rhodium in lcd screen manufacturer

On May 19, 2011, Deutsche Bank issued db Physical Rhodium ETC securities.Johnson Matthey recently (Nov. 15, 2011) forecast that the metal will remain in surplus (by 123,000 troy ounces (one troy ounce (oz) = 31.10 grams)) in 2011, and now its price has fallen from a "stratospheric" level of over $10,000/oz in June 2008 to "languish" around $1,700 (midprice on Nov. 30, 2011), somewhat lower than that of gold. So, what"s with rhodium?

The platinum group metals, or PGMs, of which rhodium is one, are a group of six metals clumped together pretty much in the middle of the periodic table. The others are iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum and ruthenium. The metal, which is extremely difficult to separate from the other metals with which it naturally occurs (including the other PGMs), is always produced as a byproduct of the extraction of these others; no such thing as a rhodium mine exists.

The English chemist, William Hyde Wollaston discovered the metal in 1803, soon after he discovered palladium and around the same time Smithson Tennant (also English) discovered both osmium and iridium. The rarity of the metal, the fact that it is a byproduct, and the complexity of (and costs involved in) its extraction have all, historically, contributed to robust pricing over the last 80 years, and especially in the last couple of decades.

An autocatalyst, which sits inside a motor vehicle"s catalytic converter (itself placed between its engine and muffler), is a metal, or ceramic, honeycomb coated with PGMs (of which rhodium is one) and various chemicals.

In gasoline-poweredvehicles, the autocatalyst converts over 90 percent of the carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor (often appearing as drips from out of the auto"s muffler). In diesel-powered vehicles, in addition to the equivalent amounts of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide that are converted to more harmless compounds, so too is 30-40 percent of the potentially carcinogenic diesel particulate matter.

Since the first production vehicle was fitted with a catalytic converter back in 1974, their use has flourished and now catalytic converters are fitted to over 85 percent of all the new vehicles sold each year worldwide.

To put the effects they have in context, back in 1960, a gasoline-powered vehicle would typically, for every mile driven, spew out 100 grams of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. By 2004, this had been reduced to just some 2 grams, and autocatalyst development continues today.

Rhodium, because of its hardness and both its resistance to corrosion and high melting point (higher than that of platinum), is currently used in three main types of glass manufacturing, that of: thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels, glass fibers and, increasingly, in solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.

In the manufacture of TFT-LCD panels (used in TVs, monitors and displays), platinum and rhodium are used to line the channels, melting tanks and stirring cells, not only because they can withstand temperatures up to 1,650ºC, but also because they are inert. This last is of particular importance, as the glass substrate cannot contain any charge-bearing particles that may interfere with the function of the TFT laid down on it.

In the manufacture of glass fibers, the molten glass is drawn through an array of many tiny, uniform, orifices or nozzles, set in what is called a bushing — essentially just a box out of which they stick. These nozzles are made of a platinum/rhodium alloy.

Finally, rhodium is also used in the manufacture of the glass used in solar panels, which are required to be as defect free as possible and "highly transmissive."

In the chemical industry, rhodium catalysts are used in the production of aldehyde, which, with hydrogenation, leads to an oxo-alcohol, and in the production of acetic acid using the Monsanto process. (According to Johnson Matthey, the rising demand for rhodium in the chemical sector is being driven "by downstream demand for paints and adhesives, particularly in China.")

It will come as no surprise that by far the largest producer of rhodium is South Africa, which, in 2011, is forecast to produce some 650,000 oz out a total global supply figure for the mined metal of an estimated 768,000 oz. Recycling of autocatalysts is anticipated to amount to some 260,000 oz in 2011.

Source: Forecast production figures from Johnson Matthey, who notes that: "Supply figures represent estimates of sales by the mines of primary pgm and are allocated to where the initial mining took place rather than the location of refining."

Since primary rhodium is produced only alongside other PGMs, on the mining front, anyway, no rhodium mining "pure play" exists. And the big rhodium producers are, therefore, necessarily, the big producers of the other PGMs.

Investors can invest directly, buying the physical metal in ingot or as sponge, and "directly" through, e.g., Deutsche Bank"s Physical Rhodium ETC, this last giving the investor an entitlement to the physical metal.

