flexible lcd display technology quotation

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not produce light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome.

Finally! A flexible OLED display module. This is a super-bright 160x32 pixel, flexible OLED display. This next-generation flexible OLED module is super-cool! It"s highly reflective so taking a photo is rather tricky, but we"re confident once you get one of these displays in your hand you"ll be impressed! We"re hopeful this is just the start of more flexible OLED technology coming to market.

Bright white text on a dark background makes this OLED super readable in most lighting situations. It has an ultra-wide viewing angle, so you can see if from any direction. This display can be bent, but it"s certainly not a foldable display (so don"t try to fold it).

There are two types of oled display modules available on Alibaba.com. Flexible oled display modules, such as flexible-display oleds, and lcdds are available in bulk.

Flexible lcdds are available in the form of flexible-sensitive lcdds, and flexible lcdds are all available. For a more detailed look, Alibaba.com offers a wide range of oled displays in bulk and explore the range of oled displays available.

Find oled display modules that are as flexible as the others. The flexible size of Oled display modules means it can be used in many cases. The oled display is flexible, as the Pixel is short and high-quality.

When looking for a flexible oled display set, you can choose from a wide range of flexible LED display sets, such as the 6-pixel flexible Oled display set, which is suitable for a variety of uses. The flexible LED display set of oled displays with different brightness and dimits, such as 5 12 pixels, or 12- pixel-led oled displays.

FlexEnable’s glass-free organic LCD (OLCD) delivers high-brightness, long lifetime flexible displays that are low cost and scalable to large areas, while also being thin, lightweight and shatterproof.

OLCD is a plastic display technology with full colour and video-rate capability. It enables product companies to create striking designs and realise novel use cases by merging the display into the product design rather than accommodating it by the design.

Unlike flexible OLED displays, which are predominantly adopted in flagship smartphones and smartwatches, OLCD opens up the use of flexible displays to a wider range of mass-market applications. It has several attributes that make it better suited than flexible OLED to applications across large-area consumer electronics, smart home appliances, automotive, notebooks and tablets, and digital signage.

OLCD can be conformed and wrapped around surfaces and cut into non-rectangular shapes during the production process. Holes can be also added to fit around the functional design of the system – for example around knobs and switches.

As with glass-based LCD, the lifetime of OLCD is independent of the display brightness, because it is achieved through transmission of a separate light source (the backlight), rather than emission of its own light. For example OLCD can be made ultra-bright for viewing in daylight conditions without affecting the display lifetime – an important requirement for vehicle surface-integrated displays.

OLCD is the lowest cost flexible display technology – it is three to four times lower cost that flexible OLED today. This is because it makes use of existing display factories and supply chain and deploys a low temperature process that results in low manufacturing costs and high yield.

Unlike other flexible display approaches, OLCD is naturally scalable to large sizes. It can be made as small or as large as the manufacturing equipment used for flat panel displays allows.

The flexibility of OLCD allows an ultra-narrow bezel to be implemented by folding down the borders behind the display. This brings huge value in applications like notebooks and tablets where borderless means bigger displays for the same sized device. The bezel size allowed by OLCD is independent of the display size or resolution. In addition, OLCD can make a notebook up to 100g lighter and 0.5mm thinner.

OLCD is the key to the fabrication of ultra-high contrast dual cell displays with true pixel level dimming, offering OLED-like performance at a fraction of the cost. The extremely thin OLCD substrate brings advantages in cost, viewing angle and module thickness compared to glass displays. At the same time OLCD retains the flexibility required for applications such as surface-integrated automotive displays.

Due to its unique properties, OLCD has the potential to transform how and where displays are used in products. The videos below give a glimpse into this innovative technology.

OLCD brings the benefits of being thin, light, shatterproof and conformable, while offering the same quality and performance as traditional glass LCDs. The mechanical advantages of plastic OLCD over glass LCD are further enhanced by the technology’s excellent optical performance, much of which originates from the extreme thinness of plastic TAC substrates compared to glass.

Backplanes are the most essential component of electronics because they can connect in parallel with each other and control the electrical signals of devices. As opposed to the passive-matrix form, the active-matrix backplane allows selective access to each component with a rapid response while maintaining a high-circuit density by sharing electrode lines. Despite many advantages of active-matrix backplanes, the realization of deformable active-matrix backplanes with reliable operation is very challenging. This is because three electrodes (gate, source, drain) of each component are connected to different word and bit lines and grounds, and the failure of only one single component can lead to the failure of the whole backplane. Therefore, it is important to minimize stress during deformations of thin-film transistor (TFT)-based electronics. The deformability of backplanes is commonly obtained by modifying device materials and structures to accommodate most of the strains induced by bending, folding, and even stretching. These modifications can be classified into two approaches: one uses intrinsically flexible materials (e.g., ultrathin or elastomeric materials) and the other uses an engineered substrate.

The most basic method of obtaining flexibility or bendability is the adoption of ultrathin materials as the TFT backplane components.2a, b. In addition, no fracture was found on the oxide semiconductor TFT regions due to the thin thickness of the backplane (~2 µm) and the improved flexibility of the TFT regions. Javey and coworkers have demonstrated a flexible display that is composed of a flexible carbon nanotube (CNT)-based backplane and flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixels as depicted in Fig. 2c, d (ref. 3). The flexible display was fabricated on a 24-µm-thick PI film, and the total thickness of the devices (excluding the substrate) was <2 µm. Therefore, the flexible backplane showed stable electrical characteristics even during the bending states (where the bending radius was 4.2 mm), and the OLED pixels also performed with negligible degradation from the deformations (where the bending radius was 4.7 mm). Consequently, this fabricated display also demonstrated flexibility because of the deformability of the devices.

