texas instruments lcd display made in china

My Sharp EL-811 was a generous gift in June 2020 from a gentleman in Wisconsin who purchased the calculator in 1972 for around $400 while he was at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. $400 in 1972 dollars has the buying power of about $2,700 in 2021! Five years later my Sharp EL-5805 scientific calculator below with LCD display cost about $40 or about $180 in 2021 dollars. This demonstrates how rapidly calculator technology increased, and calculator costs decreased, in the 1970s. All of this paved the way for personal computers and eventually smart phones. My Sharp EL-811 is in good cosmetic and working condition. It comes with the original case with a piece of paper in it with handwritten calculus formulas. The calculator originally came with a rechargeable battery pack Model EL-84 with six 1.2 volt NiCad cells. These were corroded and no longer functioned after nearly 50 years. I instead wired in a battery pack with five 1.5 volt single use batteries. It works fine with this battery pack. Looking at an internal view you can see the two Rockwell integrated circuits, 10572PA-7152 and 10573PA-7150. You can also see a variety of other individual components. This photograph compares that with the single printed board of a modern Casio fx-300ES Plus scientific calculator which I recommended to my middle school math students. The modern Casio has a retail price of about $13. Without the cover, the Casio weighs 89 grams compared to 529 grams for the Sharp EL-811. The label at the top of the calculator gives a power range for the Sharp EL-811 of 1.3 to 1.9 Watts. That compares with the 1973 Sharp EL-805 below with an LED display of .02 Watts.

Datamath (go to "calculators related to TI") states the price was $110, nearly $500 in 2005 dollars! Sharp LCD Calculators and Vintage Calculators have excellent information about the history of Sharp LCD calculators. Wikipedia has information about LCD technology. Purchased on eBay on 11-27-05 for $26 with $6.50 shipping. Excellent working condition. (The display is fine. The photo is just fuzzy.) Excellent cosmetic condition except for light scratches on the back and a name and social security number lightly scratched onto the back. Soft case and instruction manual. Flip up cover over the display like the EL-808 below. Much smaller that the EL-808, with dimensions of approximately 8cm x 12cm x 2cm.

Casio Personal I, (1976 Japan) 8 digit flourcent display. In good working condition with either included AC adapter or two AA batteries. Purchased at La Mesa garage sale on October 8, 2005 for $2. More at Vintage Technology.

Canon Pocketronic, truly historic, the Pocketronic was the first pocket calculator. (For big pockets or hands - it"s about 8" x 4" x 2".) It is a direct product of Texas Instrument"s "Cal-Tech" project. The Cal-Tech (i.e. calculator technology) project set out in 1965 to use integrated circuits to build a calculator that could fit in one"s hand. The project was completed in 1967 with several working prototypes. Texas Instruments sought out a manufacturer and Canon, noted for its cameras, was interested to increase it business machine business. The result was the Canon Pocketronic released in Japan in April 1970. (I was in 7th grade.) It is very similar to the Texas Instruments prototypes including having a horizontal paper printout. It has no LED, LCD or other display - just the printout. It is powered by 13 rechargeable Ni-Cad batteries. It originally sold for $395, over $1,950 in today"s dollars!

The Cal-Tech program is discussed at the datamath site. On the left menu, click "History" and then "Datamath story". The datamath site also has a good article on the Canon Pocketronic which it describes as "the most important calculator in the history of Texas Instruments." On the main menu, go to "Calculators related to Texas Instruments," then to "Canon," then to the "Pocketronic." The datamath site also has several additional pictures. Vintage Calculators also has an excellent article on the Pocketronic and the Cal Tech project. See also Old Calculator Museum. Instructions.

