transparent lcd panel for projector free sample

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G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR

G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR

H01L51/00—Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof

H01L51/50—Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes [OLED] or polymer light emitting devices [PLED]

A display system includes a projection screen and a projector. The projection screen includes a retarder plate between a polarizer and a transparent screen. The projector projects an image through the polarizer and the retarder plate onto the transparent screen. The image is visible from a first side of the transparent screen but invisible from a second side of the transparent screen because any light passing twice through the retarder plate is blocked by the polarizer.

This invention relates to displays, and specifically to transparent displays with an image that is visible from one side of the display but not the other. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. Advertisements on the side of buildings were common in the early-20th century U.S. One modern example is the NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ Market Site at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street. Unveiled in January 2000, it cost $37 million to build. The sign is 120 feet high and is the largest LED display in the world. NASDAQ pays over $2 million a year to lease the space for this sign. This is actually considered a good deal in advertising as the number of “impressions” the sign makes far exceeds those generated by other ad forms. However, advertisements on the side of a building cover up what otherwise would be space for windows in the building.

Thus, what is needed is an apparatus that would provide advertisements on the side of buildings while still allowing for windows in the advertisement space. SUMMARY

In one embodiment of the invention, a display system includes a projection screen and a projector. The projection screen includes a retarder plate between a polarizer and a transparent screen. The projector projects an image through the polarizer and the retarder plate onto the transparent screen. The image is visible from a first side of the transparent screen but invisible from a second side of the transparent screen because any light passing twice through the retarder plate is blocked by the polarizer. Thus, the projection screen frees a person on the second side of the transparent screen from any distraction caused by the image while still allowing the person to look out through the projection screen. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a rear-projection transparent display system 100 in one embodiment of the invention. System 100 includes a projector 102 that generates an image “Q” toward a projection screen 104. Projector 102 can be a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, a digital light processing (DLP) projector, a laser projector, or any other projection device. Depending on the application, image Q can be a still image, a slideshow of still images, or a video stream.

Projection screen 104 includes a polarizer 106, a retarder plate 108, and a transparent screen 110. Although shown spaced apart, polarizer 106, retarder plate 108, and transparent screen 110 may be directly mounted on each other. Image Q propagates from projector 102 through polarizer 106. After passing through polarizer 106, image Q only has polarized light. In one embodiment, polarizer 106 is a linear polarizer and image Q only has linearly polarized light aligned along a first direction 112. Polarizer 106 may polarize light by absorption, scattering, or refraction. In one embodiment, polarizer 106 is a glass panel with a linear polarizing film. Alternatively, polarizer 106 is made of a polarizing material.

Image Q then propagates through retarder plate 108 and strikes transparent screen 110. In one embodiment, retarder plate 108 is a quarter-wave plate. When image Q strikes transparent screen 110, it becomes visible on both sides of the screen. In one embodiment, transparent screen 110 is a transparent diffusion screen such as the HoloPro™ from G+B pronova GmbH of Germany, the Holo Screen from dnp Denmark of Denmark, or the TransScreen from Laser Magic of Los Angeles, Calif.

Any light that travels back from transparent screen 110 through retarder 108 becomes linearly polarized along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction and is therefore blocked by polarizer 106. Thus, image Q is visible from one side of projection screen 104 and invisible from the other side of projection screen 104.

In system 100, a small image Q may be visible on projection screen 104 to person 116. This occurs when projector 102 projects images with non-polarized light that is partly transmitted through polarizer 106 and partly reflected by polarizer 106. The small reflected image Q can be avoided by using an LCD projector 102 that produces images with light aligned along polarization direction 112. Alternatively, an additional polarizer 118 having polarization direction 112 can be placed before or on the lens of projector 102.

FIG. 2 illustrates a transparent display system 200 in one embodiment of the invention. Display system 200 includes a transparent display 202 and a polarizer 204. Although shown spaced apart, transparent display 202 and polarizer 204 may be mounted directly on each other.