Flexible backplane for display fabricated by a thin-film process. a Photo (left) of the TFT array sample made by graphene–AuNT hybrid electrodes on a transparent polyimide substrate. Scale bar: 1 cm. A schematic diagram (right) of the TFT layout. b Photos of the TFT arrays transferred onto: a leaf, eyeglasses, and the skin of human hand. All scale bars: 1 cm. a–b Reproduced with permission from ref. 8. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. c Photo (left), optical micrograph (middle), and scanning electron micrographs (right) of flexible backplane. d Photos of operating flexible display combined with backplane and OLED pixels. c–d Reproduced with permission from ref. 3. Copyright 2013, Nature Publishing Group

Many studies have demonstrated flexible electronics with various methodologies. However, in the case of the aforementioned methods, mechanical stresses continue to be induced on the brittle electronic materials, even though the stresses are relieved. Therefore, the mechanical stresses generate fatigue on the electronics during repetitive or constant deformations, and the accumulated fatigue causes severe problems that deteriorate the performance and reliability of flexible TFT backplanes. Consequently, reducing fatigue becomes a key challenge to realizing highly flexible and stable backplanes or electronics. The typical method of reducing mechanical fatigue on the TFT backplane is the adoption of device islands-interconnect designs. These designs are based on engineered substrates that are composed of materials with different values of elastic modulus.3a.1 summarizes the recent advances in stretchable interconnect technology.3b). The stretchable conductors showed high stretchability at over 200% strain as plotted in Fig. 3c. Based on these systems, the stretchable backplane also demonstrated superb stretchability up to the strain of 110% (Fig. 3d). In addition, Kim et al. have also demonstrated a reversibly foldable TFT backplane based on the oxide semiconductor (indium oxide (In2O3)), which shows high performance and is used in the conventional backplane.3e). The designed stretchable conductors exhibited stretchability up to the strain of 100% and also exhibited stability against cyclic tests (10,000 times with the 80% strain), as shown in Fig. 3f. Because of these superior interconnects and engineered substrates, the oxide semiconductor TFT backplane also showed high stability during the folding states without any degradation (Fig. 3g). In addition, Park and his team have also studied stretchable TFT backplanes based on these two systems Fig. 3h. Their TFT backplanes also provided reproducible performances up to the strain of 25%, as shown in Fig. 3i, and showed high stability against fatigue (5000 times with the 20% strain), as shown in Fig. 3j. The reliability of the stretchable TFT backplane is affected by the strain isolation effect of engineered substrates and the high stability of stretchable interconnects (Au film on AgNWs-embedded elastomer).

Device islands-interconnect design for highly flexible TFT backplane. a Simulation of strain manipulation at the top surface of the engineered substrate. Reproduced with permission from ref. 9. Copyright 2013, American Institute of Physics. b Schematic illustrations of OTFT backplane on engineered substrate. c Conductivity dependence on tensile strain in printed elastic conductors with and without surfactant. d Transfer characteristics of OTFT according to the tensile strain. b–d Reproduced with permission from ref. 12. Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. e Schematic images (top) and scanning electron micrographs (bottom) of stretchable conductor (Au film on AgNWs-embedded elastomer) before and after stretching. Scale bars: 5 μm. f Resistance dependence on tensile strain (left) and cyclic numbers (right) of the stretchable conductor (Au film on AgNWs-embedded elastomer). g Images (top) and output characteristics (bottom) of foldable TFT backplane on engineered substrate before and after folding. Scale bars: 5 mm (black) and 100 μm (red). e–g Reproduced with permission from ref. 13. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. h Illustration and photograph (inset) of stretchable TFT backplane on engineered substrate. i Electrical properties of device in h according to the mechanical strain (up to a strain of 25%). j Electrical properties of device in h according to the number of cycles

The research activities for developing TSP technologies at UNIST have been devoted mainly to exploring new materials, device structures, and device fabrication processes for multi-functional flexible and stretchable TSPs. One noticeable achievement is the development of the highly flexible capacitive TSP with AgNW diamond-pattern electrodes and transparent bridge structures formed on a polycarbonate film.4 shows the structure and touch-sensing capability of the fabricated TSP. As shown in the Fig. 4, the bridge structure is composed of an epoxy polymer (SU-8)-based bridge insulator and an Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) bridge electrode. In order to secure the stable and robust connection between the AZO bridge electrode and the AgNW diamond-pattern electrodes over the bridge insulator, the side-wall slope of the bridge insulator is made as low as possible with our unique photolithography process, in which the exposure time is extended beyond the optimized value for forming vertical side-walls. With the extended exposure time, the lower part of the SU-8 layer immediately adjacent to the direct exposure region can be sufficiently exposed to the stray ultraviolet (UV) light scattered from the substrate, leading to the formation of a bridge insulator with a low side-wall slope. The fabricated TSP sample was found to be highly flexible and transparent and also showed good touch-sensing performance. The measured capacitance changes by ~22.7% with the finger touch.

Based on their superb operational performances and functionalities, the flexible and stretchable TSP devices developed at UNIST, including the two introduced above, are expected to significantly enrich the information communicated between humans and machines. Thus, it is quite probable that these devices will be used extensively in various future information technology applications.

Flexible light sources are important parts in flexible display applications because they determine long-term stability and commercial value of practical flexible displays under continuous mechanical stress. Thus, flexible light sources should have sufficient light-emission efficiency and mechanical stability. Generally, OLEDs have been mostly spotlighted candidates for flexible light sources because OLEDs consisted of organic materials and they have outstanding mechanical flexibility compared with inorganic LEDs.

Following constituent materials of flexible OLEDs, there are four major research issues (substrates, electrodes, light-emissive materials, and encapsulation) to be perfectly developed for practical future applications; flexible substrates, electrodes, light-emissive materials, and encapsulation. Here, we briefly introduce technical research issues with four sections and suggest future research directions of flexible OLEDs.

Almost all of the macroscopic flexibility of flexible OLEDs comes from substrates. The important properties of flexible substrates are mechanical flexibility, thermal stability, optical transparency, and gas barrier properties.

Highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have been investigated for flexible electrodes with highly smooth surface, optical transparency, easy processes, and enhanced electrical conductivity up to 4380 S/cm by doping with polar solvents or concentrated sulfuric acid.6. In addition, hybrid flexible electrodes composed of PEDOT:PSS and AgNWs were said to be mechanically durable and robust OLED characteristics were said to be obtained.

a Schematic illustration of thermal annealing and LPEB irradiation of AgNWs. b Schematic illustration of fabrication process for AgNW/PEDOT:PSS composite electrode and the PLED structure, and photograph of light-emitting flexible PLEDs with AgNW/PEDOT:PSS electrode

Most components of flexible OLEDs are organic materials that can easily react with oxygen and moisture because plastic substrates and other components have low gas barriers. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is strongly related to the long-term stability and feasibility of practical flexible OLEDs. OLEDs generally require a WVTR of approximately 10−6 g/m2∙per day, which is a very low value compared to inorganic LEDs.−3 g/m2∙day, as shown in Fig. 8.