Canon Canola L121 (circa 1971) (large image) www.datamath.org states the first desktop calculator using Large Scale Integrated (LSI) circuits. According to Wikipedia an integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit etched onto a semiconductor material such as silicon. A large scale integrated circuit has tens of thousands transistors per chip. (See also webopedia.) Describing the L121 as a breakthrough in technology, www.datamath.org has photos and descriptions of the four main integrated circuits in the L121. The L121"s display used Nixie tubes which are sort of like vacuum tubes with 10 layers inside, each representing one of the numerals 0-9. (See Wikipedia.) After this time, Nixie tubes were rapidly replaced by orange Panaplex displays by Burroughs which appear to be like flat Nixie tubes, Light Emitting Diodes (LED), Vacuum-Fluorescent-Displays (VFD), and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Each used progressively less power allowing more pocket sized devices. (See Datamath"s Display Technology of TI Calculators).

The Old Calculator Web Museum has a detailed discussion of the L121 including how the calculator sparked the interest of that Web site"s author as a youngster in an eventual career in computer science. I myself acquired an L121 because it reminded me of the electronic desktop calculator that was demonstrated by a speaker in my 8th grade math class. As indicated before, I was amazed at what the machine could do. I have no recollection of what brand or model of calculator it was, but it would have been the same vintage as an L121. John Wolf"s Web Museum has an excellent display of early Canon desktop calculators including the L121. Be Calc has some excellent close-up photos the L121 components. It lists a date of 1970, a year earlier than other sites. Classroom Tech shows a somewhat similar Monroe 620 made by Canon. I purchased my L121 on eBay on 6-16-06 for $9.99 plus $16.25 shipping from Oklahoma. It is in good working and operating condition with a cover and power cord.

Canon Palmtronic LE-10 (January 1972) Canon"s first LED display pocket calculator, following the Bowmar 901B introduced September 1971 by only a few months. Datamath.org states the original price was $259 or over $1,250 in 2006 dollars! It is a very solid machine with a very clear LED screen and ten digits. It runs on either a NiCad battery pack or four AA batteries which fit into a removable holder. It has an analog battery meter. To charge the NiCad Battery pack you fit the calculator on a cradle apparently attaching it with a screw that fits in a screw mount on the calculator. The screw mount happens to be the same size as a tripod mount; hence, it"s the only calculator I know that mounts to a tripod!

I purchased this on eBay on 6-13-06 for $15.75 with $5 shipping - a great deal! It is in near new cosmetic condition and operates perfectly. It includes the original (box), manual and cover, all in excellent condition. It also comes with a battery holder for AA batteries as well as a NiCad battery pack. Both the holder and the separate NiCad pack look new with absolutely no corrosion. It did not include the cradle for charging and AC operation, however. Datamath.org has some excellent photos of the charging craddle and internal views of the calculator. While made in Japan, the calculator uses Texas Instruments chips and display modules.

According to Datamath there were actually four versions - the LD-8M 2 with a Hitachi HD36364 calculator circuit and a smaller display, the LD-8M 3 with a Texas Instruments TMS1042 calculator circuit, one with a NEC uPD946C circuit, and the LD-8M4 which again uses the Hitachi HD36264 calculator circuit. As can be seen in the Datamath photos, the circuit board configurations for the four versions are all quite different. As seen in this photo, mine is the second version, LD-8M 3, which uses the Texas Instruments calculator circuit. The case snaps together and can be opened by carefully prying the edges. The keyboard circuit board sits and top of the main circuit board. The two are joined together by twenty pins. (See photos at mycalcdb.) I separated the boards only slightly in order to be sure to not break the pins. The calculator runs on two 1.5 volt AA batteries. It also has a port at the top to connect to an AC adapter. I do not have the adapter. Canty"s Bookshop in Canberra, Australia has a wonderful ode to a Canon Palmtronic 8M that finally bit the dust.

Commodore Minuteman 1 (Large Image) Also known as Model MM-1, the Minuteman 1 was introduced in January 1972. This was among the earliest pocket calculators with the Canon Pocketronic being introduced in Japan in April 1970 and the Bomar 901B and similar Commodore C110 being introduced in September 1971. History of Calculators - Timeline. See also Timeline, datamath.org, and Commodore Calculators. Relatively large at roughly 6 x 3.5 x 1.5 inches. Klixon keyboard. The calculator pulls apart - one half is the battery back, the other half is the calculator. Two pins in the "Power Pak" section fit into two holes in the metal plate of the calculator section. The electrical connection is made at the top with two pins in the calculator section fitting into two holes in the "Power Pak" section. (Half Sections) Red 8 digit LED display.