Transparent display 202 has a transparent screen that generates an image “R” that is visible from both sides of the display. Image R consists of polarized light that propagates away from both sides of transparent display 202. Depending on the application, image R can be a still image, a slideshow of still images, or a video stream.

In one embodiment, transparent display 202 is a transparent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display that emits linearly polarized light. FIG. 3 illustrates that OLED display 202 consists of an organic emissive layer 302 sandwiched between a transparent cathode 304 and a transparent anode 306 on a transparent substrate 308. An example of a transparent OLED display is the TOLEDO from Universal Display Corporation of Ewing, N.J. To emit linearly polarized light, an orientation layer 310 is formed on anode 306 and then emissive layer 302 is formed on orientation layer 310. An example of an organic OLED that emits polarized light is described in “Polarized Emission of PPV Oligomers” by Lauhof et al., 2005 Conference of German Liquid Crystal Society.

Referring back to FIG. 2, some of the linearly polarized light of image R propagates from transparent display 202 to polarizer 204, which blocks the linearly polarized light from traveling any further. Thus, image R is visible from one side of display system 200 and invisible from the other side of display system 200. Polarizer 204 may polarize light by absorption, scattering, and refraction. In one embodiment, polarizer 204 is a glass panel with a linear polarizing film. Alternatively, polarizer 204 is made of a polarizing material.

In one embodiment, a one-way vision film 210 is inserted between transparent display 202 and polarizer 204. One-way vision film 210 allows person 208 to look out through display system 200 but does not allow person 206 to look through display system 200 and into the building. In one embodiment, one-way vision film 210 is a perforated film having a light color (e.g., white) on the side facing transparent display 202 and a dark color (e.g., black) on the side facing polarizer 204.

FIG. 4 illustrates a transparent display system 400 in one embodiment of the invention. System 400 includes a screen 402 with an alternating pattern of nontransparent light-emitting pixels 404 and transparent non-emitting pixels 406. Thus, screen 402 appears at least semi-transparent as light can pass through transparent non-emitting pixels 406.

The pattern of nontransparent light-emitting pixels 404 and transparent non-emitting pixels 406 can be varied as long as they are evenly distributed so screen 402 appears semi-transparent. In one embodiment, the pattern consists of alternating lines of nontransparent light-emitting pixels 404 and transparent non-emitting pixels 406. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the pattern consists of nontransparent light-emitting pixels 404 interspersed with transparent non-emitting pixels 406.

In one embodiment, nontransparent light-emitting pixels 404 are OLED pixels with transparent cathodes and anodes, and opaque substrates. Transparent cathodes and anodes are necessary so these conductive lines can run across the transparent non-emitting pixels without obscuring their transparency. Opaque substrates are necessary so that the OLED pixels only transmit light on one side of screen 402. In one embodiment, transparent non-emitting pixels 406 are simply dummy OLED pixels with transparent substrate and devoid of an emissive layer.

a projector for projecting an image through the polarizer and the retarder plate onto the transparent screen, wherein the image is visible from a first side of the transparent screen and invisible from a second side of the transparent screen.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the polarizer comprises a linear polarizing film, the retarder plate is a quarter-wave plate, and the transparent screen is a transparent diffusion screen.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the projector is selected from the group consisting of a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, a digital light processing (DLP) projector, a laser projector.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising another polarizer between the projector and the projection screen, the another polarizer and the polarizer having the same polarizing direction.

10. A method for projecting an image on a transparent screen so the image is visible from a first side of the transparent screen but invisible from a second side of the transparent screen, the method comprising:

projecting the image through a polarizer and then a retarder plate onto the transparent screen, wherein any light traveling back from the transparent screen through the retarder plate a second time is blocked by the polarizer.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the polarizer comprises a linear polarizing film, the retarder plate is a quarter-wave plate, and the transparent screen is a transparent diffusion screen.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the projector is selected from the group consisting of a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, a digital light processing (DLP) projector, a laser projector.