For next-generation displays, flexible and light-weight OLEDs are an appropriate candidate because of their excellent light emission, and mechanical flexibility. Currently available components of flexible OLEDs including substrates, electrodes, emissive materials and encapsulation layers, are still insufficient to achieve practical flexible OLEDs with stable performance under mechanical deformation. Consequently, achieving reliable components of flexible OLEDs such as (1) flexible substrates and encapsulation layers with good barrier properties, (2) transparent electrodes that are mechanically robust under deformation and have low sheet resistance, and (3) flexible materials that emit light efficiently, remains to be solved for commercial applications.

Recently, flexible display devices have attracted widespread attention as an alternative to rigid devices because of their portability and comfort for long time wearing. For the relevant applications, when the devices undergo mechanical deformations such as bending and stretching, the thicknesses of the constituent materials usually decreases and all layers suffer a tensile stress at the outside of each layer.

Flexible display devices contain many laminated structures composed of sub-micrometer-scale thin films. At UNIST, we evaluated the mechanical properties of one of these components using modified hole-nanoindentation. PDY-132 (Merck, Germany, commercially sold as “Super Yellow”) is a ‘‘high-performance polymer’’ that emits yellow light. In our evaluation, PDY-132 was spin-coated on a clean glass substrate. The sacrificial layer was selectively dissolved to fabricate free-standing films with the same dimensions as the actual devices. We fabricated hole-patterned Si wafers using the deep reactive ion etching method. The patterned hole size was proportional to each film thickness, so that the diameter of a hole was less than 1% of the film thickness.11. The elastic modulus of the hole-indentation was found to be 4.89 GPa, and its fracture strength was 1.19 GPa.

Uchic et al.12. Tensile testing is the most fundamental method of evaluating a material’s inherent mechanical properties, such as yield strength, strain-hardening exponent, ultimate tensile strength, etc. As mentioned above, in-situ testing enables precise observations of sample deformations in real time, with simultaneous imaging during testing. Various indenters are also expected to enable stretching and bending tests of constituent materials in flexible display devices.

Flexible display devices contain many organic materials, such as polymer films, active materials, and electrodes. However, mechanical tests of organic materials in high vacuum conditions in SEM and transmission electron microscopy are limiting in that organic materials are (in real environments) highly affected by surrounding environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature; it is important to measure mechanical properties in actual operating environments. A nano-UTM can be used to control environmental conditions using a controlled humidity chamber and heating block because the machine is based on an optical microscope, as shown in Fig. 13. Images of gauge sections during tensile tests are observed by a charge-coupled device camera in real time, and strain is analyzed from the images based on digital image correlation. Constituent materials in flexible display devices are macroscopically visible and their thicknesses are generally in the nanometer-scale range. PEDOT:PSS is widely used for organic transparent conducting electrodes, and PEDOT:PSS thin films are fabricated by natural drying after drop casting on a substrate. A tensile sample was fabricated by a mechanical press, and the gauge length and gauge width were 4 and 1 mm, respectively, as in the standard ASTM E8 test. We performed tensile tests of PEDOT:PSS in three different humidity conditions by nano-UTM, and the results are summarized in Fig. 13. The yield strengths of the samples tested in the lowest humidity environment were greater than those of other samples, and the fracture strain decreased as humidity increased.

In recent years, fingerprint mutual capacitive TSPs with flexible displays fabricated from flexible plastic materials have attracted much attention because of the development of transparent fingerprint sensors embedded in flexible displays that are also thin and impact-resistant. As security protections for electronic devices such as smart phones become increasingly important, a fingerprint sensor has been integrated on the device’s home button because the fingerprint sensor is not transparent. However, a mutual capacitive transparent fingerprint TSP must be developed on the display itself because a wearable device does not have a home button, and the screen sizes of smart devices must otherwise be enlarged.

To make a flexible TSP, a flexible and transparent material must be used for the TSP electrode. However, variation in load becomes a concern when the flexible electrodes of the fingerprint TSP are bent or stretched, which can interfere with capturing the fingerprint image. Because the capacitance difference of the mutual capacitive fingerprint TSP from the ridge to the valley is several hundred atto-farads, the effect of the load variation due to a bent or stretched TSP will be very critical.

Both the flexible fingerprint TSP and post-processing are required to capture the fingerprint image in the fingerprint TSP on the flexible display. A readout IC for the flexible fingerprint TSP is required to distinguish the atto-farad capacitance difference in the fingerprint TSP noise environment on the flexible display. Post-processing is also necessary to compensate for the load variation due to the bent or stretched display.

When the thickness of the covered glass of the flexible display is almost 0.2–0.3 mm, the mutual capacitance difference from the valley to the ridge is almost 50–150 atto-farad. As the thickness of the display panel increases, the mutual capacitance difference is reduced. The thickness of the rigid glass is larger than that of the flexible display panel, which induces a capacitance difference between the valley and the ridge of only several atto-farad.

A low-noise, low-offset, and fast-response receiver is required to acquire a fingerprint image in the mutual capacitive fingerprint TSP on the flexible display. In addition, the post-processing is also required to compensate for the load variation issues that occur because of the flexible TSP’s unique characteristics. A readout IC with high accuracy and a fast response and an effective algorithm for cancelling the offset due to the load variation are both required to achieve an effective fingerprint TSP on the flexible display.

Display products are frequently used for the purposes of task efficiency or leisure. Because long-term and/or frequent use of visual display terminals (VDT) is harmful to our health, ergonomic interventions including ergonomic displays are essential. Users of VDTs suffer from headaches, nausea, visual fatigue, and/or musculoskeletal disorders, which are comprehensively called VDT syndrome or computer vision syndrome. Recently, curved displays have been adopted as a new form of display for several types of commercialized visual display products (smartphones, smart watches, smart bands, TV, and computer monitors). Visual display products that adopt bendable, foldable, or rollable displays are expected in the near future. Existing guidelines for performing visual tasks on flat or convex displays (e.g., ISO 9241) require that characteristics of new displays be evaluated from the perspective of the health of the human user. New types of display are different from conventional displays in terms of optical characteristics, and ergonomic investigations should thus be more focused on visual perception, comfort, and fatigue, among other factors in the ergonomics field.

