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In fact, TN monitor can sometimes be easily identified by the colour distortion and contrast shifting that’s visible at the edges of the screen. As screen sizes increase, this issue becomes even more apparent as reduced colour performance can even begin to be seen when viewing the screen from a dead-centre position.

DCI-P3 is a colour space that is rapidly growing in popularity due to it's ability to effectively cover a wide color gamut.

The greatest constraint of TN panel technology, however, is a narrower viewing angle as TN monitors experience more colour shifting than other types of panels when being viewed at an angle.

For general-purpose use, these shifts in colour and contrast are often irrelevant and fade from conscious perception. However, this colour variability makes TN monitors a poor choice for colour-critical work like graphic design and photo editing. Graphic designers and other colour-conscious users should also avoid TN displays due to their more limited range of colour display compared to the other technologies.

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The reason for this is because none of the different monitor panel types as they are today can be classified as “outstanding” for all the attributes mentioned above.

MVA and other recent VA technologies offer the highest static contrast ratios of any panel technology. This allows for an outstanding visual experience for movie enthusiasts and other users seeking depth of detail. Higher-end, feature-rich MVA displays offer the consistent, authentic colour representation needed by graphic designers and other pro users.

Note: When searching for monitors you can be sure to come across the term “LED Panel” at some point or another. An LED panel is an LCD screen with an LED – (Light Emitting Diode) – backlight. LEDs provide a brighter light source while using much less energy. They also have the ability to produce white colour, in addition to traditional RGB colour, and are the panel type used in HDR monitors.

Alternatively, if you’re into gaming and are in the market for TN panel these gaming monitor options may be along the lines of what you’re looking for.

Today’s maximum possible viewing angles are 178 degrees both horizontally and vertically (178º/178º), yet TN panels are limited to viewing angles of approximately 170 degrees horizontal and 160 degrees vertical (170º /160º).

Despite their lower perceived value, TN-based displays are the panel type preferred by competitive gamers. The reason for this is because TN panels can achieve a rapid response time and the fastest refresh rates on the market (like this 240Hz eSports monitor). To this effect, TN monitors are able to reduce blurring and screen tearing in fast-paced games when compared to an IPS or VA panel.

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TN monitors are the least expensive panel technology, making them ideal for cost-conscious businesses and consumers. In addition, TN monitors enjoy unmatched popularity with competitive gamers and other users who seek rapid graphics display.

Below we’ll take a look at how IPS, TN, and VA monitors affect screen performance and do some handy summaries of strengths, weaknesses, and best-case uses for each type of panel technology.

If you’ve ever begun searching for a new computer screen, chances are you’ve probably come across the term IPS. It’s at this point, you may ask yourself, what is an IPS monitor? And how do I know if an IPS monitor is right for me?

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Different panel technologies offer unique profiles with opinions on the best type of LCD being subjective and based on personal preference.

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Contrast ratio is the measured difference between the darkest blacks and the brightest whites a monitor can produce. This measurement provides information about the amount of grayscale detail a monitor will deliver. The higher the contrast ratio, the more visible detail.

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SPI is an acronym for Serial Peripheral Interface. Okay, so what is that? It is one form of electronics communication protocol: how something like a microcontroller (or some “master” device) can send/receive data from external electronics such as sensors, shift registers, and SD cards (called “slave” devices) over a short distance.

TN monitors, or “Twisted Nematic” monitors, are the oldest LCD panel types around. TN panels cost less than their IPS and VA counterparts and are a popular mainstream display technology for desktop and laptop displays.

SPI is a 4-wire Bus system: Master-In-Slave-Out (MISO, SDO on some slave devices), Master-Out-Slave-In (MOSI), Slave-Select/Chip Select (SS, SSN, or CS), and Serial-Clock (SCLK or CLK). However, power and ground wires are usually present as well.

The Analog Discovery 2‘s Protocol Analyzer is another tool that can help determine if your slave device is sending data appropriately. Here is a screen shot of the Protocol Analyzer showing a dynamic output (in hexadecimal) as I change the amount of light that the PmodALS is experiencing (disregard the 7F value, that was from me touching and shorting the leads).

Early LCD panels used passive-matrix technology and were criticized for blurry imagery. The reason for this is because quick image changes require liquid crystals to change phase quickly and passive matrix technology was limited in terms of how quickly liquid crystals could change phase.

Vertical alignment (VA) panel technology was developed to improve upon the drawbacks of TN. Current VA-based monitors offer much higher contrast, better colour reproduction, and wider viewing angles than TN panels. Variations you may see include P-MVA, S-MVA, and AMVA (Advanced MVA).