Red 8 digit LED display with half height zeros and no tops on 6. Made in USA by Commodore, Santa Clara, California. Serial No. R329540. Four basic functions only with += and -= keys. Mine was purchased on eBay on 2-12-06 for $4.99 with $8.66 shipping. The seller from New Jersey indicated that he bought it while in high school saving up for the $100 price. In good cosmetic and working condition with the included AC adapter (batteries do not have to be present). The batteries no longer hold a charge and have leaked. (Batteries.) The residue was limited to the "Power Pak" section. I removed the batteries so that they would not leak further and cleaned out the "Power Pak" section. I strung together 6 AA batteries and it also worked. Curriously, it lights but does not calculate correctly with a 9 volt battery.

Sanyo Mini Electronic Calculator ICC-0081. Introduced January 1971 according to datamath.org, making it one of the earliest portable, battery operated, electronic calculators succeeded by only a few other such as the similar Sanyo ICC-82D, Canon Pocketronic, and the Sharp EL-8. It cost $425 in 1971 which has the same buying power as $2,360.47 in 2011 dollars. For the equivalent price you can buy several iPhones or several laptop computers today. The ICC-0081 only does the four basic operations. It has an eight digit Nixie tube display. You could enter, and the calculator would display, up to 16 digits, however. That"s pretty impressive since a lot of simple calculators today handle only 8 digits. As I write this, the Windows 7 calculator on my computer does at least 32 places. Incidentally, the computer and monitor I"m using cost only $300 in 2011. While portable, this calculator was not yet a pocket calculator. According to the specification in the manual, the dimensions were 14.1cm, x 24.8cm x 7.1cm, and it weighed 1.75kg or 3.851 pounds. I purchased mine on January 27, 2012 in the Coronado Cays area of Coronado, California from an ad on Craigslist. The Craigslist ad listed it for $150. The owner had not been able to get it working, however. With the AC the display would flicker as you turned it on and off. I was therefore able to purchase it for $40. I have not been able to get it working. The NiCad battery pack is heavily corroded and, not surprisingly, does not hold a charge. Indeed, one of the wires was loose as a result of the corrosion. As an alternative to the five 1.2 volt NiCad batteries, the calculator was also designed to work with four 1.5 volt "C" batteries in a special battery pack. I tried it with four 1.5 volt AA batteries in a battery pack and only got a flicker on the display. There was some corrosion on the electrical connections, but nothing significant. I therefore think there is something more significant going on. If anyone has any ideas on how I might fix it, please let me know. In any event, it is a nice display piece. It is in excellent cosmetic condition except for some chew marks on the battery cover from a small dog the seller once had. The seller was the original owner. He received it as a present from his wife in the early 1970s. The calculator easily comes apart by removing 4 screws from the corners. The bottom two are under the feet pads. See Internal View. The calculator came with the owner"s manual and the hard plastic cover.

Craig Model 4501A (Large Image) Made in U.S.A. by "Bowmar/ALI, Inc., Acton, Mass 01720, for Craig Corp. Compton, Calif. 90220." It is therefore branded as a Craig, but made by Bowmar. This calculator is the same as the Bowmar 901B, the Commodore C110 and I believe the Craig Model 4501. Any version differences I believe were just cosmetic. If anyone knows otherwise, please let me know. Hereinafter, I will refer to them all as the Bowmar 901B. The Bowmar 901B, also known as the Bowmar Brain, was introduced in late 1971 or early 1972. It was one of the first pocket calculators with an LED display and the first pocket calculator made in the United States. Earlier Japanese calculators generally had green fluorescent displays or Nixie Tube displays. An exception was the Japanese red LED display Busicom LE-120A calculator, introduced in February 1971 at a cost of $395. (See VintageCalculators.com.)