Visual ergonomics is one prominent research area in terms of ergonomics related to display and visual perception. Visual ergonomics is defined as the multidisciplinary science concerned with understanding human visual processes and the interactions between humans and other elements of a system. Visual ergonomics applies theories, knowledge and methods to the design and assessment of systems, optimizing human well-being and overall system performance. Relevant topics include, among others: the visual environment, such as lighting; visually demanding work and other tasks; visual function and performance; visual comfort and safety; optical corrections and other assistive tools.

New forms of display are characterized by optically different properties, which consequently affect visual perception (Fig. 17). Curved displays have been reported to have advantages

When determining ergonomic display curvatures, several factors should be considered, including the viewer, media content, task, and environment. Regarding the viewer, general characteristics of visual perception as well as age-related factors should be considered. It is also important to consider the effects of media content (static, dynamic, 2D, or three-dimensional) on the viewer’s perception and ocular health. Task duration and the work-rest schedule are also important to promote ergonomic conditions during VDT tasks. Finally, the viewing environment is important in terms of its illumination, light reflection, humidity, viewing distance, viewing angle, and lateral viewing position.

When evaluating visual displays, the following measures can be used. Many diverse subjective rating scales are available to assess perceived visual comfort or discomfort, visual fatigue, and cyber-sickness (e.g., ECQ, SSQ). In addition, the concept of presence, or immersive feeling, has become more important as an essential element of a satisfactory viewing experience through any media. Objective measures related to the viewing experience include critical fusion frequency to assess mental stress and visual fatigue, change in pupil size, and eye blink frequency and duration.

It is also important to understand how our visual perception operates to better inform our visual display designs. Related concepts include the just noticeable difference (JND), horopter, and depth perception. For example, JND values for display curvature can be used to determine a specific display curvature within the JND range, within which our perception is regarded equal. The horopter concept contributes significantly to the advantages offered by curved displays in comparison with flat displays. Horopter is “the locus of points in space which project images onto corresponding points in each retina”.

To summarize, it is necessary to consider human factors, task factors, and environmental factors all together during the display research and development process. Otherwise, the resulting visual display product may be technologically feasible, but adversely affect our health.

Flexible television displays employing plastic film substrates represent a next-generation technology, enabling creation of various display styles for human interfacing. At the same time, moving-image media services—including digital-television broadcasting—are making remarkable progress in the electronic information-network society. LCDs using glass substrates play significant roles in many aspects of our lives. New flexible light-weight LCD devices characterized by excellent portability and storage capacity will increase portability of applications from small- to large-area displays. Flexible nonemissive LCDs are also useful, with or without backlight, in transmittive/reflective (‘transflective’) mode for a range of illumination environments at indoor and outdoor venues. The intended purposes and targets of high-quality moving-image applications are different from those of recent developments in electronic-paper devices.1 The latter display still images with low power consumption because of their limited intrinsic image memory.

Such flexible devices must also have a minimum bending tolerance and be suitable for large-area fabrication. In conventional LCD structures the thickness of the liquid-state crystal layer cannot be kept constant between flexible thin plastic-film substrates. This is because conventional spacer particles (or ‘posts’) are not attached to both substrates. Thus far, several device structures using plastic supporting material have been used. For example, resin spacer posts2 previously attached to one substrate only by means of photolithography can be affixed to a second layer using thermal or UV-light-curable adhesives. However, the bending tolerance is limited by the small-area attachment structure of the spacer posts since bending causes strongly enhanced shearing forces on the spacers, which become stronger as panel size and bending degree increase.

Figure 1. Cross-sectional structures of our ferroelectric liquid-crystal (FLC)/polymer composite device (left) and flexible display (right) using a flexible backlight film.

We developed a new flexible LCD structure3 using molecularly aligned polymer crossing-lattice walls4 and polymer fiber networks (see Figure 1). The two rigid polymer structures covering the device plane function as plane-attachment spacers for firm substrate support. The polymer walls and networks cannot disorder the liquid-crystal (LC) alignment, because the molecular-alignment direction is parallel to that of the LCs. Therefore, the device will be affected by minimal light leaks, resulting in a high contrast ratio. We also adopted fast-response ferroelectric LCs (FLCs) to display high-quality moving images. The surface molecularly aligned fine-fiber networks stabilize the molecular alignment (‘smectic’ layers) of FLC bistable switches in one direction, resulting in a monostable electro-optic effect capable of rendering gray scales. The FLC/polymer composite device, equipped with crossed polarizers, is laminated with a flexible backlight film.

We also presented a new large-area fabrication method using LC/polymer phase separation and printing techniques. First, a high-viscosity solution of FLC and UV-curable liquid-crystalline monomer is coated onto a plastic substrate using a flexographic printing technique (see Figure 2). The solution film containing plastic spacer particles is sandwiched and pressed to uniform thickness by another plastic substrate using a laminating machine. At this time, the FLC and monomer molecules in the nematic-LC phase (where the molecules have no positional order but are positioned unidirectionally over large scales) are preferentially oriented between rubbed polyimide alignment layers on both plastic substrates. Subsequently, the rigid polymer walls (with typical widths and heights of 20 and 2μm, respectively) are aggregated by illuminating patterned UV light through a lattice-window photomask (at a pitch of 250μm). Finally, using uniform UV irradiation without mask, aligned polymer-fiber networks (of submicron diameter) are synthesized from the remaining monomers and segregated in the FLC layer. The two substrates are integrated into these polymers (see Figure 3), enabling production of a flexible A4-sized display device (see Figure 4).

We optimized the FLC electro-optic properties by precise control of the FLC/monomer concentration ratio, phase-separation temperature, and UV intensity and time in the two-step UV exposure. The device exhibits V-shaped symmetry for polarity-voltage driving, which is suitable for image operation. The low saturation voltage (several volts) is also useful for active-matrix driving using thin-film transistor (TFT) arrays for high-resolution display. The total rise and decay response time for the voltage pulse is less than 1ms, i.e., approximately 10 times faster than the equivalent times for conventional LCDs. The separation of FLC and polymer materials enables the low-voltage driving and fast response. We have succeeded in driving flexible FLC devices using a fundamental external-transistor-matrix circuit and—more practically—organic semiconductor (pentacene)5 and low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon TFT arrays6 deposited onto plastic substrates.