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These monitors also provide more visible details in shadows and highlights, making them ideal for enjoying videos and movies. They’re also a good fit for games focused on rich imagery (RPG games for example) rather than rapid speed (such as FPS games).

In the past, response time and contrast were the initial weakness of IPS technology. Nowadays, however, IPS monitor response times have advanced to the point where they are even capable of satisfying gamers, thus resulting in a rising popularity in IPS monitors for gaming.

On the flip side, however, TN panel technology tends to be ill-suited for applications that benefit from wider viewing angles, higher contrast ratios, and better colour accuracy. LED technology has helped shift the perspective and today’s LED-backlit TN models offer higher brightness along with better blacks and higher contrast ratios.

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These high-end VA-type monitors rival IPS monitors as the best panel technology for professional-level colour-critical applications. One of the standout features of VA technology is that it is particularly good at blocking light from the backlight when it’s not needed. This enables VA panels to display deeper blacks and static contrast ratios of up to several times higher than the other LCD technologies. The benefit of this is that VA monitors with high contrast ratios can deliver intense blacks and richer colours.

With the lowest cost and fastest response times, TN monitors are great for general use and gaming. VA monitor offers a step up for general use. Maxed-out viewing angles and high contrast ratios make VA monitors great for watching movies and image-intensive gaming.

Both TFT display and IPS display are active-matrix displays, neither can't emit light on their own like OLED displays and have to be used with a back-light of ...

There is another type of panel technology that differs from the monitor types discussed above and that is OLED or “Organic Light Emitting Diode” technology. OLEDs differ from LCDs because they use positively/negatively charged ions to light up every pixel individually, while LCDs use a backlight, which can create an unwanted glow. OLEDs avoid screen glow (and create darker blacks) by not using a backlight. One of the drawbacks of OLED technology is that it is usually pricier than any of the other types of technology explained.

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The MOSI line transmits data bits from the microcontroller to the peripheral device, the MISO transmits data bits from the peripheral device to the microcontroller, the SS/CS is controlled by the master device and is used to select the peripheral device for data transfer (“start/stop” if connected to only one peripheral or to select between multiple peripherals). Multiple slave devices can be connected, but each slave device will require its own SS/CS wire to the master device. For example, here is a system with one master and four slave devices.

What is SPI? That is a question I asked myself a couple of months ago that I am glad to answer now! After an introduction to SPI protocol, I will show an example of SPI protocol signals using the Analog Discovery 2, WaveForms, and a PmodALS.

Now, let’s take a look at an example of SPI protocol using the Analog Discovery 2 and WaveForms. I used the Pmod ALS (Ambient Light Sensor) as my slave device, an Arduino Uno as the master device, and the code from the hackster project here to display the SPI protocol.

IPS monitors deliver ultra-wide 178-degree vertical and horizontal viewing angles. Graphic designers, CAD engineers, pro photographers, and video editors will benefit from using an IPS monitor. Many value the colour benefits of IPS monitors and tech advances have improved IPS panel speed, contrast, and resolution. IPS monitors are more attractive than ever for general desktop work as well as many types of gaming. They’re even versatile enough to be used in different monitor styles, so if you’ve ever compared an ultrawide vs. dual monitor setup or considered the benefits of curved vs. flat monitors, chances are you’ve already come into contact with an IPS panel.

Right-click the picture and open in a new window/tab to see a larger version of this image. The Logic Analyzer in WaveForms is an especially handy tool when debugging SPI and other protocol. For example, when setting up this demo, I accidentally used a damaged PmodTPH. Through the use of the Logic Analyzer, I was able to determine that the TPH was damaged and not the Pmod ALS. Once I removed that Pmod and adjusted the trigger settings, I saw the signals operating correctly!

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Now you know enough about SPI, and some valuable debugging tools, to be able to start experimenting and getting your hands into some SPI protocol projects. Happy trails!

When it comes to colour accuracy, IPS monitors surpass the performance of TN and VA monitors with ease. While latest-gen VA technologies offer comparative performance specs, pro users still claim that IPS monitors reign supreme in this regard.

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With regard to gaming, some criticisms IPS monitors include more visible motion blur coming as a result of slower response times, however the impact of motion blur will vary from user to user. In fact, mixed opinions about the “drawbacks” of IPS monitor for gaming can be found across the web. Take this excerpt from one gaming technology writer for example: “As for pixel response, opinions vary. I personally think IPS panels are quick enough for almost all gaming. If your gaming life is absolutely and exclusively about hair-trigger shooters, OK, you’ll want the fastest response, lowest latency LCD monitor. And that means TN. For the rest of us, and certainly for those who place even a modicum of importance on the visual spectacle of games, I reckon IPS is clearly the best panel technology.” Read the full article here.