Bowmar made the Bowmar 901B"s red LED display, called the "Bowmar Optostic." The processor was Texas Instrument"s TMS0103 "calculator on a chip." (www.datamath.org.) The keypad used TI"s Klixon buttons which had a satisfying "click" when pressed. (See The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Bowmar 901B, IEEE Spectrum.) The original cost was $240. $240 in 1972 has the buying power of $1,560 as I write this in May 2021! (Inflation was particularly high from 1973 through 1981.) Calculator prices fell dramatically, however, as competition surged. Texas Instruments introduced their own similar TI-2500 Datamath calculator on September 21, 1972 with a retail price of $149.95 and a street price below $120. (edn.com.) The Bowmar 901B price dropped to $119.95 in 1973, half the original price. (See www.calcuseum.com.) A similar function Bowmar MX-25, made in Mexico, cost $49.95 in 1974 according to a vintage magazine ad on eBay. Falling calculator prices resulted in Bowmar/ALI"s bankruptcy in 1976. The parent company is still in business, however. (The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Bowmar 901B- IEEE Spectrum; Bowmar.) The instruction manual is available at Datamath. The back of the calculator also has an "operating outline" explaining the basic steps. The calculator has -= and += buttons. This changes the logic somewhat from modern calculators. For example, to do 9 minus 4, you press 9, +=, 4, -=. It is sort of like Reverse Polish Notation common on HP calculators where you would go 9, enter, 4, - to get the result. Early Electronic Calculator has several internal images as well as a schematic of the Commodore C110.

Panasonic Clock Calculator JE-8351U small (about 3.5" by 2") and thin (about .25") clock calculator with LCD display with yellow filter. Date unknown. Uses two LR1130 1.5 volt button batteries. Consumes 5mW of power. Serial No. 07101957. NEC D1032G processor. Made in Japan. Folding case. In excellent cosmetic and working condition although I do not know how to set time. Initially it did not work because battery polarity was not correct. I did not notice this until I had disassembled the calculator! Yes, I failed to see the large picture of the battery polarity on the back at first! Purchased on eBay on 2-13-06 for $2.99 plus $4.25 shipping with a Buy It Now. Back, Interior

Credit Card Calculator, credit card sized calculator obtained as a gift from insurance company. Solar with LCD display. Quarter in photo to show size. In working condition, although some display problems at bottom. It is so small that it is difficult to use with one"s fingers.

Their history indicates they "missed the technology progression to electronics." This Hermes 811 was made in Taiwan and not Switzerland. It is serial number 262570. I could not find the date of manufacture. I speculate that it may have been made by another company with only the Hermes nameplate. The red, white and blue keys, as well as the individual key design, is similar to Commodore calculators. I could not find a Commodore calculator just like it, however. Given the fluorescent display and relatively large size (about 9cm x 4cm x 15cm), I would guess it was probably manufactured from e.g., 1972 to 1976. It is in very good cosmetic condition and comes with a soft case.

Jefferson Model CA-6, (Large Image) (February 11, 1975) (aka Jesfferson 676) a simple four function calculator with a six digit red LED display with the presumed manufacturing date of "FEB 11 1975" stamped on the inside. It has no equal or enter key. It appears to use a form of Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) with the + key as an enter key. First, when you turn it on you get EEEEEE. You hit the C key to clear this and end up at zero. To add 5 + 3, you press 5 + 3 + to get 8 as the result. To subtract 5 - 3 you press 5 + 3 - to get 2 as the result. To multiply 5 X 3 you press 5 + 3 X to get 15. To divide 8 ÷ 2, you press 8 + 2 ÷ to get 4. Many advanced Hewlett Packard calculators use RPN since some scientists and engineers find it requires fewer key strokes and no parenthesis. Here, however, I"m guessing it allows for a simpler processor. This calculator is indeed very simple and appears to be designed to be inexpensive as was possible by 1975. The plastic case pops open. (Case and membrane keyboard.) The calculator "guts" then pop out. (The "guts" were originally glued to the front of case, but the glue has dried out.) There is a membrane keyboard attached to the circuit board. There is a 14 pin (7x2) processor chip attached above this on the circuit board. The circuit board has a 74 printed on it perhaps indicating it was manufactured in 1974. Any notation on the processor chip is not visible since the chip is covered by the keyboard panel. The six digit LED display is above this. The Jefferson CA-6 is powered by a 9 volt alkaline battery. A thick paper shield is placed over the "guts" with a place to put the 9 volt battery. The back label says it is "Made in U.S.A." I could not find much information on the Internet. It is listed on Calcuseum listing two versions, one black and one beige like mine. That site also has a reference to a virtually identical model 676. There is a similar model at the Smithsonian. Like mine, the circuit board on the Smithsonian calculator says "PCP-676." That calculator has three white key areas on top, although I doubt they are functional. The Smithsonian entry states: "It seems likely that Jefferson sold rather than actually manufacturing the calculator." A black CA-6 was sold on eBay with a Rockwell 9R for $14.95 plus $9.95 shipping on April 30, 2020. I don"t recall when I acquired this calculator. I"m guessing it was with a collection of other calculators.

