esp8266 lcd screen factory

Than displays are the way to go. There are different kinds of displays like 7 Segment LED display, 4 Digit 7 Segment display, 8×8 Dot Matrix display, OLED display or the easiest and cheapest version the liquid crystal display (LCD).

Most LCD displays have either 2 rows with 16 characters per row or 4 rows with 20 characters per row. There are LCD screen with and without I2C module. I highly suggest the modules with I2C because the connection to the board is very easy and there are only 2 instead of 6 pins used. But we will cover the LCD screen with and without I2C module in this article.

The LCD display has an operating voltage between 4.7V and 5.3V with a current consumption of 1mA without backlight and 120mA with full backlight. There are version with a green and also with a blue backlight color. Each character of the display is build by a 5×8 pixel box and is therefore able to display custom generated characters. Because each character is build by (5×8=40) 40 pixels a 16×2 LCD display will have 16x2x40= 1280 pixels in total. The LCD module is able to operate in 8-bit and 4-bit mode. The difference between the 4-bit and 8-bit mode are the following:

If we use the LCD display version without I2C connection we have to add the potentiometer manually to control the contrast of the screen. The following picture shows the pinout of the LCD screen.

Also I added a table how to connect the LCD display with the Arduino Uno and the NodeMCU with a description of the LCD pin. To make it as easy as possible for you to connect your microcontroller to the display, you find the corresponding fritzing connection picture for the Arduino Uno and the NodeMCU in this chapter.

4RSD12D2Select command register to low when we are sending commands to the LCD like set the cursor to a specific location, clear the display or turn off the display.

8Data Pin 1 (d1)Data pins 0 to 7 forms an 8-bit data line. The Data Pins are connection to the Digital I/O pins of the microcontroller to send 8-bit data. These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Data pin 4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.

Of cause we want to try the connection between the microcontroller and the LCD display. Therefore you find an example sketch in the Arduino IDE. The following section shows the code for the sketch and a picture of the running example, more or less because it is hard to make a picture of the screen ;-). The example prints “hello, world!” in the first line of the display and counts every second in the second row. We use the connection we described before for this example.

Looks very complicated to print data onto the LCD screen. But don’t worry like in most cases if it starts to get complicated, there is a library to make the word for us. This is also the case for the LCD display without I2C connection.

Like I told you, I would suggest the LCD modules with I2C because you only need 2 instead of 6 pins for the connection between display and microcontroller board. In the case you use the I2C communication between LCD and microcontroller, you need to know the I2C HEX address of the LCD. In this article I give you a step by step instruction how to find out the I2C HEX address of a device. There is also an article about the I2C communication protocol in detail.

On the backside is a 10 kΩ potentiometer build in to control the screen contrast. You do not have to add the potentiometer manually like in the version without I2C connection.

The following picture shows how to connect an I2C LCD display with an Arduino Uno. We will use exact this connection for all of the examples in this article.

To use the I2C LCD display we have to install the required library “LiquidCrystal_I2C” by Frank de Brabander. You find here an article how to install an external library via the Arduino IDE. After you installed the library successful you can include the library via: #include < LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>.

The LiquidCrystal library has 20 build in functions which are very handy when you want to work with the LCD display. In the following part of this article we go over all functions with a description as well as an example sketch and a short video that you can see what the function is doing.

LiquidCrystal_I2C()This function creates a variable of the type LiquidCrystal. The parameters of the function define the connection between the LCD display and the Arduino. You can use any of the Arduino digital pins to control the display. The order of the parameters is the following: LiquidCrystal(RS, R/W, Enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7)

If you are using an LCD display with the I2C connection you do not define the connected pins because you do not connected to single pins but you define the HEX address and the display size: LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 20, 4);

xlcd.begin()The lcd.begin(cols, rows) function has to be called to define the kind of LCD display with the number of columns and rows. The function has to be called in the void setup() part of your sketch. For the 16x2 display you write lcd.begin(16,2) and for the 20x4 lcd.begin(20,4).

xxlcd.clear()The clear function clears any data on the LCD screen and positions the cursor in the upper-left corner. You can place this function in the setup function of your sketch to make sure that nothing is displayed on the display when you start your program.