LCD or “Liquid Crystal Display” is a type of monitor panel that embraces thin layers of liquid crystals sandwiched between two layers of filters and electrodes.

A touch screen definition is a type of display that allows a user to directly control it with fingers or a stylus.

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Ultimately, budget and feature preferences will determine the best fit for each user. Among the available monitors of each panel type there will also be a range of price points and feature sets. Additionally, overall quality may vary among manufacturers due to factors related to a display’s components, manufacturing, and design.

PS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, use liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colours. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels. The liquid crystal’s ability to shift horizontally creates better viewing angles.

Thanks to active-matrix technology, LCD monitor panels were able to change images very quickly and the technology began being used by newer LCD panels.

Furthermore, transmission can begin with either the Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) or the Most-Significant-Bit (MSB). There is also a choice of sampling frequency, which is equally important and is a choice dependent on the limitations of the devices you are using and the frequency or resolution of the data you are trying to sample. Always check the datasheets for the system you are working with to verify defaults, modes of operation, and limitations.

If you’re interested in learning more about IPS monitors, you can take a look at some of these professional monitors to see if they would be the right fit for you.

As a result, active-matrix technology was invented and transistors (TFTs) began being used to help liquid crystals retain their charge and change phase more quickly.

Liquid Crystals (LCs) are used because of their unique ability to maintain a parallel shape. Acting as both a solid and liquid, LCs can react quickly to changes in light patterns. The optical properties of LCs are activated by electric current, which is used to switch liquid crystals between phases. In turn, each pixel generates an RGB (red, green, blue) colour based on the phase it’s in.

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IPS monitors offer the greatest range of colour-related features and remain the gold standard for photo editing and colour-critical pro uses. Greater availability and lower prices make IPS monitors a great fit for anyone who values outstanding image quality.

IPS monitor variations include S-IPS, H-IPS, e-IPS and P-IPS, and PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching), the latter being the latest iteration. Since these variations are all quite similar, they are all collectively referred to as “IPS-type” panels. They all claim to deliver the major benefits associated with IPS monitors – great colour and ultra-wide viewing angles.

Another important characteristic of IPS monitors is that they can support professional colour space technologies, such as Adobe RGB. This is because IPS monitors are able to offer more displayable colours, which help improve colour accuracy.

When it comes to choosing the right LCD panel technology, there is no single right answer. Each of the three primary technologies offers distinct strengths and weaknesses. Looking at different features and specs helps you identify which monitor best fits your needs.

While CRT monitors used to fire electrons against glass surfaces, LCD monitors operate using backlights and liquid crystals. The LCD panel is a flat sheet of material that contains layers of filters, glass, electrodes, liquid crystals, and a backlight. Polarized light (meaning only half of it shines through) is directed towards a rectangular grid of liquid crystals and beamed through.

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So, why is this important? A monitor’s panel technology is important because it affects what the monitor can do, and for which uses it is best suited. Each of the monitor panel types listed above offer their own distinctive benefits and drawbacks.

A serial communication sends one bit of data at a time over one wire, whereas a parallel communication sends all bits of data at once on individual wires. SPI also sends data in a continuous stream, which means that the transfer itself does not interrupt the acquisition. This is awesome because the data will be of higher quality than if sampling had to be interrupted for acquisition.

Displays based on this monitor panel technology are ideal for cost-conscious consumers and entry-level multipurpose use.

Be aware though that SPI has not been standardized and that depending on the system architecture, implementation of the data transmission may vary. There are four general modes of SPI communication that the master device must configure. This is to compliment the bus design of the slave device and is based on the Serial Clock Polarity (CPOL) and Phase (CPHA). Both parameters can be expressed as low and high or 0 and 1. CPOL defines whether the serial clock idles (when data transmission is not occurring) at a low or high level logic (0 or 1, respectively) and CPHA defines whether data is sampled on the leading or trailing edge (0 or 1, respectively) of the CPOL.

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IPS monitors continue to be the display technology of choice for users that want colour accuracy and consistency. IPS monitors are great when it comes to colour performance and super-wide viewing angles. The expansive viewing angles provided by IPS monitors help to deliver outstanding colour when being viewed from different angles. One major differentiator between IPS monitors and TN monitors is that colours on an IPS monitor won’t shift when being viewed at an angle as drastically as they do on a TN monitor.

Choosing which type of monitor panel type to buy will depend largely on your intended usage and personal preference. After all, gamers, graphic designers, and office workers all have different requirements. Specific types of displays are best suited for different usage scenarios.