16. The method of claim 10, further comprising projecting the image through another polarizer before the polarizer, wherein the another polarizer and the polarizer have the same polarizing direction.

22. The system of claim 17, wherein the transparent display is a transparent organic light-emitting diode display and the polarizer comprises a polarizing film.

23. The system of claim 17, further comprising a one-way vision film between the transparent display and the polarizer, wherein the one-way vision film allows a person on the side of the polarizer to look through the display system but does not allow another person on the side of the transparent display to look through the display system.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the one-way vision film comprises a perforated film comprising a light side facing the transparent display and a dark side facing the polarizer.

25. A method for displaying an image on a transparent display so the image is visible from a first side of the transparent display but invisible from a second side of the transparent display, the method comprising:

generating the image on the transparent display, wherein the image comprises polarized light propagating from the first and the second sides of the transparent display;

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the transparent display is a transparent organic light-emitting diode display and the polarizer comprises a polarizing film.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the one-way vision film comprises a perforated film with a light side facing the transparent display and a dark side facing the polarizer.

34. The system of claim 31, wherein the nontransparent light-emitting pixels comprises organic light-emitting diodes with opaque substrates and transparent cathodes and anodes.

35. The system of claim 31, wherein the transparent non-emitting pixels comprises dummy organic light-emitting diodes with transparent substrates and devoid of an emissive layer.

Although on the lowest end of the ALR spectrum, it is still a considerable cost when you can buy a lower end 4k LCD with HDR at 40-49 inches for the same cost. this is just a screen. literally, a screen. its 100+ inches (102 if you don"t use the included velvet) but its still a glorified screen.

This is an outstanding product. I buy from online and in person retailers all the time. I would even consider myself somewhat of a tech junkie, though my budgets keep my habits somewhat in the realm of affordability. This screen performs exceptionally in every area i hoped it would, and then some.

The box arrived at my home in typical amazon "how the heck did they get it here so fast?!" fashion. excited i took it up to the media room and did a quick inventory check. Immediately i noticed several things. First was the actual box. other than it being brown, this is by far the nicest box and packaging for a shipped item this large i have ever seen, even the mailman mentioned it "man this feels like a solid box here". He was spot on. the packaging is so well thought out, you would have to go through 3-4 layers of cardboard to even get to anything actually inside the box which is important when dealing with a product that is ruined by any punctures or damage whatsoever.

After the box was opened (very easily i might add) i pulled out the two individual "boxes" inside and the accessories boxes as well. one has the tape, one had the right angle attaching rails and one had tools. About those tools...i don"t know what made them decide to do it, but these are the nicest tools i have ever received to use with a product. i have never in my life received tools with a product that made me think "ohh I"m keeping and using this screw driver after this". this product did that. they also give you a small mallet that comes in handy and it too is of such good quality it wont just go back into the box and never be touched again, "im"a use that sucker". the material itself looks to be very high quality aluminum. i have absolutely no doubt the frame will last forever. everything that was supposed to be there was in fact there.

I opened the manual to see if i needed to do anything different than the very obvious when putting it together and I"m pleased that the answer was "nope". The manual was easily understood and had a clear English section however, in case you couldn"t figure any part out. the only thing i could see that would even throw anyone off would be the center support beam. Something to note, as it is installed with its top and bottom hole attached to a different kind of screw then the rest of the unit. it has a head that goes inside the inner rail on the backside of the screen. If i didn"t look in the instructions, i might think it was missing something needed to install it, so if your reading this just take note of that, i read several reviews of people knocking down a star because the center support beam "didn"t fit". i honestly think there"s a more than good chance half of those people (prob all of them honestly) just didn"t read how to actually install that section in the manual that is clearly shown. the screen attaches around the frame via Velcro. As a drummer i noticed the attachment pattern was very similar to that of a drum head, you always tighten the opposite side first and move around the frame in a pattern to easily and even tightened the screen around the back. I noticed that many of the high end companies that sell similar screens tend to attach the screen to the frame with eyelets. either snap in, or tension band attachment. for those of you concerned about the Velcro, i wouldn"t be, "this sucker ain"t goin" no where". Once its attached. and after thinking about it, Velcro is the obvious choice because if the screen de-tensions over time, re tension of the screen is easily done here...MUCH harder if the screen had attachment holes in the actual screen material, so i say "great choice". The wall mounts are more than adequate and come with screws for both going into a wall stud, or going into drywall safely. The screen rests on the wall mounts in a channel at the top of the frames back, so once its up, it can easily slide left and right for finer tuning placement in those directions, sorry but no up and down adjustment, in my opinion though that adjustment is completely unneeded.

