pictures of lcd monitors factory

RM2CX8HJX–An employee of Samsung Electronics explains at the company"s showroom at its main factory in Asan, south of Seoul May 13, 2011. A fall in flat screen prices that has lasted more than a year has finally been arrested and demand growth is set to return as television makers prepare for new product launches ahead of a seasonal pick-up later this year, Samsung Electronics Co, the world"s No.1 LCD flat-screen maker, told Reuters. This in turn has lifted the profit outlook for the battered liquid crystal display (LCD) sector, Chang Wonkie, president of Samsung Electronics" LCD business, said at the R

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Flat-panel displays are thin panels of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying text, images, or video. Liquid crystal displays (LCD), OLED (organic light emitting diode) and microLED displays are not quite the same; since LCD uses a liquid crystal that reacts to an electric current blocking light or allowing it to pass through the panel, whereas OLED/microLED displays consist of electroluminescent organic/inorganic materials that generate light when a current is passed through the material. LCD, OLED and microLED displays are driven using LTPS, IGZO, LTPO, and A-Si TFT transistor technologies as their backplane using ITO to supply current to the transistors and in turn to the liquid crystal or electroluminescent material. Segment and passive OLED and LCD displays do not use a backplane but use indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent conductive material, to pass current to the electroluminescent material or liquid crystal. In LCDs, there is an even layer of liquid crystal throughout the panel whereas an OLED display has the electroluminescent material only where it is meant to light up. OLEDs, LCDs and microLEDs can be made flexible and transparent, but LCDs require a backlight because they cannot emit light on their own like OLEDs and microLEDs.

Liquid-crystal display (or LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. They are usually made of glass but they can also be made out of plastic. Some manufacturers make transparent LCD panels and special sequential color segment LCDs that have higher than usual refresh rates and an RGB backlight. The backlight is synchronized with the display so that the colors will show up as needed. The list of LCD manufacturers:

Organic light emitting diode (or OLED displays) is a thin, flat panel made of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. OLED panels can also take the shape of a light panel, where red, green and blue light emitting materials are stacked to create a white light panel. OLED displays can also be made transparent and/or flexible and these transparent panels are available on the market and are widely used in smartphones with under-display optical fingerprint sensors. LCD and OLED displays are available in different shapes, the most prominent of which is a circular display, which is used in smartwatches. The list of OLED display manufacturers:

MicroLED displays is an emerging flat-panel display technology consisting of arrays of microscopic LEDs forming the individual pixel elements. Like OLED, microLED offers infinite contrast ratio, but unlike OLED, microLED is immune to screen burn-in, and consumes less power while having higher light output, as it uses LEDs instead of organic electroluminescent materials, The list of MicroLED display manufacturers:

LCDs are made in a glass substrate. For OLED, the substrate can also be plastic. The size of the substrates are specified in generations, with each generation using a larger substrate. For example, a 4th generation substrate is larger in size than a 3rd generation substrate. A larger substrate allows for more panels to be cut from a single substrate, or for larger panels to be made, akin to increasing wafer sizes in the semiconductor industry.

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Choosing the best monitors for photo editing is important. It"s not just about your own viewing comfort and satisfaction. It"s essential that you get a proper rendition of the detail, color and contrast in your photos.

When you"re editing an image, you only have what you see on the screen to go by – and if your monitor isn"t up to the job, you can easily end up correcting the monitor"s faults when your photos are perfectly fine. Of course, the best monitor calibrators(opens in new tab) can help you to sort out your screen and ensure optimum accuracy, too.

In this guide, we"ve picked some of the best monitors on the market that prioritize resolution, color accuracy, brightness consistency and contrast to display your photos properly. If you regularly move around with your system, then take a look at the best portable monitors(opens in new tab).

If you fancy getting more specific, we"ve already got guide on the best video editing monitors(opens in new tab), the best ultra-wide monitors(opens in new tab) and even the slightly futuristic but best curved monitors(opens in new tab).

The best monitor for photo editing will obviously depend on what device you actually use. For Apple fans, the best monitors for MacBook Pro(opens in new tab) will extend your workspace and give you superb image quality.

The excellent 27-inch LG 27UL500-W might look expensive compared to budget screens you see in a computer store, but if you can afford the extra it"s well worth it. The 4K resolution is ideal for photographers, and the Color Calibration Pro tool boosts the color accuracy of the monitor, which is essential for anyone who is looking for high-end photography capabilities but at a competitive price.