xxlcd.setCursor()If you want to write text to your LCD display, you have to define the starting position of the character you want to print onto the LCD with function lcd.setCursor(col, row). Although you have to define the row the character should be displayed.

xxlcd.print()This function displays different data types: char, byte, int, long, or string. A string has to be in between quotation marks („“). Numbers can be printed without the quotation marks. Numbers can also be printed in different number systems lcd.print(data, BASE) with BIN for binary (base 2), DEC for decimal (base 10), OCT for octal (base 8), HEX for hexadecimal (base 16).

xlcd.println()This function displays also different data types: char, byte, int, long, or string like the function lcd.print() but lcd.println() prints always a newline to output stream.

xxlcd.display() / lcd.noDisplay()This function turn on and off any text or cursor on the display but does not delete the information from the memory. Therefore it is possible to turn the display on and off with this function.

xxlcd.scrollDisplayLeft() / lcd.scrollDisplayRight()This function scrolls the contents of the display (text and cursor) a one position to the left or to the right. After 40 spaces the function will loops back to the first character. With this function in the loop part of your sketch you can build a scrolling text function.

Scrolling text if you want to print more than 16 or 20 characters in one line, than the scrolling text function is very handy. First the substring with the maximum of characters per line is printed, moving the start column from the right to the left on the LCD screen. Than the first character is dropped and the next character is printed to the substring. This process repeats until the full string is displayed onto the screen.

xxlcd.autoscroll() / lcd.noAutoscroll()The autoscroll function turn on or off the functionality that each character is shifted by one position. The function can be used like the scrollDisplayLeft / scrollDisplayRight function.

xxlcd. leftToRight() / lcd.rightToLeft()The leftToRight and rightToLeft functions changes the direction for text written to the LCD. The default mode is from left to right which you do not have to define at the start of the sketch.

xxlcd.createChar()There is the possibility to create custom characters with the createChar function. How to create the custom characters is described in the following chapter of this article as well as an example.

xlcd.backlight()The backlight function is useful if you do not want to turn off the whole display (see lcd.display()) and therefore only switch on and off the backlight. But before you can use this function you have to define the backlight pin with the function setBacklightPin(pin, polarity).

xlcd.moveCursorLeft() / lcd.moveCursorRight()This function let you move the curser to the left and to the right. To use this function useful you have to combine it with lcd.setCursor() because otherwise there is not cursor to move left or right. For our example we also use the function lcd.cursor() to make the cursor visible.

xlcd.on() / lcd.off()This function switches the LCD display on and off. It will switch on/off the LCD controller and the backlight. This method has the same effect of calling display/noDisplay and backlight/noBacklight.

The following code shows you the Arduino program to use all three LCD display functions of the library divided into three separate functions. Also the video after the program shows the functions in action.

The creation of custom characters is very easy if you use the previous mentioned libraries. The LiquidCrystal and also the LiquidCrystal_I2C library have the function “lcd.createChar()” to create a custom character out of the 5×8 pixels of one character. To design your own characters, you need to make a binary matrix of your custom character from an LCD character generator or map it yourself. This code creates a wiggling man.

In the section of the LCD display pinout without I2C we saw that if we set the RS pin to how, that we are able to send commands to the LCD. These commands are send by the data pins and represented by the following table as HEX code.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16×2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5×7 pixel matrix. The LCD Screens based on I2C interface consists of two signals: SCL and SDA, where SCL is the clock signal, and SDA is the data signal.

Want to display sensor readings in your ESP8266 projects without resorting to serial output? Then an I2C LCD display might be a better choice for you! It consumes only two GPIO pins which can also be shared with other I2C devices.

True to their name, these LCDs are ideal for displaying only text/characters. A 16×2 character LCD, for example, has an LED backlight and can display 32 ASCII characters in two rows of 16 characters each.

At the heart of the adapter is an 8-bit I/O expander chip – PCF8574. This chip converts the I2C data from an ESP8266 into the parallel data required for an LCD display.

If you are using multiple devices on the same I2C bus, you may need to set a different I2C address for the LCD adapter so that it does not conflict with another I2C device.

An important point here is that several companies manufacture the same PCF8574 chip, Texas Instruments and NXP Semiconductors, to name a few. And the I2C address of your LCD depends on the chip manufacturer.