Figure 5. Two types of flexible backlight films employing direct illumination (left) and a light guide (right) using primary-color (red, green, blue) LEDs.

Figure 6. Flexible color moving-image FLC display (A4 size, 96×64 pixels, external-transistor-matrix driven) equipped with a flexible light-guide backlight.

We fabricated two types of flexible backlight systems (see Figure 5) for the devices. The first is based on direct illumination of 2D arrays of low-profile LED chips sensitive to the three primary colors (red, green, blue: RGB) mounted on a flexible heat-resistant polyimide film. The backlight and FLC device are integrated using light-diffusion and optical-spacer films. The second is a flexible light-guide film7 of transparent silicon resin with edge-light sources consisting of thin RGB LEDs. The light-guide film is laminated with light-diffusion and prism-lens films. We demonstrated two types of color displays using microcolor filters and field-sequential-color driving (see Figure 6), where the FLC device is driven synchronously with intermitting RGB illumination lights at a high frequency of 180Hz. This system has a high light-use efficiency and low power consumption without optical loss.

Our next step will be to enhance the bending tolerance and contrast ratio of the displays by improving the device component materials and fabrication process. We also plan to use higher-resolution TFT technology for the plastic substrates.

Hideo Fujikake is a senior research engineer. He is also a visiting professor at Tokyo University of Science. His recent research interests focus on LCDs (including flexible displays), LC optical devices, and LC-polymer interactions.

Chen KT, Liao YC, Yang JC, Shiu JW, Tsai YS, Wu KW, Chen CJ, Hsu CC, Wu CC, Chen WC, Chin CL (2009) High performance full color cholesteric liquid crystal display with dual stacking structure. SID ‘09 Digest 40(1):300–302

Feenstra J, Schram I, Evans M, Vermeulen P, Cometti C, Weert MV, Ferket M, Massard R, Mans J, Sakai T (2010) Large size full-color e-Reader displays based on electrowetting. SID ‘10 Digest 41(1):480–483

Kato T, Kurosaki Y, Kiyota Y, Tomita J, Yoshihara T (2010) Application and effects of orientation control technology in electronic paper using cholesteric liquid crystals. SID ‘10 Digest 41(1):568–571

Khan A, Shiyanovskaya I, Schneider T, Doane JW (2006) Recent progress in flexible and drapable reflective cholesteric displays. SID ‘06 Digest 37(1):1728–1731

Markowitz P (2010) Outlook for flexible, printed electronics. In: Flex tech alliance, flexible electronics and displays conference and exhibition, February 2010, Phoenix, Arizona

McCreary M (2007) Advances in microencapsulated electrophoretic displays. In: Proceedings of USDC flexible displays & microelectronics conference & exhibition, Feb 2007, Phoenix, Arizona

Noda M, Kobayashi N, Katsuhara M, Yumoto A, Ushikura SI, Yasuda RI, Hirai N, Yukawa G, Yagi I, Nomoto K, Urabe T (2010) A rollable AM-OLED display driven by OTFTs. SID ‘10 Digest 47(3):710–713

A flexible display or rollable display is an electronic visual display which is flexible in nature, as opposed to the traditional flat screen displays used in most electronic devices.e-readers, mobile phones and other consumer electronics. Such screens can be rolled up like a scroll without the image or text being distorted.electronic ink, Gyricon, Organic LCD, and OLED.

Electronic paper displays which can be rolled up have been developed by E Ink. At CES 2006, Philips showed a rollable display prototype, with a screen capable of retaining an image for several months without electricity.pixel rollable display based on E Ink’s electrophoretic technology.flexible organic light-emitting diode displays have been demonstrated.electronic paper wristwatch. A rollable display is an important part of the development of the roll-away computer.

With the flat panel display having already been widely used more than 40 years, there have been many desired changes in the display technology, focusing on developing a lighter, thinner product that was easier to carry and store. Through the development of rollable displays in recent years, scientists and engineers agree that flexible flat panel display technology has huge market potential in the future.

Flexible electronic paper (e-paper) based displays were the first flexible displays conceptualized and prototyped. Though this form of flexible displays has a long history and were attempted by many companies, it is only recently that this technology began to see commercial implementations slated for mass production to be used in consumer electronic devices.

The concept of developing a flexible display was first put forth by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Company). In 1974, Nicholas K. Sheridon, a PARC employee, made a major breakthrough in flexible display technology and produced the first flexible e-paper display. Dubbed Gyricon, this new display technology was designed to mimic the properties of paper, but married with the capacity to display dynamic digital images. Sheridon envisioned the advent of paperless offices and sought commercial applications for Gyricon.

In 2005, Arizona State University opened a 250,000 square foot facility dedicated to flexible display research named the ASU Flexible Display Center (FDC). ASU received $43.7 million from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) towards the development of this research facility in February 2004.demonstration later that year.Hewlett Packard demonstrated a prototype flexible e-paper from the Flexible Display Center at the university.

Between 2004–2008, ASU developed its first small-scale flexible displays.U.S. Army funds ASU’s development of the flexible display, the center’s focus is on commercial applications.