With a slimline design and slender crescent-shaped silver base, the LG 27UL500-W makes most desktop monitors look comparatively clunky. The only real compromise is that, while tilt, height and pivot facilities are available, there’s no swivel mechanism built into the base.

Monitors with dependable image quality and respectable color space coverage used to cost a fortune, but this bargain HP display proves those days are long gone. Boasting 99% sRGB color space coverage and the kind of color and contrast consistence that only IPS LCD screen tech can offer, the HP M24fw gives you premium display quality at a rock-bottom price. Even the exterior looks pretty snazzy with a modern-looking stand and super-slim bezels. The Full HD (1920 x 1080) screen resolution is nothing special, but it"s high enough to keep things looking crisp on a display this size. Connectivity is limited to just a single HDMI port and an old-school VGA port, but that does mean compatibility with older computers should be simple.

Dell produces several excellent monitors for photo editing, but the U3223QE offers the best value of them all. This 31.5-inch panel can display 100% of the sRGB color space, and is capable of 100% Rec. 709 coverage and 98% DCI-P3 coverage - the latter being exceptional. Adobe RGB color support isn"t advertised though, and is the only question mark over this otherwise superbly-specced screen.

Factory color calibration ensures a Delta-E accuracy of less than 2 and the monitor is capable of displaying HDR content as it just meets the 400cd/m2 brightness needed for HDR playback.

The NEC MultiSync EA271U monitor has a slightly corporate feel to it, supporting ‘cost-saving device management’, whereby all connected NEC devices can be controlled from a central location. There’s also a wide range of eco-friendly settings.

Standard and ‘photo’ viewing modes are accompanied by text, gaming, movie and dynamic modes, but there’s no preset for the Adobe RGB colour space. Connection ports include DP, DVI and HDMI, along with a USB 3.0 hub. Unusually, the MultiSync EA271U also features built-in speakers, though with an output of only 2W each, they"re of limited aural appeal. Touch-sensitive virtual control buttons are easily accessible on the lower bezel.

Distinctive features include an HDR mode and a 1300:1 contrast ratio. On the negative side, there’s no preset Adobe RGB mode and ViewSonic only claims 77% coverage of the full Adobe RGB gamut.

4K resolution may be de rigueur these days for monitors and televisions, but this Eizo ColorEdge sets its sights a little lower at 2540x1440, resulting in a pixel count of about 3.7MP instead of 8.3MP. The pixel density is also lower for a 27-inch screen, at 109ppi rather than 163ppi, but image quality still looks absolutely super-sharp.

Ports at the rear include DVI, HDMI and DP, along with two upstream USB 3.0 ports. There are three downstream USB 3.0 ports behind the left-hand side of the case. Bundled software includes Quick Color Match, to enable easy color matching between screen viewing and printed output. It also comes with ColorNavigator software for use with independent calibration hardware (not supplied).

Color accuracy of our review sample was pretty much spot on, straight out of the box. The Eizo ColorEdge also delivers excellent gamut for both sRGB and Adobe RGB, with presets available for both color spaces, direct from the menu system. Uniformity across the screen is particularly good, and there’s very little backlight bleed.

Bigger is better, but a 27-inch screen is about as far as we"d go. It"s a good compromise between screen space and a comfortable working distance, but a 24-inch display is fine if you work quite close to the screen, or even the 21.5-inch display of a smaller iMac model.

What are aspect ratios(opens in new tab), we hear you cry. Most modern screens have a "widescreen" 16:9 aspect ratio. This corresponds to current video standards and also gives a little space at the side of the screen for tools and palettes when you"re editing regular still images. Once you"ve used a 16:9 screen, you won"t go back to an old "narrow" 4:3 display. Also consider ultrawide monitors(opens in new tab), which can give you more space to view more windows or palettes – and are an alternative to using a second screen.

Graphics card: When buying a high-end display, it’s important to make sure your computer’s graphics are up to the task of displaying 4K resolution smoothly. Most recent PCs or Macs should have the necessary firepower to run Photoshop on a 4K screen, but older computers may not.

Color gamut: The base level standard for all displays and devices is sRGB. You can’t go wrong with this because every device will support it. However, in commercial publishing, where the demands are higher, they like to use the larger Adobe RGB color space. High-end photographic monitors can display most/nearly all of the Adobe RGB gamut.

USB-C connection: this makes it easy to hook up your monitor to a computer with USB-C output. We have a separate guide to the best USB-C monitors for photo editing(opens in new tab).

