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Freshness Data Logger, which automatically updates the display information or manually refreshes by button, can set the time alarm. When the time arrives, it can be prompted by flashing screen or jumping back to the start time status. It is mainly used to monitor and record...

CHLCD display, no power display,bistable lcd display widely applicated in the industrial control ,medical equipments, public display, electronic signage, special displays, home appliances etc.

WebJan 01, 2013 · This review paper devoted to the investigation of physical properties and application of low molar mass calamatic thermotropic cholesteric liquid crystals. In ...

Web1 day ago · A fast-relaxation dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (DDCLC) smart window without any defects is prepared by the doping of a low bending elastic constants liquid ...

Webdisplay applications of CLCs, including light modula- tors, UV detectors, dye lasers and luminescent displays. By far, the most extensive discussion is on the topic of lasing, an ...

WebA more recent method is to use cholesteric liquid crystals as sensors for thermal and other effects. This paper reviews published work on the responses of cholesteric liquid ...

WebA method of writing an image on a liquid crystal display of the type having a layer of cholesteric liquid crystal material disposed between a pair of unpatterned conductors ...

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Though studied extensively in the years following Reinitzer’s discovery, it wasn’t until 1927 that Vsevolod Frederiks first devised an electrically-switched light valve called the “Fréedericksz Transition”. This is the essential effect of all LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology. In 1936, the first practical application of the technology was patented by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company as “The Liquid Crystal Light Valve”.

In 1968, George Heilmeier at RCA laboratories first devised a display. This first display used a dynamic scattering effect based on ionic currents causing turbulent flow in the liquid crystal, which in turn gave rise to domains which effectively scattered light while the current was flowing. Meanwhile, without current, the flow would stop and the display would become clear.

Though this type of display was not suitable for battery operation, the idea kicked off extensive application research in liquid crystals displays. Still, in the 60s, Heilmeier showed that dye molecules can be switched by liquid crystals and that this allowed an electric-field-dependent contrast effect.

In the early ’70s – almost simultaneously – Martin Schadt and Wolfgang Helfrich, as well as James Fergasson with support by Alfred Saupe, developed TN displays, which quickly found widespread application in Swiss and Japanese wrist watches.

In 1984, Terry Scheffer and J. Nehring published and patented super twisted nematic (STN) LCDs, which allowed much higher information content in passive displays.

In 1972, T. Peter Brody and his team at Westinghouse developed the first AM (Active Matrix) LCD displays, employing thin film transistors in each picture element to independently control the state of the liquid crystal in each pixel. Today, virtually all color LCD panels manufactured are of the AM type.

Twenty years later, in 1992 NEC and Hitachi became the first AM LCD manufacturers to use IPS technology. This was a breakthrough for large-screen LCDs with an acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer screens and television applications. By the end of 2007, LCD television sales surpassed those of CRTs for the first time. Within one year, the CRT was considered obsolete for television manufacturing and just about every other practical application.

At around the same time that LCDs were overtaking CRTs in television application, Apple launched their original iPhone equipped with a revolutionary user interface (UI) primarily enabled through a projected capacitive touch screen bonded to the LCD. Today, the vast majority of smartphones and tablets employ the same TFT LCD with capacitive touch screen module integration as the central component of their user interface design.

G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells

G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering

G02F1/13718—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a change of the texture state of a cholesteric liquid crystal

Single-layered color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof are provided. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate structure having a base and periodic protrusion banks. A second substrate structure is disposed opposite the first substrate structure to enclose the periodic protrusion banks, and divide a plurality of color sub-pixel channels. A plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals are respectfully filled in each of the color sub-pixel channel, wherein the base and the periodic protrusion banks are made of continuously integral material.