As to the rationale behind an investment in rhodium, there a number of factors that should be carefully considered. Some of the more obvious are: Rhodium is, first and foremost, an industrial metal — with all that implies

There is also one other aspect of investing in rhodium (and some other industrial metals) that should be considered. While, according to Johnson Matthey, net inflows (to late September) to the Deutsche Bank ETC accounted only for about 14,000 oz, were such inflows to become significant, then any investment decision would need to factor in such demand, in addition to that from industry. This can only add further complexity to the investment process.

I used a different tool to separate the glass from the adhesive holding it to the aluminum on the back. I haven"t seen any of those screens your talking about. If you have some clear looking plastic that acts like a magnifying glass, it"s probably a fresnel lens. I"ve got a number here somewhere for a company that recycles and sells LCD screens. You can put some in with the circuit boards to be refined but they don"t want too many in there so they (SIPI) gave me a number but now I can"t find it, might have to call them back. So I put all the little LCD"s in with the boards like from phones games and calculators and save the large ones. That other pane of glass I just broke it up and threw it in with my other screens, I ain"t messing with it.

LONDON, Jan 10 (Reuters) - Prices of precious metal rhodium surged to a record high of $7,025 an ounce on Thursday as consumers in the glass-making and auto industries scrambled for scarce supplies, traders said.

Dealers said rhodiumwas quoted at $7,000/$7,050 an ounce, a gain of more than 25 percent since January last year and compared with the previous record high of $7,000 seen in 1980. On Wednesday it was quoted around $6,975/$7,025 an ounce.

Most rhodium is used by car makers in catalytic converters to limit carbon emissions, where regulations have become much stricter and contributed to rising demand for the metal.

Traders say that has been a major factor behind rhodium’s price rise over the last two years. Another is growing demand from glass makers ramping up production of flat panel screens used for televisions and computers.

South Africa is the world’s biggest producer of rhodium, which is a by-product of platinum. Supply disruptions in the country in recent months also have boosted rhodium prices.

During the manufacturing process, the molten glass is fed through a trough that is made out of the alloy, which can stand extreme heat and won’t melt.

Last December Corning announced capital expenditure between $1.5 billion to $1.7 billion to build additional capacity to meet growing demand for large flat-panel televisions.

“We expect that the LCD glass market will continue to grow into the next decade,” said James B. Flaws chief financial officer at Corning said on the company’s website.

Corning has previously said that it expects the overall LCD glass market to reach 1.7 billion square feet of glass in 2007 and to grow again by at least 400 million square feet in 2008.

If you have an older TV that you are about to toss, how much money can you make by pulling it apart (along with its remote), snipping off the gold “fingers” that are found along the edges of its printed circuit boards, and sending them to a qualified gold refinery like Specialty Metals Smelters and Refiners?

Sad to report, you are not going to get much of a return on the quantity of gold that you can reclaim from just one TV and its remote. In all likelihood, less than a dollar – and our refinery needs to process a larger quantity of gold than that to make it worth your effort, or ours.

But should you shrug and forget about cashing in on the value of all the gold that is being thrown away in America’s dumps? Not necessarily. There is still money to be made if you can find a commercial way to collect even a small percentage of those tossed TVs, reclaim the gold, and send it to us.

Have you thought about it? Even though you’d be competing with other companies that are already doing it, it could be a great new business for you if you can collect unwanted televisions from town dumps, hotels and hotel chains, hospitals and even school systems. And don’t forget that many older televisions contain lots of materials that can be recycled, including plastics and base metals that can be sold by the pound as scrap.

How much money can your new enterprise make? That really is up to you. If you’d like to discuss how we can partner with you to make an electronics recycling business successful, call us at 800-426-2344 today.

Manufacturer of precious metal products including platinum. Industries served include high-tech industries, research facilities, mining laboratories and a variety of other trades. Products include evaporation materials, discs, foils, powders, rods, sheets, shots, sputtering targets, tubing and wires. Manufacturing capabilities include flat lapping, melting, CNC milling, polishing, rolling, stamping, surface grinding, turning, wire (cut to length) and wire drawing. Purity of products ranges from 99.5 percent to 99.999 percent and products are made in pure or alloy forms with other precious metals. On many products annealing is offered at no additional charge.