This company develops and manufactures monochrome plastic flexible displays in various sizes based on its proprietary organic thin film transistor (OTFT) technology. They have also demonstrated their ability to produce colour displays with this technology, however they are currently not capable of manufacturing them on a large scale.Dresden, Germany, which was the first factory of its kind to be built – dedicated to the high volume manufacture of organic electronics.plastic and do not contain glass. They are also lighter and thinner than glass-based displays and low-power. Applications of this flexible display technology include signage,wristwatches and wearable devices

In 2004, a team led by Prof. Roel Vertegaal at Queen"s University"s Human Media Lab in Canada developed PaperWindows,Organic User Interface. Since full-colour, US Letter-sized displays were not available at the time, PaperWindows deployed a form of active projection mapping of computer windows on real paper documents that worked together as one computer through 3D tracking. At a lecture to the Gyricon and Human-Computer Interaction teams at Xerox PARC on 4 May 2007, Prof. Vertegaal publicly introduced the term Organic User Interface (OUI) as a means of describing the implications of non-flat display technologies on user interfaces of the future: paper computers, flexible form factors for computing devices, but also encompassing rigid display objects of any shape, with wrap-around, skin-like displays. The lecture was published a year later as part of a special issue on Organic User InterfacesCommunications of the ACM. In May 2010, the Human Media Lab partnered with ASU"s Flexible Display Center to produce PaperPhone,MorePhone

Research and development into flexible OLED displays largely began in the late 2000s with the main intentions of implementing this technology in mobile devices. However, this technology has recently made an appearance, to a moderate extent, in consumer television displays as well.

Nokia first conceptualized the application of flexible OLED displays in mobile phone with the Nokia Morph concept mobile phone. Released to the press in February 2008, the Morph concept was project Nokia had co-developed with the University of Cambridge.nanotechnology, it pioneered the concept of utilizing a flexible video display in a consumer electronics device.London, alongside Nokia’s new range of Windows Phone 7 devices.

Sony Electronics expressed interest for research and development towards a flexible display video display since 2005.RIKEN (the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Sony promised to commercialize this technology in TVs and cellphones sometime around 2010.TFT-driven OLED display.

In January 2013, Samsung exposed its brand new, unnamed product during the company"s keynote address at CES in Las Vegas. Brian Berkeley, the senior vice president of Samsung"s display lab in San Jose, California had announced the development of flexible displays. He said "the technology will let the company"s partners make bendable, rollable, and foldable displays," and he demonstrated how the new phone can be rollable and flexible during his speech.

During Samsung"s CES 2013 keynote presentation, two prototype mobile devices codenamed "Youm" that incorporated the flexible AMOLED display technology were shown to the public.OLED screen giving this phone deeper blacks and a higher overall contrast ratio with better power efficiency than traditional LCD displays.LCD displays. Samsung stated that "Youm" panels will be seen in the market in a short time and production will commence in 2013.

The Flexible Display Center (FDC) at Arizona State University announced a continued effort in forwarding flexible displays in 2012.Army Research Lab scientists, ASU announced that it has successfully manufactured the world"s largest flexible OLED display using thin-film transistor (TFTs) technology.

In January 2019, Chinese manufacturer Xiaomi showed a foldable smartphone prototype.Xiaomi demoed the device in a video on the Weibo social network. The device features a large foldable display that curves 180 degrees inwards on two sides. The tablet turns into a smartphone, with a screen diagonal of 4,5 inch, adjusting the user interface on the fly.

Flexible displays have many advantages over glass: better durability, lighter weight, thinner as plastic, and can be perfectly curved and used in many devices.glass and rollable display is that the display area of a rollable display can be bigger than the device itself; If a flexible device measuring, for example, 5 inches in diagonal and a roll of 7.5mm, it can be stored in a device smaller than the screen itself and close to 15mm in thickness.

Flexible screens can open the doors to novel and alternative authentication schemes by emphasizing the interaction between the user and the touch screen. In “Bend Passwords: Using Gestures to Authenticate on Flexible Devices,” the authors introduce a new method called Bend Passwords where users perform bending gestures and deform the touch screen to unlock the phone. Their work and research points to Bend Passwords possibly becoming a new way to keep smartphones secure alongside the popularization of flexible displays.

Flexible displays using electronic paper technology commonly use Electrophoretic or Electrowetting technologies. However, each type of flexible electronic paper vary in specification due to different implementation techniques by different companies.

The flexible electronic paper display technology co-developed by Arizona State University and HP employs a manufacturing process developed by HP Labs called Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography (SAIL).

The flexible electronic paper display announced by AUO is unique as it is the only solar powered variant. A separate rechargeable battery is also attached when solar charging is unavailable.

Many of the e-paper based flexible displays are based on OLED technology and its variants. Though this technology is relatively new in comparison with e-paper based flexible displays, implementation of OLED flexible displays saw considerable growth in the last few years.

In May 2011, Human Media Lab at Queen"s University in Canada introduced PaperPhone, the first flexible smartphone, in partnership with the Arizona State University Flexible Display Center.

At CES 2013, Samsung showcased the two handsets which incorporates AMOLED flexible display technology during its keynote presentation, the Youm and an unnamed Windows Phone 8 prototype device.Galaxy Note Edge,Samsung Galaxy S series devices.

LG Electronics and Samsung Electronics both introduced curved OLED televisions with a curved display at CES 2013 hours apart from each other.The Verge noted the subtle curve on 55" Samsung OLED TV allowed it to have a "more panoramic, more immersive viewing experience, and actually improves viewing angles from the side."

Crawford, Gregory P., ed. (2005). Flexible flat panel displays (Reprinted with corrections. ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 978-0470870488.

Thryft, Ann R. (7 June 2012). "All-Plastic Electronics Power Flexible Color Display". Design News. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

Lahey, Byron; Girouard, Audrey; Burleson, Winslow and Vertegaal, Roel (May 2011). PaperPhone: Understanding the Use of Bend Gestures in Mobile Devices with Flexible Electronic Paper Displays, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Pages 1303–1312.

Gomes, A., Nesbitt, A., and Vertegaal, R. (2013) MorePhone: A Study Of Actuated Shape Deformations for Flexible Thin-Film Smartphone Notifications. In Proceedings of ACM CHI’13 Conference on Human Factors in Computing. ACM Press, 2013, pp. 583–592.

Nokia Press Center (25 February 2008). "Nokia and University of Cambridge launch the Morph – a nanotechnology concept device". Nokia. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

Lee, Reuben (10 January 2013). "Samsung shows off flexible display phones at CES keynote". CNET. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

Sasaoka, Tatsuya; Sekiya, Mitsunobu; Yumoto, Akira; Yamada, Jiro; Hirano, Takashi; Iwase, Yuichi; Yamada, Takao; Ishibashi, Tadashi; Mori, Takao; Asano, Mitsuru; Tamura, Shinichiro; Urabe, Tetsuo (1 January 2001). "24.4L: Late-News Paper: A 13.0-inch AM-OLED Display with Top Emitting Structure and Adaptive Current Mode Programmed Pixel Circuit (TAC)". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 32 (1): 384. doi:10.1889/1.1831876. S2CID 59976823.