Wondering what makes us qualified to judge the best monitors for photo editing? How we test and review(opens in new tab) is very important to us, and we evaluate a monitor with particular attention given to its core image quality, including brightness, contrast, color vibrancy and accuracy. While this can – and will – be assessed by the experienced eye of our professional reviewer, some manufacturer screen specs can only be definitively judged by an "electronic eye" - a monitor calibrator.

Where possible, a calibration device will be placed on the screen to verify its advertised color space coverage, brightness output and consistency, and factory color calibration accuracy. Beyond image quality, we"ll also scrutinize the monitor"s display and data ports to ensure acceptable connectivity, and will give a thorough assessment of build quality, including the range of ergonomic adjustment in its stand. Only then will we determine if a screen is worthy of use by a discerning imaging or video enthusiast.Round up of today"s best deals

There’s a huge choice of monitors on the market, across a wide range of price points. In this guide, I’m going to tell you everything you need to know so you can pick the best monitor for photo editing for your needs and budget.

As well as a list of actual monitors for photo editing, I’m going to share with you the key specifications that you need to look for when buying a monitor. This means you’ll be able to get the right sort of monitor, even if it’s not one on our list.

I’ve been a professional photographer for many years, and whilst I do have a laptop for on the go edits, I prefer to do my photo editing on a large monitor in my home office. A larger screen lets me see the details of the image more clearly, as well as get a better overview of my image library.

Prior to being a travel photographer, I worked as a software developer for many years, so I also have a good understanding of computing technology in general. This article is based on my years of experience as both a photographer, and my background in computing.

Before I go through a list of the best monitors for photo editing, I wanted to share the key specifications you should be looking for when evaluating a monitor.

There are hundreds of monitors on the market at any given point, and this information will help you understand which specifications are important to help you narrow down your choice.

The first thing to consider is how big of a screen you want. This decision will vary based on your personal circumstances, including things like the size of your desk and how far from your screen you sit.

Screen size is normally measured in either inches of centimetres, and manufacturers use the distance from a bottom corner to the opposite top corner. This is the same way television screens are measured, because the diagonal is the longest distance and for marketing reasons, bigger is always better.

As well as the physical dimensions of a screen, you will also need to consider its resolution. A screen’s resolution refers to the number of actual pixels that make up the screen.

The pixels are what display the colors on the screen. As with televisions, there are a number of resolutions available. Common resolutions you will likely encounter are:

In each case, the numbers refer to the number of pixels. The first number is the number of horizontal pixels, the second number is the number of vertical pixels.

So, for example, a 1920 x 1080 display has 1920 pixels horizontally, and 1080 pixels vertically. If you multiply the two together, you get the total number of pixels for a 1080p screen, i.e. 2,073,600.

You will likely be familiar with the idea of a 4K screen as this is a popular marketing term for large televisions. A 4K screen has 3,840 pixels horizontally and 2,160 pixels vertically, giving a total of 8,294,400 pixels. That is exactly four times the number of pixels of a 1080p screen.

When it comes to pixels for a screen for photo editing, having more pixels will mean you can fit more of an image on the screen. As the monitor gets larger, more pixels also mean the image will be sharper.

For photo editing, we’d recommend a minimum of 1920 x 1080 up to 24 inches. For a 27-inch (68 cm) screen, a minimum resolution of 2560 x 1440. For screens larger than 27 inches, consider a 4K resolution screen.

I cover this topic in a lot more detail in my guide to monitor calibration. The main thing to realise is that not all monitors are created equal when it comes to the ability to display colors.

The two things to consider are the color gamut, and the color accuracy. Gamut refers to which colors the monitor can display. Most monitors can display around 16 million colors, although higher end monitors can display up to a billion colors. As a point of reference, researchers agree that most people can distinguish around a million colors.

You might therefore think that a monitor will far outperform what we can see, but unfortunately this is not the case. Having a monitor that can display 16 million shades of green for example isn’t going to be much use!

Both of these gamuts are capable of displaying up to 16 million colors, however the Adobe RGB gamut is spread out more to cover more of the green spectrum. It is often referred to as a wide gamut as it covers a wider amount of the color spectrum that we can see.

It is very important that the colors your monitor displays are actually accurate. With so many shades of each color to choose from, when you edit an image with a blue sky you want to be sure that the blue you are seeing will look the same on other devices or in print.