The invention relates to liquid crystal display (LCD) devices, and in particular to single layer color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) devices have many advantages such as a smaller size, lighter weight and lower power consumption, and are applicable in a variety of electronic and communication devices including notebook computers, personal digital assistants (PDA), mobile phones and the like due to its lighter weight, thinner profile, and portability. Conventional reflective memorable color liquid crystal display devices are widely applicable in electronic books, electronic papers, and the likes. The structures and fabrication methods of conventional cholesteric liquid crystal display devices use a tri-layered red (R), green (G), and blue (B) pixel stacked structure corresponding to various different driving methods. However, stacking tri-layered R, G, and B pixels may result in optical aberration and misalignment during fabrication. Moreover, the tri-layered R, G, and B liquid crystal layer stacked structure are so complicated that layout of electrodes is difficult to design and an LCD panel using the stacked structure has a rigid port, resulting in an intricate fabrication process and high fabrication costs.

Accordingly, the use of single layer color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof can effectively ameliorate optical aberration, simplify the fabrication process, and reduce fabrication costs. Particularly, the device is applicable to the field of color flexible LCD devices. U.S. Pat. No. 5,825,451, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a single layer color cholesteric LCD device using a combination of light decomposable/polymerizable chiral agents and a single layer cholesteric LC structure. The single layer color cholesteric LCD device is illuminated by a UV light disrupting or reducing contents of chiral agent at a single region to achieve colorizing of a single layer cholesteric LCD device. However, the single layer color cholesteric LCD device is easily affected by ambient light deteriorating display stability thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,321, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses an LCD device using a single LC layer and a double substrate assembly process. Different color LC materials are respectively injected into LC channels during fabrication. However, the single layer LCD assembly is not sealed enough such that overflow occurs between the adjacent LC channels resulting in color mixing and color saturation.

FIG. 1A is a cross section of a conventional single layer color cholesteric LCD device. Referring to FIG. 1A, a conventional single layer color cholesteric LCD panel 2 includes a lower substrate 6 and an upper substrate 12 opposed to each other and with a gap therebetween. An enclosed structure 8 is interposed between the lower substrate 6 and the upper substrate 12, dividing a plurality of stripe color sub-pixel LC channels. A first electrode 4 and an alignment layer 14 are disposed on the lower substrate 6. A second electrode 10 and an alignment layer 14 are disposed on the upper substrate 12. The first electrode 4 and the second electrode 10 are substantially perpendicular to each other.

FIG. 1B is a schematic view of the lower substrate of the conventional single layer color cholesteric LCD device of FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1B, the enclosed structure 8 divides a plurality of (R, G, B) stripe color sub-pixel LC channels CR, CG, and CB. Perpendicularly crossed segments 16 and 18 are disposed on one end of the LC channels CGand CBto seal the LC channels. After the lower substrate 6 and upper substrate 12 are assembled, the second end L2of the enclosed structure 8 are sealed by a sealant enclosing the LC channels CGand CB, while the first end L1of the LC channels CRremains opened to serve as an LC injection opening. Each of the LC channels CR, CG, and CBis sequentially injected with respective color LCs and sealed. Before filling each of the single layer color LC channels, however, conventional methods require sealing of the second end of the enclosed structure. Furthermore, when separately injecting LC into the LC channels, different color LCs may overflow to adjacent LC channels and mix, thus resulting in color mixing and color saturation. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The features and aspects of the invention are related to single layer color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof. A bank portion and a base portion of the first substrate are optionally designed as a continuous unified structure, creating different length liquid crystal (LC) channels. An adhesion layer is optionally formed on another opposing substrate or the bank portion. The two opposing substrate are assembled. The assembled structure is sequentially cut, injected red, green, and blue LC, and sealed to prevent color mixing and reduce color saturation.

Embodiments of the invention provide a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device, comprising: a first substrate with a base portion and a periodic protruding bank portion; a second substrate opposing the first substrate to create a plurality of color sub-pixel channels; and a plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals respectively filled in each of the color sub-pixel channels, wherein the base portion and the periodic protruding bank portion are a continuous unified structure.

Embodiments of the invention also provide a fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device, comprising: providing a first substrate; forming a patterning mask layer on the first substrate; etching the first substrate to create a base portion and a periodic protruding bank portion; forming a first conductive layer on the first substrate; removing the mask layer and the first conductive layer thereon, leaving a first electrode on the base portion along a first direction; providing a second substrate with a second electrode along a second direction; assembling the first substrate and the second substrate to adhere the periodic protruding bank portion to the second substrate and divide a plurality of color sub-pixel channels; and sequentially injecting a plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals in the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and sealing each of the color sub-pixel channels with a sealant material.