Sinclair Scientific Programmable, (Large Image) (August 1975) According to the manual available at www.wass.net: "The Sinclair Scientific Programmable is the first mains/battery calculator in the world to offer a self-contained programming facility with true scientific functions at a price within the reach of the general public." The key here was "at a price within the reach of the general public." Hewlett Packard introduced the HP 65, the first pocket programmable calculator, on January 19, 1974. (See Datamath HP 65.) While much more sophisticated, the HP 65 was priced at $795. ($795 in 1974 has an equivalent buying power of over $5,000 in 2022!) Two years later the HP 65 was replaced by the HP 67 which I have. Texas Instruments introduced the programmable TI-55 on September 16, 1975 priced at $395. (See Datamath TI-55.) In contrast, the simpler Sinclair Scientific Programmable was priced at only $79.95 when introduced in August 1975 according to several magazine ads on eBay. (That"s still $436 in 2022 dollars.) It looks like a simple four function calculator with only 19 keys. It is much more complicated, however. It uses Reverse Polish Notation. To add 2 plus 3 you press 2, up arrow button, enter, 3, +. I stopped there, but the 16 page instruction manual available at www.wass.net tells you how to do much more including up to 24 step programs. The back of the calculator states it is made in England. Sinclair made several different calculator models as indicated at Calculator.org. Sinclair also made the Timex Sinclair 1000, a tiny computer introduced in 1982 at just under $100. The Sinclair Scientific Programmable takes a 9-volt battery. You could also use an AC adapter which I do not have. My calculator is in excellent cosmetic condition and appears to work fine although I"ve only added 2 + 3! The green vacuum fluorescent is bright. It has eight digits, but only 5 digits of precision. To turn on you press the on button down showing red on top of the button. Often you have to put a little pressure on the button to get the display to show. My calculator was a generous donation from a woman in Costa Mesa in July 2022. It originally owned by her dad, a telephone engineer who designed various circuits including a circuit which disconnected an answering machine when the handset was lifted.

Talking Calculator 09, LCD calculator with synthesized female voice that reads the digits of the imput and answer. Has volume and voice speed control. The voice is cool, yet annoying. I can"t think of many practical benefits except maybe use by the visually impaired or as a confirmation for keying in the numbers without looking. In good working condition. This calculator was a generous donation to the museum from a Stella Maris Academy teacher in September 2005.

Talking Big Number Calculator, LCD calculator with synthesized female voice that reads the digits of the imput and answer. Has volume and voice speed control. In good working and cosmetic condition with some scratces. This calculator was a generous donation to the museum from a Stella Maris Academy teacher in September 2005.

The merchandise under consideration is identified as the Wacom Cintiq 16 with Pro Pen 2 (Cintiq 16). The Cintiq 16 is a device known as a drawing tablet, and it is described as a multifunctional device that has a liquid crystal display (LCD) with a touch screen that operates in conjunction with automatic data processing (ADP) machines. Therefore, the Cintiq 16 does not operate as a stand-alone unit. The user of the Cintiq 16 can make professional drawings and images, such as animations and industrial designs, and is able to draw directly onto the LCD screen by using a specialized stylus, a pen-like drawing apparatus stylus. The Cintiq 16 only functions as a drawing tablet and does not perform any other operations. The product is comprised of an LCD display module, front and back cover assemblies, and various printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs). When it is sold to the consumer, the Cintiq16 is retail packaged with a power adapter, specialized cables, and the stylus pen.