So your LCD probably has a default I2C address 0x27Hex or 0x3FHex. However it is recommended that you find out the actual I2C address of the LCD before using it.

Connecting I2C LCD to ESP8266 is very easy as you only need to connect 4 pins. Start by connecting the VCC pin to the VIN on the ESP8266 and GND to ground.

Now we are left with the pins which are used for I2C communication. We are going to use the default I2C pins (GPIO#4 and GPIO#5) of the ESP8266. Connect the SDA pin to the ESP8266’s D2 (GPIO#4) and the SCL pin to the ESP8266’s D1 (GPIO#5).

After wiring up the LCD you’ll need to adjust the contrast of the display. On the I2C module you will find a potentiometer that you can rotate with a small screwdriver.

Plug in the ESP8266’s USB connector to power the LCD. You will see the backlight lit up. Now as you turn the knob on the potentiometer, you will start to see the first row of rectangles. If that happens, Congratulations! Your LCD is working fine.

The I2C address of your LCD depends on the manufacturer, as mentioned earlier. If your LCD has a Texas Instruments’ PCF8574 chip, its default I2C address is 0x27Hex. If your LCD has NXP Semiconductors’ PCF8574 chip, its default I2C address is 0x3FHex.

So your LCD probably has I2C address 0x27Hex or 0x3FHex. However it is recommended that you find out the actual I2C address of the LCD before using it. Luckily there’s an easy way to do this. Below is a simple I2C scanner sketch that scans your I2C bus and returns the address of each I2C device it finds.

After uploading the code, open the serial monitor at a baud rate of 115200 and press the EN button on the ESP8266. You will see the I2C address of your I2C LCD display.

But, before you proceed to upload the sketch, you need to make a small change to make it work for you. You must pass the I2C address of your LCD and the dimensions of the display to the constructor of the LiquidCrystal_I2C class. If you are using a 16×2 character LCD, pass the 16 and 2; If you’re using a 20×4 LCD, pass 20 and 4. You got the point!

In ‘setup’ we call three functions. The first function is init(). It initializes the LCD object. The second function is clear(). This clears the LCD screen and moves the cursor to the top left corner. And third, the backlight() function turns on the LCD backlight.

After that we set the cursor position to the third column of the first row by calling the function lcd.setCursor(2, 0). The cursor position specifies the location where you want the new text to be displayed on the LCD. The upper left corner is assumed to be col=0, row=0.

lcd.scrollDisplayRight() function scrolls the contents of the display one space to the right. If you want the text to scroll continuously, you have to use this function inside a for loop.

lcd.scrollDisplayLeft() function scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left. Similar to above function, use this inside a for loop for continuous scrolling.

If you find the characters on the display dull and boring, you can create your own custom characters (glyphs) and symbols for your LCD. They are extremely useful when you want to display a character that is not part of the standard ASCII character set.

CGROM is used to store all permanent fonts that are displayed using their ASCII codes. For example, if we send 0x41 to the LCD, the letter ‘A’ will be printed on the display.

CGRAM is another memory used to store user defined characters. This RAM is limited to 64 bytes. For a 5×8 pixel based LCD, only 8 user-defined characters can be stored in CGRAM. And for 5×10 pixel based LCD only 4 user-defined characters can be stored.

Creating custom characters has never been easier! We have created a small application called Custom Character Generator. Can you see the blue grid below? You can click on any 5×8 pixel to set/clear that particular pixel. And as you click, the code for the character is generated next to the grid. This code can be used directly in your ESP8266 sketch.

After the library is included and the LCD object is created, custom character arrays are defined. The array consists of 8 bytes, each byte representing a row of a 5×8 LED matrix. In this sketch, eight custom characters have been created.

In this tutorial, we will learn how to interface I2C LCD with ESP32/ESP8266 and how to display simple text/numbers and custom characters on I2C LCD. This I2C LCD is a 16×2 device which means it can display 16 columns by two rows of characters. The characters are alphanumeric, but you can create custom characters for basic graphics, bar graphs that kind of thing. The LCD has the usual type of hd44780 controller, and it also has an I2C circuit connected with it which makes it easy to connect to the ESP boards. 16X2 LCD without I2C circuit has sixteen pins.