Of course, you can’t control the color accuracy of other devices that other people are using. The best you can do is ensure your colors are as accurate as they can be.

Monitors designed for photo editing are often factory calibrated, but it is nearly always a good idea to check and calibrate them yourself afterwards. Some high-end photo editing monitors have built-in calibration hardware. For others, you will need to use a third-party calibration tool like a DataColor Spyder.

Like many items of technology, monitors are available at a range of price points, from monitors under $300 to monitors in excess of a thousand dollars.

Your budget is of course a personal matter. However, it’s a good idea to set a budget before you start shopping, as it’s a good way to narrow the field down.

Most people will likely be happy with a good monitor in the $300 – $800 range. However, if photo editing is part of your business and you need color accurate images for print and web work, then I would probably invest in a higher end monitor.

USB-C. One of the newest standards, USB-C can transmit power, data and video information, making it a very versatile port. Found on newer PCs and Apple computers.

Most monitors will have a number of different connectivity options. Ideally it would be best to invest in a monitor which supports the newest USB-C standard for future proofing, although of course the main thing is to ensure it works with your existing setup.

At its most basic, an LCD monitor works by shining a light through a number of colored pixels to create the image you see. There are a range of different technologies (see the section on screen technology) for achieving this.

The key thing to pay attention to is the consistency of the display in terms of brightness and color uniformity. Having a monitor that is brighter, or displays color differently, in one area compared to another is going to make your photo editing process more challenging.

Most monitors perform best when viewed straight on, and then have varying performance if viewed from the side, top or bottom. So if these are common usage scenarios for you, then do consider the display’s viewing angles. These are normally linked to the technology in use.

Most flatscreen monitors on the market today use LCD technology. This technology has been around for a while. LCD stands for liquid crystal display, and the basic principle is that electricity passes through a liquid crystal substance which affects its opacity.

Light is shone through the liquid crystals onto red, green and blue sub-pixels, and by controlling the opacity of the liquid crystal, different colors can be produced. If you want to know more, there’s a good explanation of how LCD displays work in general here.

There are a number of different ways that the liquid crystals can be set up inside the monitor. Whilst this all starts to get a bit technical, the main thing to understand is that different setups lead to different performance characteristics. So it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, as they directly impact how well the monitor works, as well as how much it costs.

TN –stands for twisted nematic. This is the oldest LCD display technology. It is cheap, but these screens tend to have poor color accuracy and low gamut coverage, poor contrast, good brightness, poor viewing angles and low uniformity. Avoid if possible for photo editing.

There is another, newer display technology starting to appear in monitors and TV screens, which is known as OLED. OLED stands for organic light emitting diode. Unlike LCD, this doesn’t use a backlight, instead it uses organic light emitting compounds as the light sources.

OLED offers advantages similar to IPS, but with improved contrast and much darker blacks. However, it is also more expensive, and can be susceptible to “burn-in”, where leaving the same image on the screen for too long leaves an imprint.

You might be wondering if a flat screen or a curved screen is better for photo editing. Honestly, this is down to personal preference. Curved screens tend to be more popular with very wide and/or very large monitors.

The disadvantage is that they are not so good for multiple users, you need to be in the right position, they take up more desk space, they are more expensive, and they don’t work so well with multiple monitor setups. They can also affect perception of straight lines, which can make photo editing more challenging in some situations, especially architecture.

This article is focused on using a monitor for photo editing, but that is obviously only one reason to use a monitor. Whilst many of the features that make a monitor good for editing also make it good for other uses, this isn’t necessarily true of every use.

For example, many folks like to play games on their monitors. A large monitor can make for an immersive gaming experience. However, there are some features like high refresh rates and low response times that are important for a good gaming experience. These are generally not important for photo editing, but if you do want a good gaming experience, you’ll want to also consider these features as well.

For watching content, such as movies and TV shows, then many of the same features that make for a good photo editing monitor (accurate colors, good brightness and contrast) also apply. However, you might want to consider a monitor that has built-in speakers for example, so you can hear what is going on without needing external speakers or a headset.

We will now go through our guide of what we think are the best monitors for photo editing on the market today. It is worth noting that there is a huge range of monitors on the market today, however we think this list definitely features some of the best options.

Note that manufacturers often have multiple monitors, some with very similar model names. Model availability and naming can also vary depending on geographic region. So always check the features before making a purchase.

The monitor has an IPS panel which means you get excellent viewing angles. For photo editing, it covers 99% of the sRGB color space, which is fantastic for a monitor at this price point.