Rhodium plating services. Black oxide, chromate, cadmium, electroless nickel, gold, nickel chrome, silver, tin and zinc plating services are also available. Finished products include agricultural equipment, aircraft, all terrain vehicles, appliance, assemblies, batteries, brake systems, engines, gauges, heaters, lighting fixtures, mechanisms, motors, power tools, printed circuit boards, refrigeration equipment and welded assemblies. Finishing services also include anodizing, annealing, centerless grinding, deburring, drilling, electro polishing, epoxy coating, heat treating, laser engraving/marking, painting, shot peening, stress relieving and passivating. Markets served include aerospace, automotive, consumer goods, electrical, electronics, medical, military, pharmaceutical, refrigeration, robotics and semiconductor.

Rhodium is a rare earth metal which is a silver-white color, chemically inert, hard transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group, along with iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, and ruthenium. Rhodium is extremely durable with a Vickers Hardness of 1246 MPa. It is resistant to corrosion, oxidation, tarnishing, and scratches, with a boiling point of 3727°C and a melting point of 1966°C. Although it is more costly than most other precious metals, it’s benefits typically are more valuable than the added cost when considering its qualities. The major benefits of rhodium include heat resistance, mechanical wear and chemical protection, electrical conductivity, and friction reduction. Industrial rhodium is particularly precious since it is typically acquired as a by-product of refining other metals, such as copper and nickel. In nature it is found with other platinum group minerals and metals. These characteristics combined with its low electrical resistance makes rhodium commonly used as an electrical contact material for electrical contacts, semiconductor wafers, printed circuit boards (PCBs), and other mission critical components.

Rhodium electroplating is more challenging to electroplate when compared to other precious metals. Additionally, costs are much higher during the plating bath operation, especially if the plating is not done currently. Due to rhodium’s inertness, once plated it cannot be chemically removed for in-process re-work, whereas most other precious metals can be chemically stripped in cases where re-work is required. In the electroplating industry rhodium has a high barrier to entry due to initial costs, with a high cost of failure. The result is a steep learning curve when developing the proper electroplating techniques. Companies looking to electroplate rhodium onto high value parts need to consider the high risk of failure, therefore finding a company experienced in rhodium electroplating is essential. For this reason, there is a shortage of rhodium platers with experience and adequate capabilities to serve the market demand for challenging electroplating projects, making it difficult for manufacturers to work on rhodium plating requirements without a trusted, capable partner.

Semiconductor electroplating typically has precise requirements such as flatness of base material wafers or precise diameters of the interconnected pins for hermetically sealed connectors, with equally tight plating tolerances for the plating thickness and uniformity deposited to the flat wafers or precise diameter electrical connector pins. Often, these wafer assemblies have miniature features such as numerous small wires and stacked chips compacted onto a small wafer diameter which requires only selective areas of the assembly plated. Other applications include contact pins, which are assembled in a hermetically sealed connector build that requires selective plating at the ends of the pins and specifies a very uniform plating deposit due to post plating hermetic sealing assembly requirements. Thus, process control is critical for plating and especially critical for rhodium plating to achieve reliable and repeatable outcomes. The plating bath and the parts being processed must be in its purest form free of dust and particles, and the bath must be frequently maintained and monitored. For this reason ProPlate employs an in-house chemistry department so that chemistries can be proactively managed whereas many electroplating companies do not have in-house chemical testing and management capabilities; which forces these plating operations to wait for weeks or months to receive bath test data that is critical to quality outcomes. ProPlate has offered customers rhodium plating services since inception in 1983, giving it a vast knowledge base of experiences to offer its customers for unique plating projects and production services.

Rhodium is an incredibly popular precious metal for many reasons. Its biggest draw is arguably the fact that it is trading at an extremely high price, currently over $18,000 per troy ounce, according to Johnson Matthey prices.

We hope this infographic helped you think of a couple places you might have rhodium scrap. If you do find any, be sure to sell it to a precious metals refiner like Manhattan Gold & Silver. We offer some of the quickest and fairest payments in the industry with a thorough assay process.