The screen itself took a little time to get perfect when attaching it to the frame, but no more than expected really. Once on the wall you realize "DANG, that is a BIG screen". the room i put it in is about 16 by 25 but you cant appreciate how huge a screen that"s nearly 8 feet wide or bigger is until you are actually physically looking at it. I"m totally convinced that if these ALR screens were more commercially marketed with mid level projectors, that they would actually out sell regular televisions, even 4k models. for right around two grand US, you can truly achieve a mind blowing picture at an even more mind blowing size.

Pairing my screen (ALR cinegrey 3d) with the Epson 3500 in a somewhat well lit room with a pretty standard ambient day room light almost made me pee myself. i was hoping beyond hope that the projector technology had improved from what i had seen years ago and would look acceptable in a somewhat well lit room (pictures to follow in the next few days)...it isn"t just acceptable, it is absolutely fantastic, and envy inducing to anyone that doesn"t have this kind of setup that sees it and likes "big". when the lights lower, and at night, it is breathtaking. i actually use this as my main computer monitor and i am more than pleased to say it looks better than my "old" 65 inch led. I can tell you too, that it isn"t just the solid projector I"m using designed for rooms with more ambient light, but the screen as well. in fact, i would give a heavier visual "WOW" to the screen than i would to the actual projector which is outstanding too.

What you have in the end is an absolute no brainer buy for anyone who is looking for a fixed frame projector screen. is the black diamond better? the high end Draper better? only until you compare cost to the elite screens, then those screens go from being slightly visually better to being WAY, WAY worse because they are thousands more. If your on the fence, don"t take my word for it, get it yourself, THEN feel free to thank me if this review helped you at all.

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RJ-45 x 1 for network and DIGITAL LINK connection (video/network/serial control) (HDBaseT™ compliant), 100Base-TX (Compatible with PJLink™ [Class 2], Art-Net, HDCP 2.2, Deep Color, 4K/60p signal input*3)

RJ-45 x 1 for network and DIGITAL LINK connection (video/network/serial control) (HDBaseT™ compliant), 100Base-TX (Compatible with PJLink™ [Class 2], Art-Net, HDCP 2.2, Deep Color, 4K/60p signal input*3)

Logo Transfer Software, Multi Monitoring & Control Software, Early Warning Software, Geometry Manager Pro (ET-UK20 Upgrade Kit, ET-CUK10 Auto Screen Adjustment Kit), Smart Projector Control for iOS/Android™

Logo Transfer Software, Multi Monitoring & Control Software, Early Warning Software, Geometry Manager Pro (ET-UK20 Upgrade Kit, ET-CUK10 Auto Screen Adjustment Kit), Smart Projector Control for iOS/Android™

RJ-45 x 1 for network and DIGITAL LINK (video/network/serial control) connection (HDBaseT™ compliant), 100Base-TX (Compatible with PJLink™ [Class 2], Art-Net, HDCP 2.2, Deep Color, 4K/60p signal input*3)

Logo Transfer Software, Multi Monitoring & Control Software, Early Warning Software, Geometry Manager Pro (ET-UK20 Upgrade Kit, ET-CUK10 Auto Screen Adjustment Kit), Smart Projector Control for iOS/Android™

*3 4K signals are converted to the projector"s resolution (1920 x 1200 pixels) upon projection. Supported terminals: DIGITAL LINK/HDMI®. YPBPR 4:2:0 format only for 4K/60p signals input via DIGITAL LINK.