Once the Cintiq 16 is connected, the display image from the ADP machine’s monitor is duplicated on the Cintiq 16 LCD. Thus, the LCD screen on the Cintiq 16 tablet functions as a secondary display while users create and/or edit content via the touch surface. Likewise, users have the capability to interact with their project and can visualize the results via an ADP machine’s display output.

The first two stages of production of the Cintiq 16 involves manufacturing two subassemblies in China, which are identified as the back-cover module and the front-cover module. The back cover module contains air vents inside the plastic cover, a pen tag and two small rubber anti-rolling strips on the external body of the plastic cover. The assembly of the front-cover module consists of (1) placing glass on the plastic cover; (2) attaching the LCD panel behind the cover; (3) attaching the EMR board behind the LCD panel; and (4) placing the open cells and the backlight behind the cover.

The scaler board is attached to the front-cover module. The SCB is attached to the LCD panel in the front-cover module so that it can sense and capture each pen stroke’s pressure on the bare EMR board. Without the SCB underlying it, it is claimed that the EMR board will not function as a sensor. The keypad board is also assembled to the front-cover module, and it is interconnected to the scaler board with cables to allow the transmission of signals and to function as a complete unit. The back-cover module is then combined with the front-cover module with screws.

Counsel contends that the EMR board is a simple PCB board with tiny magnetic sensor coils, and it has no electronic components on it. It is attached behind the LCD screen to allow the sensor coils to magnetically capture each pen stroke. Counsel also claims that the SCB monitors the movement of the sensor coils attached on the EMR board, and that it recognizes each pen stroke, the pen’s location, pressure, and speed, and that it transmits these interpreted, digitized input signals to the output unit, i.e., the scaler board.

In addition, counsel states that the role of the scaler board is as an output unit that generates images on the LCD screen. The scaler board has the highest number of components among the four different PCBAs. While the scaler board is responsible for producing the images on the LCD screen, as an alternative the consumer/artist can still use the Cintiq 16 tablet without the LCD screen, since the user can always view drawings produced on a connected external monitor.

When determining the country of origin for purposes of applying trade remedies under Section 301, the substantial transformation analysis is applicable. The test for determining whether a substantial transformation will occur is whether an article emerges from a process with a new name, character, or use, different from that possessed by the article prior to processing. See Texas Instruments, Inc. v. United States, 681 F.2d 778 (CCPA 1982). In deciding whether the combining of parts or materials constitutes a substantial transformation, the determinative issue is the extent of operations performed and whether the parts lose their identity and become an integral part of the new article. See Belcrest Linens v. United States, 6 CIT 204, 573 F. Supp. 1149 (1983), aff’d, 741 F.2d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1984). Assembly operations that are minimal or simple, as opposed to complex or meaningful, will generally not result in a substantial transformation. Factors which may be relevant in this evaluation may include the nature of the operation (including the number of components assembled), the number of different operations involved, and whether a significant period of time, skill, detail, and quality control are necessary for the assembly operation. See C.S.D. 80-111, C.S.D. 85-25, C.S.D. 89-110, C.S.D. 89-118, C.S.D. 90-51, and C.S.D. 90-97.

Counsel contends that the Taiwanese-made PCBAs impart the essence to the Cintiq 16 drawing tablet and that three of the four PCBAs used in the Cintiq 16 will now be made in Taiwan. Counsel emphasizes the importance of the SCB PCBA because it is the component in the drawing tablet that provides the specialized pressure sensitive technology used in the drawing process and what separates the Cintiq 16 drawing tablets from similar devices like other tablets which also permit basic drawing onto an LCD screen with a stylus, such as an “Apple iPad” or a “Microsoft Surface.” It is this technology why consumers would choose to buy the Cintiq 16 drawing tablet. In addition, counsel points out that the Taiwanese-made PCBAs are more sophisticated than the Chinese-made subassemblies and parts, such as the EMR board, and they contain far more individual components. Counsel maintains that the accessories, such as the stylus pen, the power adapter, and specialized cables that are sold together with the Cintiq 16 tablet should not be given a lot of weight in determining the country of origin of the finished product.