Note there is another version of this monitor, the HP M24fw, which doesn’t include the DisplayPort connector or speakers but is otherwise very similar. So if you are on a tight budget and don’t need the DisplayPort, that is an option to consider as it can sometimes be picked up at a lower price.

Asus make a wide range of ProArt displays. The PA278QV is somewhere in the middle to budget end of the range, however you still get a lot for your money.

This model features a 27″ (68 cm) screen and a 2560×1440 resolution. That is the screen size and resolution that I personally use for photo editing and I find it offers everything I need.

Asus aims this monitor firmly at folks who want color accuracy. It offers 100% sRGB coverage, and is factory calibrated for color accuracy. That calibration is then certified against the Calman verification standard to ensure the colors are accurate.

Like the majority of monitors in this guide this is an IPS panel so you get good viewing angles. It also has built-in speakers and a range of connection options including DisplayPort and HDMI. It also has USB ports so you can connect accessories like a mouse and keyboard to the monitor.

As with many other monitor manufacturers, you can go up and down in price in the Asus range to get different features. For less money you can get the smaller 24″ 1920 x 1080 PA248QV. Or you can spend a bit more and get the 4K 27″ PA279CV which offers a higher resolution.

Dell are well known for making high quality monitors, and their UltraSharp range is particularly focused on content creators looking for high-performing color accurate monitors.

The Dell UltraSharp U2723QE is a 27-inch (68 cm) 4K monitor with an IPS panel that offers excellent viewing angles. This is a wide gamut monitor, with 100% sRGB and 98% DCI-P3 coverage. Oddly, Dell don’t list AdobeRGB coverage.

Whether or not you need all these ports will of course vary depending on your situation, but if you are hooking this monitor up to a laptop with limited ports, it is definitely a compelling option.

When you start researching monitors for photo editing, the brand BenQ is likely going to pop up. They make a range of excellent monitors, some of which are particularly suited for photo editing.

The PD3205U is no exception. This is a 31.5 inch (80 cm) 4K monitor with an IPS display. 31.5 inches means you get a lot of screen real estate, and the IPS panel means you get great viewing angles.

BenQ states the monitor covers 99% of the sRGB gamut, and they factory calibrate it and guarantee it for color accuracy and color uniformity. To this end, it also has Pantone and Calman verification of its color accuracy.

Time for another Dell monitor, this time an ultrawide. If you’re wondering, an ultrawide monitor is one which has an aspect ratio of 21:9 rather than the more traditional 16:9 or 16:10 that most monitors have.

Of course, an ultrawide monitor takes up more desktop space. With the Dell U3821DW, the screen is also curved, which is definitely beneficial with such as wide monitor. In terms of width, this is an impressive 37.5 inch (95 cm) IPS screen with a 3840 x 1600 resolution.

You also get a raft of connectivity options, including 2x HDMI, USB-C and DisplayPort. This monitor also has an ethernet port, KVM support for two computers, a number of USB ports for peripherals as well as built-in speakers.

Eizo specialises in making high-end display products for a variety of applications, from air traffic control monitors through to medical display systems. They also have a range of very well-regarded monitors for color critical work. These are commonly found on the desks of graphic artists who need the best.

The Eizo ColorEdge monitors are specifically focused at creatives. They have two ranges, the more affordable (in relative terms!) ColorEdge CS monitors, and then their high-end ColorEdge CG monitors.

The ColorEdge CS2731 is from their slightly more affordable range. This is a 27-inch (68 cm) IPS monitor with a 2560 x 1440 resolution. It covers 100% of the sRGB gamut and 99% of the Adobe RGB gamut.

It is also designed and calibrated to offer excellent color uniformity across the whole screen, with special circuitry built in to ensure uniformity of color and brightness.

That isn’t all. The monitor is compatible with Eizo’s range of monitor hoods, which can reduce glare. It also ships with Eizo’s ColorNavigator software to allow color calibration, and which works with Eizo’s external color sensor (sold separately) for ongoing calibration.

Time for a slight curveball, in the shape of Dell’s Alienware branded curved ultrawide OLED gaming monitor. Yes, this is marketed as a gaming monitor. However, as you will see, it is more than capable as a monitor for photo editing.

This is currently the only monitor in our round-up that uses an OLED panel. These have been rising in popularity in laptops, and the Dell laptop I use for photo editing has an OLED screen. I love the incredible colors it is capable of, and how deep the blacks are compared to a normal IPS, where black can often seem a bit more like a dark grey.