*6 When using the projector at an altitude lower than 2,700 m (8,858 ft) above sea level, and the operating environment temperature becomes 35 °C (95 °F) or higher, the light output may be reduced to protect the projector.

Demonstration of the new transparent display: photographs showing a sample transparent projection screen (left) and a regular piece of glass (right). Three cups are placed behind both screens to visually compare the transparency. A laser projector projects a blue MIT logo onto the transparent screen and the glass; the logo shows up clearly on the transparent screen, but not on the regular glass. Credit: Chia Wei Hsu and Bo Zhen

Picture the Louvre pyramid: the iconic glass pyramid that serves as main entrance and skylight to the landmark museum. The pyramid is illuminated at night, creating a magical ambience. Imagine strolling next to it while a video about the museum is projected on the glass in front of you, adding information while preserving the elegance of the structure. This seems like a scene taken from The Avengers or other sci-fi movies: although some technology for transparent displays exists, in practice it has many limitations. Using the 20 thousand square feet of glass of the Louvre pyramid as a transparent display with existing methods would be expensive and difficult. Closer to home, one could wish to have a simple method to use a storefront glass, or a subway window as a projection screen.

A team from the MIT and Harvard departments of Physics, and the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, has developed a new approach to produce transparent projection screens. Their result paves the way for a new class of transparent displays with many attractive features, including wide viewing angle, scalability to large size, and low cost.

White light is composed of all the colors of the rainbow. A white projector screen looks white because all the colors of the ambient light interact with it and get reflected. On the other hand, a window appears transparent because the same ambient light doesn"t interact with glass and is free to go through. This is also the reason why you cannot project onto a regular glass: the light that you are trying to project simply passes through. One can envision the components of a material to be like tennis players, and the light to be like tennis balls of different colors. A material that looks white is made up of players that intercept light-balls of all colors and hit them back; a clear glass is made up by players that do not hit any at all.

A demonstration of the new display technology shows a series of blue circles projected onto a transparent polymer screen embedded with silver nanoparticles. The MIT mugs show the clarity of the screen. Credit: Chia Wei Hsu and Bo Zhen

One can design nanoparticles that interact with a single color. The researchers used this property of nanoparticles to create transparent displays. The method is relatively simple: the first step consists in tailoring nanoparticles that interact, or better resonate, with one single color and neglect all the others —- they are like tennis players trained to hit back only balls of a single specific color. The second step incorporates such color-selective nanoparticles into a transparent material. The result is a material that lets most of the ambient light go through and therefore appears transparent; however, by using a laser projector that sends a light beam of the specific color that is scattered by the embedded nanoparticles, one can obtain a high-resolution projected image. As a proof of concept the research team developed a screen that interacts preferentially with blue light. Coincidentally, Prof Soljacic started to think about transparent projection screens while gazing at the blue ocean —- the source of many of his good ideas.

Hsu performed the theoretical design and optimization, and together with Zhen fabricated a sample. "We wanted to create a transparent screen sensitive to the blue light of a laser projector" says Hsu "To this extent we used nanoparticles that scattered the same hue of blue as the laser in the projector. The resonance wavelength, the interaction color of a nanoparticle, can be tuned to arbitrary colors. We picked silver based nanoparticles because they are common and because they perform better than other metals". The group mixed silver nanoparticles of the diameter of 62 nanometers (about as long as your fingernail grows in a minute) with a water-soluble transparent polymer. They poured the solution into a frame and let it dry at room temperature, obtaining a screen of 25x25 centimeters (about 10x10 inches) and around 0.5 millimeters thick (two hundredths of an inch). "The apparent color and brightness seem to be those of regular glass," comments Zhen, "but the show begins when we project blue light. Look at our figure 2, the projection of the MIT logo is clearly visible on our screen, unlike regular glass."