Drzaic, P.; Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Zhang, L.; Loxley, A.; Feeney, R.; Jacobson, J. (1 January 1998). "44.3L: A Printed and Rollable Bistable Electronic Display". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 29 (1): 1131. doi:10.1889/1.1833686. S2CID 135723096.

Lowensohn, Josh (9 January 2013). "Eyes-on: Samsung"s Youm flexible-display tech at CES 2013". CNET. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

The global LCD Flexible Display market size is projected to reach multi million by 2028, in comparision to 2021, at unexpected CAGR during 2022-2028 (Ask for Sample Report).

The LCD Flexible Display has several applications, including: Television,Smartphone,Laptop,Others. Based on types these are segmented in Polymer,Glass,Glass-reinforced Plastic,Others. The market for LCD Flexible Display is highly competitive. There are a number of major market players in the market, including HP,LG Display,Samsung Display,AU Optronics,BOE,Visionox,3M Company,Baanto International,Cando Corporation,Cypress Semiconductor Corporation,Fujitsu Limited,HannsTouch Solution,Jtouch Corporation,Natural User Interface Technologies AB,E-ink Holdings. The report provides an expansive market geographical regions analysis by covering areas like North America: United States, Canada, Europe: GermanyFrance, U.K., Italy, Russia,Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South, India, Australia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Latin America:Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Middle East & Africa:Turkey, Saudi, Arabia, UAE, Korea.

Key Benefits for Industry Participants & StakeholdersThe main market segments, analytical components, as well as the present situation and projected growth of the global market are all included in this LCD Flexible Display research study.

Through a complete and in-depth analysis of the global and territorial markets, the LCD Flexible Display market study has generated many techniques to overcome obstacles and combat the competitive environment.

This LCD Flexible Display research report includes a market analysis of the target industry that covers growth factors, industry trends, the regulatory environment, and market drivers. It also includes a complete SWOT analysis.

Sections in LCD Flexible Display Market Report:Section 1 focuses on the key facts and statistics of the market while providing an overview and introduction of the LCD Flexible Display company.

Section 2 includes a wide range of marketing techniques, sales generation, consistency-related factors, and the overall development of the LCD Flexible Display company.

Section 7 enumerates the advantages of the LCD Flexible Display company by giving a thorough analysis of the workable company conclusions, such as SWOT analysis, product profiles, and corporate growth.

Section 10 is the last section of the LCD Flexible Display market report that summarizes and puts an end to all arguments and incorrect interpretations by giving the reader the correct results.

The LCD Flexible Display Market Industry Research Report contains:The study report on LCD Flexible Display examines every aspect of the business, including marketing strategies, growth and performance evaluations, and direct consumer engagement.

It includes every aspect of numerous market concepts, prototypes, product profiles, trends, and data a user needs to assess the development of the LCD Flexible Display company.

The requirement to grade and assess the effectiveness of the LCD Flexible Display corporation in the global development of the firm is another important topic of this market study.

Along with this LCD Flexible Display research study, it supports company marketing, business analysis, and general performance in light of the competitive environment.

The Covid-19 Pandemic has greatly impacted the market"s financial and technological development norms and inflated the facts. These traits have damaged the underlying foundations of modern international economies. The Covid-19 pandemic"s financial impact and repercussions are still being thought about today. The killer virus affected manufacturing, upset supply chains, and rattled the financial markets as it swept over the world. Statistics and data from the LCD Flexible Display report were still in motion. The company"s report is titled LCD Flexible Display and it largely focuses on and includes a number of actions and strategies intended to make up for the loss and boost profitability.

Get Covid-19 Impact Analysis for LCD Flexible Display Market research report https://www.predictivemarketresearch.com/enquiry/request-covid19/1159059

This LCD Flexible Display study shows how the market"s view of regional competitive advantages and the market environment for comparably sized businesses has changed. The comprehensive study in the LCD Flexible Display research report focuses on global consumption trends, development trends, sales figures, and economic crises in significant LCD Flexible Display market nations. The well-known providers in the sector, market components, rivalry, and the macroenvironment are the key focuses of this study. The viability and business cycle of a particular nation as well as the market"s particular microeconomic impact are taken into consideration while conducting a full market study.

Reasons to Purchase the LCD Flexible Display Market ReportDemand, application details, pricing information, historical market data, and company shares of the LCD Flexible Display market by geography are all provided in the market analysis.

The research report also covers significant innovations that have recently joined the market for LCD Flexible Display and recent marketing strategies, branding tactics, and plans.

The research goes into great detail about how the coronavirus has affected developments and significant market trends in the LCD Flexible Display industry.

This LCD Flexible Display report also includes information on supply and demand, demographics, revenue, and gross margins, as well as the advantages of various upskilling methodologies for the company"s growth.

The publication of the LCD Flexible Display research report also emphasized the opportunities and dangers that the top market players should expect to arise in the future.

TOKYO—The battle to produce flexible smartphone screens is heating up with an entry from an Apple Inc. supplier in Japan that says it can reduce the cost by adapting existing technology.

Japan Display Inc. said Wednesday it plans start providing flexible liquid-crystal-display panels in 2018, part of the financially stressed company’s effort to come back against South Korean competition.

In recent years, China and other countries have invested heavily in the research and manufacturing capacity of display technology. Meanwhile, different display technology scenarios, ranging from traditional LCD (liquid crystal display) to rapidly expanding OLED (organic light-emitting diode) and emerging QLED (quantum-dot light-emitting diode), are competing for market dominance. Amidst the trivium strife, OLED, backed by technology leader Apple"s decision to use OLED for its iPhone X, seems to have a better position, yet QLED, despite still having technological obstacles to overcome, has displayed potential advantage in color quality, lower production costs and longer life.

Which technology will win the heated competition? How have Chinese manufacturers and research institutes been prepared for display technology development? What policies should be enacted to encourage China"s innovation and promote its international competitiveness? At an online forum organized by National Science Review, its associate editor-in-chief, Dongyuan Zhao, asked four leading experts and scientists in China.