Rhodium is one of the six platinum group metals (PGMs), which are rare, valuable precious metals. Like other PGMs, rhodium has high heat resistance and a high melting point (3567° F), it’s chemically inert, it’s very resistant to oxidation and corrosion, and it has exceptional catalytic properties. These and other characteristics make this reflective, silver-white noble metal particularly good for certain applications… So, what is rhodium used for? Let’s take a closer look.

Rhodium is one of the rarest precious metals, and it’s the rarest of the six PGMs (which also include platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, and ruthenium). Extracting it is a complicated and expensive procedure. The ores are generally mixed with other precious metals, including platinum, gold, silver, and palladium, and there are very few rhodium-bearing minerals. It’s obtained as a byproduct of platinum, nickel, and copper mining. Most rhodium—over 80% of the global supply—is found in South Africa, but it’s also mined to a much lesser extent in Russia, Canada, and Zimbabwe, and in even smaller amounts elsewhere.

Rhodium is primarily used for making catalytic converters for gasoline-powered vehicles. In fact, this application accounts for a little more than three-quarters of worldwide demand for rhodium. Basically, catalytic converters change the toxic gases in exhaust (especially nitrogen oxides) into gases that are less damaging to the environment and to our health, creating less harmful emissions.

Another 5-7% of rhodium goes to making catalysts for the chemical manufacturing sector.  For example, catalysts containing rhodium help make raw materials used in the production of fertilizers and explosives.

Glass production accounts for about another 3-6% of rhodium use. This precious metal has perfect characteristics for creating the vessels that contain and shape molten glass. It’s also used to produce glass fiber, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

Rhodium’s high shine and resistance to scratching and tarnishing also make it useful as a plating for jewelry. In addition, rhodium is sometimes used to make a finish for mirrors, optical instruments, electrical components, high-heat manufacturing and lab equipment, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, thermocouples, sputtering targets, and more.

Rhodium is an extremely valuable precious metal. Turn yours into cash with our transparent assaying process and fast payments based on the current London market price fixings. If you have rhodium (or gold, silver, platinum, or palladium), learn how to sell us your lot now.

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In nature it is found with other platinum group minerals and metals. These characteristics combined with its low electrical resistance makes rhodium commonly used as an electrical contact material for electrical contacts, semiconductor wafers, printed circuit boards (PCBs), and other mission critical components.

RHODIUM. While the major use of rhodium (Rh) is in catalytic converters, 11% of production is used in glass-related applications, such as coatings for optic fibres and optical mirrors. Because it is also highly resistant to corrosion, it is used for thermocouple elements and crucibles.

Platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium are used to coat electrodes, the tiny components in all electronic products which help to control the flow of electricity.

Rhodium is distinguished by its unique corrosion resistance, hardness, silvery-white metallic appearance and chemical inertness. It does not tarnish and is not prone to corrosion at normal room temperature.

South Africa produces over 85% of the global rhodium supply annually, with majority of this supply being generated by the mining companies listed below (rhodium production listed as a percentage of overall mining production):

Q: What cars have the most rhodium? If you"re asking, “Which catalytic converters have the most rhodium?” Some of the cars with the most rhodium in their cat converters include the Ferarri F430, Ford Mustang, Ram 2500, Ford F250, etc. This is part of the reasons why these cars are luxury automobiles in the industry.

Selling Rhodium Online. At Express Gold Cash we understand that selling your precious metals can be both sensitive and confusing. We work to make sure our customers are 100% satisfied. We accept all forms of scrap rhodium including rhodium bars, rhodium sponges, rhodium alloy wire, sheet, rods, foil, tube, mesh.

The major use of rhodium is in catalytic converters for cars (80%). It reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases. Rhodium is also used as catalysts in the chemical industry, for making nitric acid, acetic acid and hydrogenation reactions.

Computer CPU"s (processors) have the most precious metal value by weight, followed by Memory (RAM) & Circuit Board Fingers / Connectors / Pins, then Circuit Boards (Motherboards), then cables / wires, with hard drives & whole computers being last.

Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and palladium. These alloys are used in furnace windings, bushings for glass fiber production, thermocouple elements, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles.