The basic principle for the new transparent projection screen: nanoparticles that interact with a single color (in this case blue) are incorporated into a transparent material. The result is a material that lets most of the ambient light go through and therefore appears transparent; however, by using a laser projector that sends a blue light beam of the specific color that is scattered by the embedded nanoparticles, one can obtain a high-resolution projected image. Credit: Chia Wei Hsu

Red, green, and blue (RGB) are additive primary colors, meaning that, as far as the human eye is concerned, one can obtain any other color by superposing light of these three. A standard projector sends an intense light beam that reproduces a colorful image by combining RGB; a laser projector is like a coach who throws plenty of red, green and blue tennis balls in a given pattern to an array of players, and the players hit back balls of all colors.

"We are excited about our transparent display, but we are already thinking of the next challenges," adds Prof. Soljacic. "In principle, we could implement a full-color display by embedding three types of nanoparticles each scattering selectively red, green and blue. Alternatively, one could design a single nanoparticle with multiple resonances, like a tennis player who hits specific RGB balls, but the difficulty there lies in maintaining high transparency away from the selected red, green, and blue."

Transparent screens have innumerable applications, from showing navigation data on car windshields and aircraft cockpit windows, to projecting information and figures on glass windows and eyeglasses, to advertising and retail.

As Prof. John Joannopoulos points out, "A variety of transparent displays have been developed for specific applications and are already in commerce, but each of them has some limitations. Our design has several attractive features that could make it a suitable option in many fields." Existing head-up displays used in navigation systems have a narrow viewing angle that limits the position of the viewer. Diffusive screens can cover large surfaces: they use light scattering but no color selectivity and therefore look "hazy," less transparent. Electronic flat-panel displays with transparent electronics are difficult to scale to large size. Fluorescent screens, usable in principle in storefront glass windows or similar large surfaces, are difficult to make at high efficiency. "There is growing interest in transparent displays and our approach could serve many purposes," says Hsu, "our display is very transparent and easily scalable to large size; the projection has very high resolution and is visible from a wide angle; the design is efficient and has low production and maintenance cost. We spent less than ten dollars to build our sample!"

The resonant nanoparticle scattering technique has potential to lead to new developments and applications such as flexible and scrollable displays, 3D transparent screens, and peel-and-stick projection foils. "Think of all the surfaces covered by windows," concludes Prof Soljacic with a visionary air, "it is a lot of space that is not fully used: when I stroll downtown and look at the glass of skyscrapers at night, or at the subway windows, I imagine all that we can project on them."

A head-up display, or heads-up display,HUD (transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot"s eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments.

Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other (mostly professional) applications.

Head-up displays were a precursor technology to augmented reality (AR), incorporating a subset of the features needed for the full AR experience, but lacking the necessary registration and tracking between the virtual content and the user"s real-world environment.

The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector.

Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also head-mounted displays (HMDs). These include helmet-mounted displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user"s head.

Second Generation—Use a solid state light source, for example LED, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. These systems are on commercial aircraft.

Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), digital micro-mirrors (DMD), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED).

HUDs evolved from the reflector sight, a pre-World War II parallax-free optical sight technology for military fighter aircraft.gyro gunsight added a reticle that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of lead needed to hit a target while maneuvering.

During the early 1940s, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), in charge of UK radar development, found that Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighter pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II gyro gunsight on a flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself.AI Mk. IV radar to the microwave-frequency AI Mk. VIII radar found on the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter. This set produced an artificial horizon that further eased head-up flying.

HUD technology was next advanced by the Royal Navy in the Buccaneer, the prototype of which first flew on 30 April 1958. The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. As such, there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight. This led to the concept of a "Strike Sight" that would combine altitude, airspeed and the gun/bombsight into a single gunsight-like display. There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of the old electro-mechanical gunsight, with the HUD being described as a radical, even foolhardy option.