But if we want to connect this board directly with the ESP board, we have to use at least eight pins of our board which will be a waste. So the better solution is to use an I2C LCD instead of typical 16×2 LCD. In this tutorial, we are using 16×2 I2C LCD, but LCD of any size will also work the same way as we will learn in this tutorial. The advantage of using an I2C LCD is that we only need to use four pins (including the power pins) of Raspberry Pi Pico to connect with this display.

At the backside of this liquid crystal display, you can also see a variable resistor. This variable resistor is used to modify the brightness of the LCD. This potentiometer is very handy when you are using this display module in different light conditions.

In this section, we will show you how to connect I2C LCD with ESP32 and ESP8266. The I2C LCD will be connected with the ESP board with its 4 pins (GND, VCC, SDA and SCL).

The connection of I2C LCD with the ESP boards is very easy. We have to connect the VCC terminal with Vin pin, ground with the ground (common ground), SCL of the sensor with SCL of the module, and SDA of the sensor with the SDA pin of the ESP modules.

The I2C pins stated above are set in default. If we want to change the GPIO pins we have to set them in code. The diagrams below show the pinout for the ESP32 and Esp8266 respectively.

Follow the schematic diagrams below for both the ESP modules and connect them accordingly. If you are using ESP32 for this project, connect the ESP32 device with the I2C LCD as shown in the schematic diagram below:

The VCC pin is connected with the Vin pin from the ESP32/ESP8266 to power up. Both the grounds of the two devices are connected in common. The SCL pin of I2C LCD is connected with the default SCL pin of the board. Likewise, the SDA pin is connected with the default SDA pin of the board.

When you connect your I2C display with ESP32/ESP8266, you need to check its address. Because every I2C device has an address associated with it. For many devices of I2C LCD, the default address is 0x27 where 0x shows hex format of the numbers. But address can be different in some cases. This address depends on the position of pads A0, A1, and A2 on the I2C controller on this device.

This code will scan for any I2C devices connected with ESP32 and will specify the number of devices with the address in the shell console. If using ESP8266, replace the SDA and SCL pins appropriately.

For this project we will require two libraries: lcd_api.py and i2c_lcd.py. Copy both of these libraries and save them in your MicroPython device with the respective file names. Open a new file in Thonny. Copy the libraries from the links given above. Save them to ESP32/ESP8266 with names lcd_api.pyand i2c_lcd.py under the lib folder.

This code will display the message “I2C LCT Tutorial” for two seconds. The screen will clear. Then another message “Lets Count 0-10!” will be displayed for two seconds. After that, it will clear the LCD and display numbers from 0 to 10 after a delay of 1 second.

Firstly, we will be importing the SoftI2C and Pin class from the machine module. We also import the sleep module so that we will be able to add a delay in between our messages. Also, import LcdApi from the lcd_api library that we just uploaded to our board and I2clcd from the i2c_lcd library.

Additionally, totalRows and totalColumns specify the number of rows and columns of the display which in our case is 16×2. If you want to use a screen of any other size, you need to need to change the number here accordingly, for example, the 20×4 display.

Now, we initialize the SoftI2C method by giving it three arguments. The first argument specifies the GPIO pin for SCL. This is given as GPIO22 for ESP32 and GPIO5 for ESP8266. The second parameter specifies the GPIO pin for the SDA. This is given as GPIO21 for ESP32 and GPIO4 for ESP8266. Keep in mind, these are the default I2C pins for SCL and SDA which we have used for both the ESP boards respectively. The third parameter specifies the maximum frequency for SCL to be used.

This line is used to initialize the I2C connection for the library by creating an object ‘lcd’. The first argument to the function I2cLcd() is the i2c object declared previously, the second argument is the address of our I2C LCD. Third and fourth arguments are the size in terms of the number of columns and number of rows.

Next, we run an infinite loop inside which we first display the message “I2C LCD Tutorial” for 2 seconds. Then display “Lets Count 0-10!” for 2 seconds after clearing the screen. Then we clear the screen using the clear() method on the lcd object. After that we use a for loop to display numbers from 0 to 10 after a delay of 1 second each. After each number is displayed, wait for one second, then clear() will erase the text.