In the manufacture of TFT-LCD panels (used in TVs, monitors and displays), platinum and rhodium are used to line the channels, melting tanks and stirring cells, not only because they can withstand temperatures up to 1,650ºC, but also because they are inert.

Palladium is often used in cell phone and laptop components, and it"s also found in ceramic capacitors having multiple layers. Due to the metal"s high level of conductivity, manufacturers commonly include it in the connector plates of a variety of electronic products.

Typically, the amount of rhodium in a catalytic converter is anywhere between 1-2 grams, while the amount of platinum ranges anywhere from 3 to 7 grams and the amount of palladium ranges anywhere from 2 to 7 grams.

Historically, Rhodium reached an all time high of 29800 in March of 2021. Rhodium - data, forecasts, historical chart - was last updated on December of 2022.

Rhodium is often used by jewelers as a coating on silver, platinum, and palladium jewelry to make the items more scratch resistant and improve luster and shine. Because of its reflexive properties, rhodium is also used in high quality glass and LCD screen production.

Rhodium is a silvery-white platinum group metal (PGM) resistant to corrosion and highly reflective. It is considered the rarest and most valuable precious metal in the world. About 88% of the global rhodium produced is used for making catalysts that reduce the release of harmful substances from vehicle exhausts.

Rhodium is an ultra-shiny, corrosion resistant metal that had become useful in many industries including the automobile, jewelry, chemical and electrical trades. According to Peterson, it"s rhodium"s scarcity and use that makes it so valuable.

Rhodium is a platinum-group metal. In 2022, the supply of rhodium in South Africa was forecast to stand at around 575,000 ounces, making South Africa the world"s largest rhodium producer.

Rhodium, a chemical element with symbol Rh, is a silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, which can be used as a structuring material for glass manufacturing. It exhibits properties such as high melting point and enhanced corrosion resistance.It is naturally occurring, free metal, rarest, and most valuable precious metals. Alloys made from rhodium are used in manufacturing of LCD glass for flat panel displays and many more products.These alloy compositions are used in low-energy &low-voltage contact, thick &thin film circuits, thermocouples &furnaces, and electrodes. South Africais the largest producer of rhodium.

Owing to the lockdown implemented across various countries, national and international transport have been hampered, which has significantly impacted the supply chain of numerous industries across the globe, thereby increasing the supply–demand gap.

Increasing demand for glass manufacturing, LCD glass panels, and auto-catalyzing is driving the demand for rhodium alloys.Increasing use of rhodium by automotive industry is expected to affect the market growth. Volatility in rhodium prices is one of the major restraining factorsof the market. Rhodium alloy market is still in development stage. As rhodium is one of the rarest metals in the world, supply struggles to catch up to demand. Around more than 50% of all rhodium comes from South African mines, in which distribution is difficult, especially with mining strikes in past years.

North America is at the top position to lead rhodium alloys market in terms of market size. Asia-Pacific, being a growth-oriented country in almost every sector, is growing at a significant rate. Latin America is trying to expand its market size in coming years.

Key benefits of the report:This study presents the analytical depiction of the global rhodium alloys industry along with the current trends and future estimations to determine the imminent investment pockets.

The report presents information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities along with detailed analysis of the global rhodium alloysmarket share.

The report provides a detailed global rhodium alloysmarket analysis depending on competitive intensity and how the competition will take shape in coming years.

Key Market Players J and J materials, Inc., Pure tech, Merck KGaA, Rhodium ferro Alloys private ltd., American elements, Reade international corp., Nobills metals, Parekh industries, Anglo American

The word “rhodium” originates from the Greek word “rhodon,” which represents the lovely “rose.” When the metal was discovered, the scientist thought that the beautiful rose aptly describes its pinkish red color. Later on, however, the metal was found to have a shiny silver-white color in most cases.

Rhodium (Rh) belongs to the six member noble metals group that includes palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and platinum. These metals exist in common rare metallic ores and exhibit some common characteristics. Rhodium is distinguished by its unique corrosion resistance, hardness, silvery-white metallic appearance and chemical inertness. It does not tarnish and is not prone to corrosion at normal room temperature. That is the secret of its durability, and it is one of the rarest precious metals.