The Air Arm branch of the UK Ministry of Defence sponsored the development of a Strike Sight. The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term "head-up-display" can be traced to this time.Rank Cintel, and the system was first integrated in 1958. The Cintel HUD business was taken over by Elliott Flight Automation and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed, continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made; it was given a "fit and forget" title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later. BAE Systems, as the successor to Elliotts via GEC-Marconi Avionics, thus has a claim to the world"s first head-up display in operational service.AIRPASS HUD fitted to the English Electric Lightning from 1959.

In the United Kingdom, it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gunsights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft.instrument flight rules approaches to landing was developed in 1975.fighter jets and helicopters, aiming to centralize critical flight data within the pilot"s field of vision. This approach sought to increase the pilot"s scan efficiency and reduce "task saturation" and information overload.

Field of View – also "FOV", indicates the angle(s), vertically as well as horizontally, subtended at the pilot"s eye, at which the combiner displays symbology in relation to the outside view. A narrow FOV means that the view (of a runway, for example) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment; whereas a wide FOV would allow a "broader" view. For aviation applications, the major benefit of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner, even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold; whereas with a narrow FOV the runway would be "off the edge" of the combiner, out of the HUD"s view. Because human eyes are separated, each eye receives a different image. The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes, depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process. Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image, in other words a "binocular Field of View (FOV)".

Collimation – The projected image is collimated which makes the light rays parallel. Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image. Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical infinity. This means that the pilot"s eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display – the image appears to be "out there", overlaying the outside world. This feature is critical for effective HUDs: not having to refocus between HUD-displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs. It gives HUDs special consideration in safety-critical and time-critical manoeuvres, when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit, and then back outside, are very critical: for example, in the final stages of landing. Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high-performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer-quality systems that, for example, simply reflect uncollimated information off a car"s windshield (causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead).

Luminance/contrast – Displays have adjustments in luminance and contrast to account for ambient lighting, which can vary widely (e.g. from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields).

Boresight – Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft"s three axes – a process called milliradians (±24 minutes of arc), and may vary across the HUD"s FOV. In this case the word "conform" means, "when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible, they will be aligned". This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial horizon is, as well as the aircraft"s projected path with great accuracy. When Enhanced Vision is used, for example, the display of runway lights is aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible. Boresighting is done during the aircraft"s building process and can also be performed in the field on many aircraft.

Scaling – The displayed image (flight path, pitch and yaw scaling, etc.), is scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1:1 relationship. For example, objects (such as a runway threshold) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the −3 degree index on the HUD display.

On aircraft avionics systems, HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems. They receive input directly from the sensors (pitot-static, gyroscopic, navigation, etc.) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from the flight computers. On other aircraft (the Boeing 787, for example) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot. Computers are integrated with the aircraft"s systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the ARINC 429, ARINC 629, and MIL-STD-1553.

flight path vector (FPV) or velocity vector symbol — shows where the aircraft is actually going, as opposed to merely where it is pointed as with the boresight. For example, if the aircraft is pitched up but descending as may occur in high angle of attack flight or in flight through descending air, then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon. During approach and landing, a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the runway.

navigation data and symbols — for approaches and landings, the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an Instrument Landing System or augmented Global Positioning System such as the Wide Area Augmentation System. Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol. Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by "flying to" the guidance cue.

Since being introduced on HUDs, both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head-down displays (HDD). The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing, such as a circle with two short angled lines, (180 ± 30 degrees) and "wings" on the ends of the descending line. Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank.

During the 1980s, the militaryNASA Ames Research Center to provide pilots of V/STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for Category III C terminal-area flight operations. This includes a large variety of flight operations, from STOL flights on land-based runways to VTOL operations on aircraft carriers. The principal features of this display format are the integration of the flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view, easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance, and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information. The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft.

The cockpit of NASA"s Gulfstream GV with a synthetic vision system display. The HUD combiner is in front of the pilot (with a projector mounted above it). This combiner uses a curved surface to focus the image.