Embodiments of the invention further provide a fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device, comprising: providing a first substrate; forming a thin-film layer on the first substrate; imprinting the first substrate with a template to create a base portion and a periodic protruding bank portion; depositing a first conductive layer on the first substrate; removing the thin-film layer on the bank portion and the first conductive layer on the thin-film layer, leaving a first electrode on the base portion along a first direction; providing a second substrate with a second electrode along a second direction; assembling the first substrate and the second substrate to adhere the periodic protruding bank portion to the second substrate and divide a plurality of color sub-pixel channels; and sequentially injecting a plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals in the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and sealing each of the color sub-pixel channels with a sealant material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 2A is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a fabrication method for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device according to the invention;

FIG. 2B is a flowchart illustrating another embodiment of a fabrication method for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device according to the invention;

FIGS. 3A-3H are schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of each fabrication method step for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device of the invention;

FIGS. 4A-4F are schematic views of another exemplary embodiment of each fabrication method step for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device of the invention;

FIG. 2A is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a fabrication method for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device according to the invention. Referring to FIG. 2A, preparation of a first substrate structure (such as a lower substrate structure) is initially performed including providing a first substrate (step S210) and forming a patterning mask on the first substrate (step S212). Subsequently, the first substrate is etched to create a protruding bank structure on the first substrate surface (step S214). For example, the first substrate is etched to create a base portion and periodic protruding bank portions, wherein trenches are divided therebetween. A conductive layer, serving as a first electrode, is blankly formed on the first substrate (step S216). The mask and part of the conductive layer on the bank portion are removed (step S218), thereby leaving a first electrode along a first direction on the first substrate.

The first and second substrate structures are assembled opposed to each other with a gap interposed therebetween (step S230). The patterned bank portions and the adhesion layer are tightly combined to prevent mixtures of color LCs between adjacent LC channels from overflowing. A first color cholesteric LC is filled in a first stripe LC channel and then sealed (step S240). The assembly structure is cut to expose a second stripe LC channel (step S250). A second color cholesteric LC is filled in the second stripe LC channel and then sealed (step S260). The assembly structure is cut to expose a third stripe LC channel (step S270). A third color cholesteric LC is filled in the third stripe LC channel and then sealed (step S280). After all the three color cholesteric LCs are filled and sealed, fabrication of the single layer color cholesteric LCD device is completed (step S290).

FIGS. 3A-3F are schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of each fabrication method step for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device of the invention. Referring to FIG. 3A, a first substrate 410 is provided. A patterned mask layer 420 is formed on the first substrate 410. For example, a patterned photoresist is lithographically formed on the first substrate. Subsequently, an etching step 425 is performed. By using the patterned mask layer 420 as an etching mask, the first substrate is etched comprising a base portion 410′ and periodic protruding bank portions 412. The periodic protruding bank portions 412 can be composed of trenches 415 to serve as liquid crystal channels, as shown in FIG. 3B. The first substrate can be made of rigid substrates or flexible substrates. For example, the flexible substrates comprise polycarbonate (PC) substrates, polyethersulfone (PES) substrates, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, and polyimide (PI) substrates. Circuitry components such as thin film transistors (TFTs) and capacitors to control pixel electrodes can be optionally formed on the first substrate.

Referring to FIG. 3E, a second substrate 450 with second electrodes 460 along a second direction thereon is provided. Note that the first direction and the second direction are substantially perpendicular to each other, thereby creating a passive matrix pixel array. According to an embodiment of the invention, an adhesion layer 470 can be blankly formed on the second substrate 450. Next, the first substrate and second substrate are assembled opposing each other such that the periodic protruding bank portions 412 and the adhesion layer 470 are tightly combined. A plurality of color sub-pixel channels are thus divided by the periodic protruding bank portions 412. A plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals are sequentially injected into the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and each of the color sub-pixel channels are sealed with a sealant material.