Accordingly, in analyzing what is the country of origin of the Cintiq 16, we consider the various functions of the components of the Cintiq 16 to see if they determine the essence of the finished product. We recognize that the Cintiq 16 is a combined input/output device that has two distinct functions. The first function is that of an input device by manipulating images that are drawn using a specialized uniquely suited stylus ono the LCD screen. The second function of the Cintiq 16 is to perform as an output device by showing the images drawn on the LCD screen of the Cintiq 16 and, at the same time, onto a monitor of a linked ADP machine, such as a computer if that computer has a monitor connected to it. However, it is noted that if an attached desktop PC does not have a monitor and the Cintiq 16 is plugged into the desktop, the LCD of the Cintiq 16 will function as the primary monitor with a touch surface. Consequently, an attached monitor from the ADP machine is not required for the Cintiq 16 to function as a drawing tablet.

The fact that the image shown on the LCD screen is duplicated on a monitor and on a connected ADP machine does not negate the fact that the Cintiq tablet 16 also functions as an output device by displaying an image on its LCD screen. With respect to which components of the Cintiq 16 impart its output function, we note that the Chinese-made LCD panel subassembly displays the image of what is being drawn as well as duplicating the primary display. However, the Taiwanese-made scaler board also greatly contributes to allowing an image to be displayed. Thus, again, it is the combination of Taiwanese and Chinese components in the Cintiq 16, that allows the Cintiq 16 to function as an output device that can display images.

Counsel contends that the greater number of components on the three Taiwanese PCBA boards indicates that they are more complex, and that they are the most important of the PCBAs contained in the Cintiq 16. We do not necessarily agree that the sheer number of electronic individual components contained on the PCBA boards means that these PCBA boards play a more vital role in the function of the device, which is to generate and display images and designs. Rather, we believe that the role of the components and the subassemblies must be considered and how they function in the finished device to determine if there are dominant components which

impart the essence of the device. In this instance, it is the interplay between the stylus, EMR SCB, scaler boards, and LCD that allow the Cintiq 16 to generate the images and to display those images onto a screen.

In this case, as noted, both the Chinese and Taiwanese components of the Cintiq 16 tablet play a vital role in the functions that allow the user to create images that can be electronically displayed on a screen. Accordingly, since we cannot ascertain dominant components, including the PCBAs, which are more important in providing the essence to the finished Cintiq 16 drawing tablet, we look to the nature of the processing operations to see where the most significant work involved in making the Cintiq 16 is being performed.

In HQ H015324, CBP was asked to determine the country of origin of stereoscopic displays assembled in the U.S. from non-U.S. parts. The displays consisted of two LCD monitors from China or Taiwan, mounted in a custom-made stand with a special beamsplitter mirror mounted at a bisecting angle between the two monitors. A graphics card in the computer separately transmitted right eye and left eye video. The importer would send one of the monitors to a third-party in the U.S. for an optical transformation process, after which the displays would be assembled, aligned, and tested. CBP found that the processing and assembly operations in the U.S. resulted in a substantial transformation of the imported LCD monitors and the beamsplitter mirror. We found that the polarization process performed in the U.S. changed the essential character of the LCD and imparted the stereoscopic functionality to the entire system. In addition, the assembly, testing and alignment of the display required a significant amount of time and precision by skilled technicians. In other words, it was the extensive processing performed in Taiwan that determined the country of origin of the stereoscopic displays.

Dallas-based Texas Instruments said COVID-related lockdown policies in China will cause the semiconductor chipmaker"s revenue to take a 10% hit this spring.

The chipmaker has more than 600 job openings at the moment, and more than a third are for positions in the North Texas area. The company employs nearly 30,000 people around the world.