For general aviation, MyGoFlight expects to receive a STC and to retail its SkyDisplay HUD for $25,000 without installation for a single piston-engine as the Cirrus SR22s and more for Cessna Caravans or Pilatus PC-12s single-engine turboprops: 5 to 10% of a traditional HUD cost albeit it is non-conformal, not matching exactly the outside terrain.tablet computer can be projected on the $1,800 Epic Optix Eagle 1 HUD.

In more advanced systems, such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-labeled "Enhanced Flight Vision System",infrared camera (either single or multi-band) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display a conformed image to the pilot. "EVS Enhanced Vision System" is an industry accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because "the FAA believes [it] could be confused with the system definition and operational concept found in 91.175(l) and (m)"

While the EVS display can greatly help, the FAA has only relaxed operating regulationsCATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums. In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all "unaided" visual restrictions. (For example, if the runway visibility is restricted because of fog, even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate (or legal) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level.)

In some systems, the SVS will calculate the aircraft"s current flight path, or possible flight path (based on an aircraft performance model, the aircraft"s current energy, and surrounding terrain) and then turn any obstructions red to alert the flight crew. Such a system might have helped prevent the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 into a mountain in December 1995.

On the left side of the display is an SVS-unique symbol, with the appearance of a purple, diminishing sideways ladder, and which continues on the right of the display. The two lines define a "tunnel in the sky". This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions. For example, if the pilot had selected an airport to the left, then this symbol would curve off to the left and down. If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol, the craft will fly the optimum path. This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System"s database and would show the FAA-approved approach for that airport.

The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist the pilot when more precise four-dimensional flying is required, such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of Required Navigation Performance (RNP). Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude, airspeed, heading, energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly the aircraft.

In mid-2017, the Israel Defense Forces will begin trials of Elbit"s Iron Vision, the world"s first helmet-mounted head-up display for tanks. Israel"s Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the F-35, plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank"s surroundings onto the helmet-mounted visors of its crew members. This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside.

The green arrow on the windshield near the top of this picture is a Head-Up Display on a 2013 Toyota Prius. It toggles between the GPS navigation instruction arrow and the speedometer. The arrow is animated to appear scrolling forward as the car approaches the turn. The image is projected without any kind of glass combiner.

These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars, and usually offer speedometer, tachometer, and navigation system displays. Night vision information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles. In contrast to most HUDs found in aircraft, automotive head-up displays are not parallax-free. The display may not be visible to a driver wearing sunglasses with polarised lenses.

In 2012, Pioneer Corporation introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver-side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead, a form of augmented reality (AR).virtual retinal display (VRD). AR-HUD"s core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision, Inc.

In recent years, it has been argued that conventional HUDs will be replaced by holographic AR technologies, such as the ones developed by WayRay that use holographic optical elements (HOE). The HOE allows for a wider field of view while reducing the size of the device and making the solution customizable for any car model.

HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for a number of other applications. In the military, a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser rangefinder or squadmate locations to infantrymen. A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer"s goggles or of a scuba diver"s mask.retina with a low-powered laser (virtual retinal display) are also in experimentation.

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Vernon K. Merrick, Glenn G. Farris, and Andrejs A. Vanags. "A Head Up Display for Application to V/STOL Aircraft Approach and Landing". NASA Ames Research Center 1990.

Freeman, Champion, Madhaven—Scanned Laser Pico-Projectors: Seeing the Big Picture (with a Small Device) http://www.microvision.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OPN_Article.pdf

Prabhakar, Gowdham; Ramakrishnan, Aparna; Madan, Modiksha; Murthy, L. R. D.; Sharma, Vinay Krishna; Deshmukh, Sachin; Biswas, Pradipta (2020). "Interactive gaze and finger controlled HUD for cars". Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces. 14: 101–121. doi:10.1007/s12193-019-00316-9. ISSN 1783-8738. S2CID 208261516.