Zhao: We all know display technologies are very important. Currently, there are OLED, QLED and traditional LCD technologies competing with each other. What are their differences and specific advantages? Shall we start from OLED?

Huang: OLED has developed very quickly in recent years. It is better to compare it with traditional LCD if we want to have a clear understanding of its characteristics. In terms of structure, LCD largely consists of three parts: backlight, TFT backplane and cell, or liquid section for display. Different from LCD, OLED lights directly with electricity. Thus, it does not need backlight, but it still needs the TFT backplane to control where to light. Because it is free from backlight, OLED has a thinner body, higher response time, higher color contrast and lower power consumption. Potentially, it may even have a cost advantage over LCD. The biggest breakthrough is its flexible display, which seems very hard to achieve for LCD.

Liao: Actually, there were/are many different types of display technologies, such as CRT (cathode ray tube), PDP (plasma display panel), LCD, LCOS (liquid crystals on silicon), laser display, LED (light-emitting diodes), SED (surface-conduction electron-emitter display), FED (filed emission display), OLED, QLED and Micro LED. From display technology lifespan point of view, Micro LED and QLED may be considered as in the introduction phase, OLED is in the growth phase, LCD for both computer and TV is in the maturity phase, but LCD for cellphone is in the decline phase, PDP and CRT are in the elimination phase. Now, LCD products are still dominating the display market while OLED is penetrating the market. As just mentioned by Dr Huang, OLED indeed has some advantages over LCD.

Huang: Despite the apparent technological advantages of OLED over LCD, it is not straightforward for OLED to replace LCD. For example, although both OLED and LCD use the TFT backplane, the OLED’s TFT is much more difficult to be made than that of the voltage-driven LCD because OLED is current-driven. Generally speaking, problems for mass production of display technology can be divided into three categories, namely scientific problems, engineering problems and production problems. The ways and cycles to solve these three kinds of problems are different.

At present, LCD has been relatively mature, while OLED is still in the early stage of industrial explosion. For OLED, there are still many urgent problems to be solved, especially production problems that need to be solved step by step in the process of mass production line. In addition, the capital threshold for both LCD and OLED are very high. Compared with the early development of LCD many years ago, the advancing pace of OLED has been quicker.While in the short term, OLED can hardly compete with LCD in large size screen, how about that people may change their use habit to give up large screen?

Liao: I want to supplement some data. According to the consulting firm HIS Markit, in 2018, the global market value for OLED products will be US$38.5 billion. But in 2020, it will reach US$67 billion, with an average compound annual growth rate of 46%. Another prediction estimates that OLED accounts for 33% of the display market sales, with the remaining 67% by LCD in 2018. But OLED’s market share could reach to 54% in 2020.

Huang: While different sources may have different prediction, the advantage of OLED over LCD in small and medium-sized display screen is clear. In small-sized screen, such as smart watch and smart phone, the penetration rate of OLED is roughly 20% to 30%, which represents certain competitiveness. For large size screen, such as TV, the advancement of OLED [against LCD] may need more time.

Xu: LCD was first proposed in 1968. During its development process, the technology has gradually overcome its own shortcomings and defeated other technologies. What are its remaining flaws? It is widely recognized that LCD is very hard to be made flexible. In addition, LCD does not emit light, so a back light is needed. The trend for display technologies is of course towards lighter and thinner (screen).

But currently, LCD is very mature and economic. It far surpasses OLED, and its picture quality and display contrast do not lag behind. Currently, LCD technology"s main target is head-mounted display (HMD), which means we must work on display resolution. In addition, OLED currently is only appropriate for medium and small-sized screens, but large screen has to rely on LCD. This is why the industry remains investing in the 10.5th generation production line (of LCD).

Xu: While deeply impacted by OLED’s super thin and flexible display, we also need to analyse the insufficiency of OLED. With lighting material being organic, its display life might be shorter. LCD can easily be used for 100 000 hours. The other defense effort by LCD is to develop flexible screen to counterattack the flexible display of OLED. But it is true that big worries exist in LCD industry.

LCD industry can also try other (counterattacking) strategies. We are advantageous in large-sized screen, but how about six or seven years later? While in the short term, OLED can hardly compete with LCD in large size screen, how about that people may change their use habit to give up large screen? People may not watch TV and only takes portable screens.

Some experts working at a market survey institute CCID (China Center for Information Industry Development) predicted that in five to six years, OLED will be very influential in small and medium-sized screen. Similarly, a top executive of BOE Technology said that after five to six years, OLED will counterweigh or even surpass LCD in smaller sizes, but to catch up with LCD, it may need 10 to 15 years.

Xu: Besides LCD, Micro LED (Micro Light-Emitting Diode Display) has evolved for many years, though people"s real attention to the display option was not aroused until May 2014 when Apple acquired US-based Micro LED developer LuxVue Technology. It is expected that Micro LED will be used on wearable digital devices to improve battery"s life and screen brightness.

Micro LED, also called mLED or μLED, is a new display technology. Using a so-called mass transfer technology, Micro LED displays consist of arrays of microscopic LEDs forming the individual pixel elements. It can offer better contrast, response times, very high resolution and energy efficiency. Compared with OLED, it has higher lightening efficiency and longer life span, but its flexible display is inferior to OLED. Compared with LCD, Micro LED has better contrast, response times and energy efficiency. It is widely considered appropriate for wearables, AR/VR, auto display and mini-projector.

However, Micro LED still has some technological bottlenecks in epitaxy, mass transfer, driving circuit, full colorization, and monitoring and repairing. It also has a very high manufacturing cost. In short term, it cannot compete traditional LCD. But as a new generation of display technology after LCD and OLED, Micro LED has received wide attentions and it should enjoy fast commercialization in the coming three to five years.

Peng: It comes to quantum dot. First, QLED TV on market today is a misleading concept. Quantum dots are a class of semiconductor nanocrystals, whose emission wavelength can be continuously tuned because of the so-called quantum confinement effect. Because they are inorganic crystals, quantum dots in display devices are very stable. Also, due to their single crystalline nature, emission color of quantum dots can be extremely pure, which dictates the color quality of display devices.

Interestingly, quantum dots as light-emitting materials are related to both OLED and LCD. The so-called QLED TVs on market are actually quantum-dot