The one area that IPS monitors have really struggled is performance, traditionally seeing lower response times than TN monitors, which has made them a poor choice for gamers. That said, IPS monitors have improved a lot in this area in recent years, with gaming laptop and monitor manufacturers opting to go with IPS panels in order to boost colour accuracy without seeing a significant compromise to performance.

Insertion loss due to capacitance is a key factor in deciding whether to use semiconductor-based TVS or ceramic-based MLV components. In many cases, both solutions should be largely interchangeable, but the insertion loss of the individual components is different. For example, for a 1 Mb/s signal, the protection device should have a low insertion loss at a frequency of 0.5 MHz. This is explained in more detail in the datasheet.

Our tests have found that a 1000:1 contrast ratio is more than adequate for a laptop, but a higher figure will of course improve the picture quality.

Almost all general-purpose ICs are now based on CMOS processes, and many have supply voltage rails that are 1 V or lower. This makes them more susceptible to the transient effects of ESD. If exposed to a discharge with high voltages and currents, parts of an IC can be immediately destroyed or slightly damaged so that its service life is effectively shortened. Due to these different degrees of severity, it is becoming increasingly difficult to assess the state of health of an integrated circuit.

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As design practices change, it is important to understand how these new features may affect the type of protection selected. Often many options are available, but some design features, such as high-speed serial buses, limit the effectiveness or applicability of some ESD components. Parameters such as insertion loss and breakdown voltage must be evaluated concerning the characteristics of the signals to be protected to stay within the functional margin.

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Furthermore, the capacitance of varistors can be used as part of measures against electromagnetic interference (EMI) at the circuit level. This characteristic has been rarely used to date. However, as manufacturers develop more advanced production techniques, they can better control the tolerance of the capacitance of a varistor. Thus, the capacitance can be used as part of the EMI filter. The capacitance of an MLV can range from 1 to over 100 pF, and even higher for SuperHigh Capacitance Varistors (SHCVs), much higher than a TVS diode.

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ESD protection components are essentially based either on semiconductors in the form of transient voltage suppressors (TVS) – basically diodes (Figure 1) – or on ceramic materials in the form of varistors. Modern varistors are usually multi-layer components (MLVs; Figure 2). These have a certain capacitance, which can be useful but can also degrade the switching behavior of high-speed buses. If there is no such limitation in insertion capacitance, multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are also suitable for ESD protection.

Standards such as IEC 61000-4-2 define protection levels that depend on the strength of the discharge voltage used for the test. For example, IEC 61000-4-2 defines a discharge voltage of ±2 kV for a contact as well as for air discharge, while Level 4 specifies a contact discharge of ±8 kV and an air discharge of ±15 kV. To ensure reproducible results, the discharge method and the test transients' shape are also precisely specified. The human-body model is widely used for testing purposes and is defined by standards such as MIL-STD-883 and JEDEC JS-001.

IPSdisplay vs LCD

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TDK TVS signal integrity for USB4® and Thunderbolt® 4 – protection of high-speed data lines and how to provide tailored ESD protection

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Electrostatic-sensitive devices must be protected against transient ESD events. As supply voltages decrease and data rates increase, the operating conditions determine how the protective measures must be designed. Insertion loss and parasitic capacitance are becoming ever more important and are increasingly being taken into account.

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If you’ve ever been on the hunt for a new monitor, laptop or all-in-one desktop computer, you’ve likely come a cross the term ‘IPS’. But what is an IPS monitor and why is it important to know?

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IPSdisplay vs AMOLED

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Ips screen meaninglaptop

Another drawback for IPS monitors is the contrast ratio. While by no means poor, an IPS monitor usually has a lower contrast than a VA panel. A VA panel will typically have a contrast ratio between 3000:1 to 6000:1, while the contrast of an IPS panel generally sits around 1000:1.

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As the diagram in Figure 3 shows, MLVs cover a wider application area than TVS diodes and are available in both commercial and automotive grades. The following considerations can help design engineers make more detailed comparisons.

The yellow and black warning symbols used by manufacturers to identify electrostatic-sensitive devices are commonplace in the industry. ICs based on a metal oxide process to form transistors with insulated gates are well known for their sensitivity. It must also be considered that as supply voltages fall – a widely used technique for reducing power consumption –, the low inherent ESD protection of the components will further decrease.

Since TDK Electronics offers both TVS diodes and MLVs, designers can select the most suitable solution for their application for all critical points on a PCB from just one supplier. The more devices are connected, the more important it becomes to protect each of them from ESD.

IPS is a type of monitor panel used for LCD displays. There are three main panels types available, including IPS (in-plane switching), TN (twisted nematic) and VA (vertical alignment).

Each panel type has its own strengths and weaknesses. For example, IPS monitors are renowned for having superb colour accuracy and wide viewing angles. This makes an IPS panel a superb choice for content creators who need to make sure their on-screen work looks as accurate as possible.

Even after a PCB has been assembled and installed in a device, ESD remains one of the main causes of failure. Modern integrated devices are designed to be robust so that malfunctions can barely occur during operation. Therefore, the operating conditions pose the greatest challenge. While engineers can take into account extreme environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, and vibration, ESD remains largely unpredictable. The best approach is to adequately protect the devices from electrostatic discharge.

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Improved manufacturing processes provide more control of the tolerances for the capacitance of MLVs. This allows engineers to use them not only as ESD protection but also as EMI filters at the same time, which saves costs and space on the PCB.

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IPSdisplay vs OLED

With all things considered, IPS panels aren’t technically better than TN or VA displays, as it just excels in different areas. IPS displays are the best choice if you want to prioritise colour accuracy and viewing angles, but a TN or VA panel may well be more ideal if you prefer a quick response times or high contrast.

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Transients can fade quickly without causing any damage, or they can irreparably destroy interconnects. Due to the nature of the substrate, the lead frame, and the packaging, it is difficult to integrate adequate ESD protection into the ICs themselves. Therefore, this must be attached externally and placed in such a way that it intercepts the discharge immediately. Usually, this means that the protection must be placed as close as possible to the weak point.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) keeps expanding, analysts predict that tens of billions of connected electronic devices will come online in the next few years. Most likely, the total number of electronic devices for general use is even higher. Many of these devices will perform important roles in our lives, such as consumer devices for home automation. Others might be embedded deeply and hidden from view, such as inside vehicles and smart buildings. All of these are susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD). As the IoT connects more things to make networks of networks, any part of these billions of devices could become critical. Consequently, it is even more important that the ESD protection of these devices is carefully designed.

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We’ve assembled this guide to explain what an IPS monitor is, and how it differs from other available options. So without further ado, here’s everything you need to know.

Since the way these two components absorb transient overvoltages, engineers can use TVS and MLV solutions in many applications as an alternative. They are often similar in size and have a compatible footprint on the PCB. Due to their small size, they can be placed close to the point of potential ESD exposure from an external source, such as an exposed interface or charging port.

IPSdisplay vs LED

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IPS displays have also been widely adopted by laptops, as the vivid colours makes it a good option for watching video, or even scrolling through photos on social media. However, IPS panels are expensive to make and so are not always available on cheap laptops.

As signal speeds increase and supply voltage rails reduce, the ICs become more sensitive to ESD transients. And the more devices are connected, the more important it becomes to protect each device in a wider system against ESD. What must be considered when selecting the right component?