru Transparent OLED Display. This product uses self-illuminating pixels, thus requiring no backlighting for displaying content on the screen.

When installing multiple displays, the Cloning function lets you use a USB memory (or LAN network) to copy the settings of a parent display to other units, thus greatly shortening the setup time.

Playlists and schedules created with Content Management Software can be transferred to displays with USB memory or via LAN. Synchronized playback on multiple displays is also supported.

Compatible with Multi Monitoring & Control Software for addition of new functions, such as automatic searching for map displays and registered devices. Displays and peripheral equipment on the intranet can be controlled and their status can be monitored. Also error notification and error indication can be detected by an indication monitoring function (for a fee) for improved maintenance.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio’s ‘Casiotron’. Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or called Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD)

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as