To test this program with ESP32/ESP8266, upload this main.py file to your board. Once the code is uploaded to the board, adjust the brightness of the display through the potentiometer until the LCD starts displaying the messages:

For our 16×2 LCD display that we are using, we have the option to display custom characters as well. In this particular LCD, each block consists of 5×8 pixels. These can be used to display custom characters by setting the state of each pixel inside a byte array.

There is a very simple way to generate the byte array of your own custom character. Head over to the following custom character generator: (LCD Custom Character Generator).

In our case, we will display a heart character on the screen. We will require the hex data that is highlighted in the red rectangle below to form our byte array. We will use these values inside our byte array while programming the ESP32/ESP8266 to display custom characters.

Next, we will create the custom character by calling lcd.custom_char() and pass a number between 0-7 (allocated location) and the variable containing the bytearray as parameters inside it.

To test this program with ESP32/ESP8266, upload this main.py file to your board. Once the code is uploaded to the board, adjust the brightness of the display through the potentiometer until the LCD starts displaying the message.

This is the tenth tutorial in a series of ESP32 tutorials. In this tutorial, I’m going to look at hooking up the I2C LCD to the ESP32 board. But this tutorial is also compatible with ESP8266 NodMCU. This I2C LCD is a sixteen by two device which means it can display 16 columns by two rows of characters. The characters are alphanumeric, but you can create custom characters for basic graphics, bar graphs that kind of thing. The LCD has the usual type of hd44780 controller, and it also has an I2C circuit connected with it which makes it easy to connect to the ESP32 board. 16X2 LCD without I2C circuit has sixteen pins. you can find more information about the pins by going to this article:

But if we want to connect this board directly with ESP32 board, we have to use at least eight general purpose input output pins of ESP32 which will be a waste of GPIO pins of ESP32. So the better solution is to use an I2C LCD instead of typical 16×2 LCD. In this tutorial, we are using 16×2 I2C LCD, but LCD of any size will also work the same way as we will learn in this tutorial. The advantage of using an I2C LCD is that we only need to use two pins of ESP32 to connect with this display.

Now let’s see how to connect this LCD with the ESP32 development board. At the back side of this liquid crystal display, you can also see a variable resistor. This variable resistor is used to modify the brightness of LCD. This potentiometer is very handy when you are using this display module in the different light conditions.

Now we will see the wiring diagram of I2C LCD with the ESP32 development board. The wiring diagram is straightforward. We only need to use two GPIO pins of ESP32 Devkit with this display as you can see in the picture shown here.

In this circuit, we are using the default I2C communication pins of the ESP32 board. In this board, GPIO22 is the default SCL pin, and GPIO21 is the default SDA pin for I2C communication. So you need to connect GPIO22 with SCL pin of LCD and GPIO21 with SDA pin of liquid crystal display. You can also check this table for wiring connections.

After installing ESP32 in Arduino IDE, We will introduce the library of I2C LCD in Arduino IDE. This library is not available in the compiler. So we need to install an external library. There are many I2C LCD libraries available. You can use different libraries if you want. But in this tutorial, we are using the library developed by johnrickman. Now add this library by following these steps:

When you connect your I2C display with ESP32 board, you need to check its address. Because every I2C device has an address associated with it. For many devices of I2C LCD, the default address is 0x27 where 0x shows hex format of the numbers. But address can be different for some cases. This address depends on the position of pads A0, A1 and A2 on I2C controller on this device. As you can see in this picture, we have three soldering pads, so we can have 8 different values of address depending on the connections of the pads.

This code will search for devices connected with GPIO pins 22 and 21 and display its result on the serial monitor. After connecting the device with the ESP32 board properly, you will get this message on the serial monitor. This message shows the address of I2C liquid crystal display which is 0x27. You will most likely get the same address for LCD with 16 columns and 2 rows.

This code will display the message “Microcontrollerslab” in the first row and “I2C LCD tutorial” in the second row for one second. After that, it will clear the LCD and displays “Static text” in the first row and “I2C LCD tutorial” in the second row as shown below.

These two variables define the name of the total number of rows and columns of the display which in our case is 16×2. If you want to use the screen of any other size, you need to need to change the number here accordingly, for example, 20×4 display.