You might be wondering why, if OLED is so great, everyone isn’t making them. Well, OLED is still a relatively new technology, and that means that it has been expensive. However, prices are finally coming down, and the issue of burn-in has largely been resolved thanks to some clever engineering.

With that in mind, I wanted to include this monitor on our round up. I know that a lot of folks (myself included), do more than photo editing on their monitor. In my mind, this is the best all round monitor for everything from photo editing to gaming to watching movies.

Specification-wise this monitor is a curved 34-inch (86 cm) ultrawide with a 3440 x 1440 resolution. It covers 149% of the sRGB gamut, 99.3% of DCI-P3 and 95% of Adobe RGB, with excellent color accuracy. It’s also HDR enabled.

Honestly though, the main thing about this screen is the blacks. OLED panels allow for black to be truly black, which is a revelation when you realise how grey other monitors make black seem.

Sitting at the top of BenQ’s range of monitors for photo editing is the superb SW321C. This is a 32-inch (81 cm) IPS panel with a 3840 x 2160 (4K) display.

If you do a lot of printing, this monitor has a feature called Paper Color Sync. This allows you to configure the monitor based on the paper and printer you are using, to get an accurate representation of what your prints will look like.

There have been a few Dell monitors on our list, all of which are good contenders. However, if you want the best from Dell’s lineup, and your budget stretches to it, then the UP3221Q is the one to look at

This is a 31.5-inch (80 cm) 4K HDR IPS monitor which uses a technology known as mini-LED. Whilst this still uses backlight technology, as with other IPS LCD displays, the backlight is made using 2,000 mini-LEDs. Most LCD displays use a number of backlights to light the individual pixels making up the monitor, but not thousands of them.

The advantage of using so many LED’s is that you get around the issue of reduced contrast and poor black levels that are traditionally associated with IPS panels. In fact, mini-LED technology performs more similarly to OLED technology in that regard.

All that technology adds up to a monitor that offers superb color uniformity and deep blacks. This is a wide-gamut monitor with 93% AdobeRGB coverage.

Another awesome feature of this monitor is that it has a built-in Calman hardware calibration and colorimeter. So you don’t need external hardware (although that is also supported via a dedicated USB port on the monitor) to calibrate the display.

Eizo make exceptional monitors, and this is one of their flagship models. It’s a monitor that you will find gracing the desks of professional creatives the world over.

First, this is a 31-inch (79 cm) IPS wide-gamut panel that offers 99% of the AdobeRGB color space as well as HDR support. Interestingly it offers a 4096 x 2160 resolution screen, which is slightly higher than 4K, and a 17:9 aspect ratio. It also has built-in hardware calibration and colorimeter for ongoing color accuracy.

At this price, you would expect this monitor to be color accurate out of the box, which of course it is. Display uniformity and viewing angles are also excellent.

We’ve covered a lot of monitors and monitor information in this post. We appreciate that many of you might just want some recommendations at particular price points.

To that end, we’ve put together what we think are the best monitors in a range of categories that we would pick. So whatever your budget or preference, the following should help you decide which monitor is right for you.

That’s it for my guide to the best monitor for photo editing! If you found this useful, you might enjoy some of my other photography related content. Here are some articles to get you started.

We are big fans of getting the most out of your digital photo files, and do to that you will need to shoot in RAW. See our guide to RAW in photography to understand what RAW is, and why you should switch to RAW as soon as you can if your camera supports it.

You’re going to need something to run your photo editing software on. See our guide to the best laptops for photo editing for some tips on what to look for.

Since launching the course in 2016, I’ve already helped over 2,000 students learn how to take better photos. The course covers pretty much everything you need to know, from the basics of how a camera works, through to composition, light, and photo editing.

You get feedback from me as you progress, access to webinars, interviews and videos, as well as exclusive membership of a Facebook group where you can get feedback on your work and take part in regular challenges.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1888,Friedrich Reinitzer (1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie (Wien) 9, 421–441 (1888)).Otto Lehmann published his work "Flüssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). In 1911, Charles Mauguin first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In 1964, George H. Heilmeier, then working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of FameIEEE Milestone.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Mini-LED: Backlighting with Mini-LEDs can support over a thousand of Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.MicroLED.)

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures appear to be fading on the screen.

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing Crosstalk between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by Peter J. Wild in 1972,

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display,