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One of today’s modern technological wonders is the flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, which is the key component we find inside televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and an ever-proliferating range of gadgets that display information electronically.What most people don’t realize is how complex and sophisticated the manufacturing process is. The entire world’s supply is made within two time zones in East Asia. Unless, of course, the factory proposed by Foxconn for Wisconsin actually gets built.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens are manufactured by assembling a sandwich of two thin sheets of glass.On one of the sheets are transistor “cells” formed by first depositing a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), an unusual metal alloy that you can actually see through.That’s how you can get electrical signals to the middle of a screen.Then you deposit a layer of silicon, followed by a process that builds millions of precisely shaped transistor parts.This patterning step is repeated to build up tiny little cells, one for each dot (known as a pixel) on the screen.Each step has to be precisely aligned to the previous one within a few microns.Remember, the average human hair is 40 microns in diameter.

For the sake of efficiency, you would like to make as many panels on a sheet as possible, within the practical limitations of how big a sheet you can handle at a time.The first modern LCD Fabs built in the early 1990s made sheets the size of a single notebook computer screen, and the size grew over time. A Gen 5 sheet, from around 2003, is 1100 x 1300 mm, while a Gen 10.5 sheet is 2940 x 3370 mm (9.6 x 11 ft).The sheets of glass are only 0.5 - 0.7 mm thick or sometimes even thinner, so as you can imagine they are extremely fragile and can really only be handled by robots.The Hefei Gen 10.5 fab is designed to produce the panels for either eight 65 inch or six 75 inch TVs on a single mother glass.If you wanted to make 110 inch TVs, you could make two of them at a time.

The fab is enormous, 1.3 km from one end to the other, divided into three large buildings connected by bridges.LCD fabs are multi-story affairs.The main equipment floor is sandwiched between a ground floor that is filled with chemical pipelines, power distribution, and air handling equipment, and a third floor that also has a lot of air handling and other mechanical equipment.The main equipment floor has to provide a very stable environment with no vibrations, so an LCD fab typically uses far more structural steel in its construction than a typical skyscraper.I visited a Gen 5 fab in Taiwan in 2003, and the plant manager there told me they used three times as much structural steel as Taipei 101, which was the world’s tallest building from 2004- 2010.Since the equipment floor is usually one or two stories up, there are large loading docks on the outside of the building.When they bring the manufacturing equipment in, they load it onto a platform and hoist it with a crane on the outside of the building.That’s one way to recognize an LCD fab from the outside – loading docks on high floors that just open to the outdoors.

LCD fabs have to maintain strict standards of cleanliness inside.Any dust particles in the air could cause defects in the finished displays – tiny dark spots or uneven intensities on your screen.That means the air is passed through elaborate filtration systems and pushed downwards from the ceiling constantly.Workers have to wear special clean room protective clothing and scrub before entering to minimize dust particles or other contamination.People are the largest source of particles, from shedding dead skin cells, dust from cosmetic powders, or smoke particles exhaled from the lungs of workers who smoke.Clean rooms are rated by the number of particles per cubic meter of air.A class 100 cleanroom has less than 100 particles less than 0.3 microns in diameter per cubic meter of air, Class 10 has less than 10 particles, and so on. Fab 9 has hundeds of thousands of square meters of Class 100 cleanroom, and many critical areas like photolithography are Class 10.In comparison, the air in Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA is roughly Class 8,000,000, and probably gets substantially worse when an MBTA bus passes through.

Since most display manufacturing has to be done in a cleanroom and handling the glass requires such precision, the factory is heavily automated.As you watch the glass come in, it is placed into giant cassettes by robot handlers, and the cassettes are moved around throughout the factory.At each step, robots lift a piece of glass out of the cassette, and position it for the processing machines.Some of the machines, like the ones that deposit silicon or ITO, orient the glass vertically, and put them inside an enormous vacuum chamber where all the air is first pumped out before they can go to work.And then they somehow manage to deposit micrometer thin layers that are extremely uniform.It is a miracle that any of this stuff actually works.

The Hefei Gen 10.5 is one of the most sophisticated manufacturing plants in the world.On opening day for the fab, BOE shipped panels to Sony, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, Vizio, and Haier.So if you have a new 65 or 75-inch TV, there is some chance the LCD panel came from here.