After discovering the rare metal palladium, W. H. Wollaston discovered rhodium while he was trying to separate pure platinum from the ore. He used platinum ore from Peru as the raw material. After separating platinum and palladium from the ore sample, he was left with the residue of a red powder, which was later recognized as sodium rhodium chloride. Research studies state that he had used aqua regia, ammonium chloride and iron to separate palladium. By using hydrogen in the reduction process of the chloride salt of rhodium, he was able to separate rhodium, which had a pinkish hue. (Interested in discovering the properties of various materials? Be sure to read How to Get Started in a Career as a Materials Scientist.)

Rhodium is a highly valued precious material. Most of the metal is used as a catalyst (along with other catalysts) for automobile catalytic converters.

Rhodium compounds should be considered as toxic and carcinogenic. These can also cause strong stains on the skin. If the aerosol of this rare metal is inhaled it can be absorbed by the body, causing the risk of toxicity.

Because it is a rare mineral, there is insufficient data related to its safety. Hence, maximum precautions must be taken while handling, processing and using this material. (For more on safety, read The Dangers of Typical Corrosion Prevention Solutions.)

Rhodium displays many of the common properties of the rare platinum group metals (PGM), which generally have good chemical stability as well as catalytic properties. Additionally, rhodium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is corrosion resistant and stain resistant, and is one of the most reflective metals, which makes it a superior precious metal.

Low electrical contact resistance makes rhodium an ideal material for electrical contacts. It is durable, as it generally fails to oxidize even when heated. It absorbs oxygen while melting and releases the absorbed oxygen during solidification. It dissolves in aqua regia, but not in nitric acid.

It has a high melting point of 1,966°C (3,571°F). Thermocouples made of rhodium can accurately measure temperatures up to 1,800°C (3,272°F). This metal has a boiling point of 3,695°C (6,683°F). These properties ensure that it is suitable for high temperature applications.

Most of the reserves of the platinum group of metals (PGMs) are found in South Africa. Production of these metals involves refining the base metals as well as finishing refinery of the precious metals. Steps involved include floatation, comminution, smelting and final conversion. Chrome and oxide ore content often creates challenges for the PGM metal extraction. Proprietary processes using low temperature roasting and bromine (acid) leaching process are able to maximize the yieldof oxide ores and mixed ores containing rhodium (improved to the tune of 65% for rhodium and 85% for platinum).

The normal production process of rhodium is briefly described as follows:Noble metals such as platinum, gold and palladium are first separated by precipitation from the PGM ores

The addition of hydrochloric acid to rhodium hydroxide results in H3RhCl6 (a purified acid solution of rhodium), which is further added to sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride, enabling the precipitation of rhodium

The precipitate of rhodium is allowed to dissolve in hydrochloric acid and heated to remove contaminants by burning and thus the purified rhodium metal is finally produced

Most of the market demand for rhodium is driven by the demand for automobile catalytic converters in Japan, Europe and the United States, and the glass industry demand in Asia. As it is one of the rarest metals, the price is determined by the demand. According to market research studies, increasing Asian demand for the rare metal is due to producers of flat display glass panels.

Rhodium is sometimes applied as a decorative coating on jewelry made of silver and on circuit components, making these products free from tarnish and corrosion. It is applied on decorative products and also used to obtain highly reflective shining surfaces for optical appliances. The electrodeposition process is used to create a durable rhodium coating with a presentable color on jewelry.

Rhodium is also used to produce palladium and platinum alloys that have high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. These alloys are then used to manufacture catalytic converters and catalytic nets that catalyze chemical reactions. In 1976, three-way catalytic converters were developed by Volvo by using rhodium alloys. This breakthrough helped minimize nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from automobiles.

Rhodium is a noble metal, known for its unique corrosion resistance, high temperature chemical stability, durability, shiny appearance and reflectance. It is one of the six rare metals of the platinum group. Rhodium does not tarnish and is not prone to corrosion. It is one of the rarest noble metals with very good durability.

Most of this rare metal is used by the automobile industry to make vehicle catalytic converters that accelerate and catalyze the reduction of nitrogen oxides into nitrogen gas, thus enabling regulatory engine exhaust compliance.

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