FIGS. 4A-4F are schematic views of another exemplary embodiment of each fabrication method step for a single layer color cholesteric LCD device of the invention. Referring to FIG. 4A, a first substrate 510 is provided. A thin-film layer 520, such as photoresist is formed on the first substrate 510. The thin-film layer 520 and the first substrate 510 are imprinted by a template 525 to create a base portion 510′ and periodic protruding bank portions 512. The periodic protruding bank portions 512 can be composed of trenches 515 to serve as liquid crystal channels, as shown in FIG. 4B. The first substrate can be made of rigid substrates or flexible substrates. For example, the flexible substrates comprise polycarbonate (PC) substrates, polyethersulfone (PES) substrates, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, and polyimide (PI) substrates. Circuitry components such as thin film transistors (TFTs) and capacitors to control pixel electrodes can be optionally formed on the first substrate.

Referring to FIG. 4E, a second substrate 550 with second electrodes 560 along a second direction thereon is provided. Note that the first direction and the second direction are substantially perpendicular to each other, thereby creating a passive matrix pixel array. According to an embodiment of the invention, an adhesion layer 570 can be blankly formed on the second substrate 550. Next, the first substrate 510 and second substrate 550 are assembled opposing each other such that the periodic protruding bank portions 512 and the adhesion layer 570 are tightly combined. A plurality of color sub-pixel channels are thus divided by the periodic protruding bank portions 412. A plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals are sequentially injected into the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and each of the color sub-pixel channels are sealed with a sealant material.

FIGS. 6A-6D are cross sections of several embodiments of the substrate structure assembly filled with liquid crystal. Referring to FIG. 6A, the combination of the first and second substrate structure which is filled with liquid crystal includes the first substrate 410 and second substrate 450 opposed to each other with a plurality of parallel LC channel for containing the respective color cholesteric LCs interposed therebetween. Each LC channel corresponds to sub-pixel regions 435R, 435G, and 435B of the single layer color cholesteric LCD device. A first electrode 430 asuch as a pixel electrode along a first direction is disposed on the base portion 410′ of the first substrate, and a second electrode 460 such as a common electrode along a second direction is disposed on the second substrate 450, and the first direction and the second direction are substantially perpendicular to each other. An adhesion layer 470 can be optionally disposed between the bank portions 412 of the first substrate and the second substrate 450 such that the adhesion layer is tightly adhered so as to prevent LC overflow between adjacent LC channels during injection of color LCs.

Referring to FIG. 6C, the combination of the first and second substrate structure which is filled with liquid crystal includes the first substrate and second substrate opposed to each other with a plurality of parallel LC channel for containing respective color cholesteric LCs interposed therebetween. Each LC channel corresponds to sub-pixel regions 535R, 535G, and 535B of the single layer color cholesteric LCD device. Part of remaining thin-film layer 520 aand a first electrode 530 asuch as a pixel electrode along a first direction are disposed on the base portion 510 of the first substrate, and a second electrode 560 such as an electrode along a second direction is disposed on the second substrate 550, and the first direction and the second direction are substantially perpendicular to each other. An adhesion layer 570 can be optionally disposed between the bank portions 512 of the first substrate and the second substrate 550 such that the adhesion layer is tightly adhered so as to prevent LC overflow between adjacent LC channels during injection of color LCs.

FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic views of an embodiment of each step for injecting each color LC into respective LC channels of the invention. Referring to FIG. 7A, a first color (e.g., red) cholestic LC 690R is filled into a first LC channel, and the first LC channel is then sealed by a first sealant 680 a. For example, a red cholesteric CL material comprises a mixture of red dye or twisted nematic liquid crystal layer doped with chiral agent. The first sealant 680 acan comprise a light solidified material or a thermoset material. Next, a first cutting procedure is performed such as cutting along line B-B to uncover the second stripe LC channel C2. The first cutting procedure can be performed by dice-cutting and laser-cutting.

Referring to FIG. 7B, a second color (e.g., green) cholestic LC 690G is filled into a second LC channel, and the second LC channel is then sealed by a second sealant 680 b. For example, a green cholesteric CL material comprises a mixture of green dye or twisted nematic liquid crystal layer doped with chiral agent. The second sealant 680 bcan comprise a light solidified material or a thermoset material. Next, a second cutting procedure is performed such as cutting along line C-C to uncover the third stripe LC channel C3. The second cutting procedure can be performed by dice-cutting and laser-cutting.