This line is used to initialize the library with the address of LCD, the total number of columns and rows. The first argument to this function is an address which we have found in the last example. Second and thirds arguments are the size in terms of the number of columns and number of rows.

This backlight() function is used to turn on or turn off the backlight. Every LCD has a backlight built-in inside it, so you can control it through this function.

In loop() part, code is used to display messages and also to clear the message for LCD. To display anything text on LCD, first, you need to set the cursor position. Cursor position defines where you want to display the text. The setCursor()function is used to set the position. For example, if you want to set the cursor to the first row and first column, you will use this function like this:

First values inside this function define column number and second value defines row number. So inside the loop(), first we set the cursor to the first row and second column. After that lcd.print() will display the message “microcontrollerslab” in the first row.

Similarly, these two lines will set the cursor to the second row and display the text “I2C LCD tutorial” on the second row. For one second same text will be displayed in the first and second row. The delay() is used to add the delay of one second.

These two variables define the name of the total number of rows and columns of the display which in our case is 16×2. If you want to use the screen of any other size, you need to need to change the number here accordingly, for example, 20×4 display.

This line is used to initialize the library with the address of LCD, the total number of columns and rows. The first argument to this function is an address which we have found in the last example. Second and thirds arguments are the size in terms of the number of columns and number of rows.

The user defined scrollMessage() function will be used to scroll a text on the LCD. It takes in four arguments. The first is the row where we will display our message. The second is the message that will be displayed. The third is the delay time that will control the speed of the scrolling text. Lastly, the fourth argument is the total columns of the LCD.

This backlight() function is used to turn on or turn off the backlight. Every LCD has a backlight built-in inside it, so you can control it through this function.

In loop() part, we will first set the cursor and then print the static message by using lcd.print() and pass the staticMessage as an argyment inside it. Then call the scrollMessage() function and pass ‘1’ as the starting row, ‘scrollingMessage’ as the message to be displayed, 250ms delay time and specify the ‘totalColumns’ of the LCD.

For our 16×2 LCD display that we are using, we have the option to display custom characters as well. In this particular LCD, each block consists of 5×8 pixels. These can be used to display custom characters by setting the state of each pixel by inside a byte variable.

There is a very simple way to generate the byte variable of your own custom character. Head over to the following custom character generator: (Custom Character Generator for HD44780 LCD Modules).

In our case, we will display a ‘+’ character on the screen. This is the byte variable that we will use in our program code to display this particular character on the LCD.

Inside the setup() function we will create the custom character by calling lcd.createChar() and pass a number between 0-7 (allocated location) and the byte variable as parameters inside it.

It is compatible with most mainstream microcontrollers.Compatible Models:Mainstream models of Arduino / Raspberry Pi / Raspberry Pi Pico / ESP32 / ESP8266

Previous examples connect the white LED backlight to power. The following example is specifically for those using an LCD with a RGB LED backlight. The only difference between the connection is the LED"s backlight on pins 15-18.

Try using the hd44780 library (it should be in the library manager in the IDE), and run the FIle > Examples > hd44780 > ioClass > hd44780_I2Cexp > I2CexpDiag sketch. That will give you a lot of info in the serial monitor as well as on the LCD display.

LCD Displays are a fast and inexpensive way to display simple information. This tutorial will demonstrate how to connect a 16x2 LCD display using I2C to an ESP8266 NodeMCU dev kit.

The LCD display I"m going to use is fairly common and can be picked up for a couple of bucks from Amazon. It uses I2C to communicate with the NodeMCU. I2C is nice because it only required two wires for communication.

Connect the VCC pin on the LCD display to the VIN pin on the NodeMCU. The VIN pin on the NodeMCU is tied directly to the 5V pin on the incoming USB port. If you plan on powering the NodeMCU with something other than USB, you"ll have to find another way to provide 5V to the display.

The LCD display works by first moving the cursor to where you want to start and then printing some characters. In my example, I wanted HELLO and WORLD to be centered on each line. For "HELLO", the cursor needed to be 5 characters from the right and zero characters down, so I moved it (5, 0). For "WORLD", I needed it to be 5 characters to the right and one character down, so I moved it (5, 1).