Referring to FIG. 7C, a third color (e.g., blue) cholestic LC 690B is filled into a third LC channel, and the third LC channel is then sealed by a third sealant 680 c. For example, a blue cholesteric CL material comprises a mixture of blue dye or twisted nematic liquid crystal layer doped with chiral agent. The third sealant 680 ccan comprise a light solidified material or a thermoset material. After all the three color cholesteric LCs are filled and sealed, fabrication of the single layer color cholesteric LCD device is completed.

2. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an adhesion layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate such that the adhesion layer is tightly adhered so as to prevent overflowing of the color cholesteric liquid crystals between adjacent color sub-pixel channels.

3. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first electrode along a first direction is disposed on the first substrate, and a second electrode along a second direction is disposed on the second substrate, and the first direction and the second direction are substantially perpendicular to each other.

4. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the adhesion layer is patterned adhesion layers corresponding to the bank portion and the adhesion layer is free from the areas corresponding to each of the color sub-pixel channels to reduce driving voltages and to improve contrast ratio.

5. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals comprises a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel.

6. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each color cholesteric liquid crystal layer comprises a respective color dye or a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer doped with chiral agent.

7. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each color cholesteric liquid crystal layer comprises a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC).

8. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are made of rigid substrates or flexible substrates.

9. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the flexible substrates comprise a polycarbonate (PC) substrate, a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, and a polyimide (PI) substrate.

10. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the adhesion layer is made of a glue material or a solidified material.

11. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the solidified material comprises a light solidified material or a thermoset material.

12. The color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a thin-film layer on the base portion corresponding to a location of each of color sub-pixel channels.

sequentially injecting a plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals in the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and sealing each of the color sub-pixel channels with a sealant material.

14. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 13, further comprising forming an adhesion layer on the second substrate or the periodic protruding bank portion of the first substrate.

15. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the adhesion layer is patterned adhesion layers corresponding to the periodic protruding bank portion and the adhesion layer is substantially free from the areas corresponding to each of the color sub-pixel channels.

16. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are made of rigid substrates or flexible substrates.

17. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the flexible substrates comprise a polycarbonate (PC) substrate, a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, and a polyimide (PI) substrate.

18. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 15, wherein formation of the patterned adhesion layers includes inkjet printing or screen printing.

19. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the adhesion layer is made of a glue material or a solidified material.

20. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solidified material comprises a light solidified material or a thermoset material.

sequentially injecting a plurality of color cholesteric liquid crystals in the corresponding color sub-pixel channels and sealing each of the color sub-pixel channels with a sealant material.

22. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising forming an adhesion layer on the second substrate or the periodic protruding bank portion of the first substrate.

23. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 22, wherein the adhesion layer is patterned adhesion layers corresponding to the periodic protruding bank portion and the adhesion layer is substantially free from the areas corresponding to each of the color sub-pixel channels.

24. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 23, wherein formation of the patterned adhesion layers includes inkjet printing or screen printing.

25. The fabrication method for a color cholesteric liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are made of rigid substrates or flexible substrates.

Electro-optical device for the display of dark symbols composed of separately selectable display segments against a bright background and a means for addressing this device

Method of driving liquid crystal display element, method of determining drive conditions of liquid crystal display element and liquid crystal display apparatus

Electro-optical device for the display of dark symbols composed of separately selectable display segments against a bright background and a means for addressing this device

Method of driving liquid crystal display element, method of determining drive conditions of liquid crystal display element and liquid crystal display apparatus

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In 1964, George H. Heilmeier, then working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of FameIEEE Milestone.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures appear to be fading on the screen.

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing Crosstalk between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by Peter J. Wild in 1972,

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light"s path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure would reduce the resolution by around 25%. This means that a 4K TV cannot display the full UHD TV standard. The media and internet users later called this "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because the announced 4K UHD resolution but still being incapable of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacts the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which is especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed po