touch screen monitors and burning in fingers in stock

To understand why this might be the case, we need to understand a little bit about how touchscreens work (which is quite amazing).   Touchscreens produce a small electrical field. When touched by a finger, or similar item that can absorb the electrical charge, it is able to measure the disturbance in the electrical field, and use the information to initiate a command.

If your fingers have significant callous or you have very dry skin, it can impede electrical conductivity. This prevents the flow of electricity. So you can end up mashing away on the phone or tablet in vain with your ‘Zombie Finger’.

An injury that has caused scabbing or scaring on you fingertips can cause temporary ‘zombie finger’. Scabbing (eschar) of the fingers will temporally cause difficulty with using your touchscreen due to the increased thickness and dryness of the skin making contact.

Scaring can last longer. With time, scars, especially on the fingers, will thin out and stretch. This will eventually allow you to get back to your normal touchscreen fun. If you have thick scaring of the finger, your zombie finger may be more of a permanent problem. Everyone scars differently.

Another technique is to lick, or breath warm air from your breath onto your fingertip before using your touchscreen to help with the electrical conductivity.

If you have particularly thick fingertips, try a different finger. The ring finger is an option as it is rarely as calloused as the index and middle fingers.

And finally, there is always the trusty stylus. A stylus is easy to carry around, usually the size of a pen. You can even find them on the end of a pen.

Of course, we should not discount that your fingers are fine, and we can blame it on the phone. Time for an upgrade? Test with other phones before diving into the commitment of a new phone, they are costly.

I have read a number of threads regarding sore fingers from touch devices (touch screens and track pads). From what I have read people seem to think that the cause is either related to carpel tunnel, or the abrasiveness of the screen. Has anyone considered other potential causes like an electrical response between the finger and the screen since, after doing some research, I discovered that Apple uses capacitive touch screens. There is also an oleophobic coating on the screens and I was wondering if that could be causing the sore finger tips due to an allergic reaction. There are certain metals like nickel that people are allergic to. Could that be the issue? The World Health Organization (WHO) had done test on Electro Magnetic Fields. Could that be the problem?

I have had soreness in my fingertips for years using a variety of touch devices and versions (MacBook, iPads, and iPhones). I have used screen covers and a stylus for years to avoid touching the screens and trackpads, which have helped, but if I use my fingers they become numb and sore and if I do it long enough the finger tips will split. It is very painful. If I stop using my touch screen devices and only use my desktop computer with a traditional mouse the problems clears up in a few days. Hopefully there are medical and or technical people that can identify the cause and hopefully find a solution.

Responsible for performing installations and repairs (motors, starters, fuses, electrical power to machine etc.) for industrial equipment and machines in order to support the achievement of Nelson-Miller’s business goals and objectives:

• Perform highly diversified duties to install and maintain electrical apparatus on production machines and any other facility equipment (Screen Print, Punch Press, Steel Rule Die, Automated Machines, Turret, Laser Cutting Machines, etc.).

• Provide electrical emergency/unscheduled diagnostics, repairs of production equipment during production and performs scheduled electrical maintenance repairs of production equipment during machine service.

I have been incredibly sensitive to energy all my life, both with electronics AND even in certain parts of the world were I found most leylines converge. There are even times when I feel surging in my leg only to find there is a insulated corded cable plugged in directly under my feet, or even covered with some insulated plastic or covering.

I also had experiences in college where I would touch any non-conductive object (stone, wood, etc) and get a shock from it. The doctor at the time chalked it up to change in atmosphere (which I get) but it just happened so many times in different areas that where either dry or wet.

People never believe that I am hyper sensitive to this and REFUSE to us any wireless/Bluetooth devices on my body. It wasn’t until last night when I was using my Apple Pencil that I started to feel a numbing tingling sensation in my thumb. I was 90% complete with the drawing I was working on and thought I could push through it. It has since been a full day and it hasn’t subsided.

On another note, I have worked on the bleeding edge of technology most of my life, and about 50-60% percent of every computer, table, laptop, electronic has had some issue brand new out of the box. My parents always questioned whether I am a highly conducive or not.

Spend five minutes on any busy street corner and you"ll spot people using tablets and smartphones in dangerous ways, whether it"s texting behind the wheel or strolling with their eyes on the screen.

But distracted driving and walking aren"t the only perils lurking behind touchscreen devices such as iPads, iPhones, BlackBerrys, Windows Phones, and Androids. Although not quite as dramatic, other touchscreen-oriented health hazards are even more insidious because most people aren"t even aware that they exist. The potential for injury from using touchscreens will only go up as more people use smartphones and tablets, especially if Microsoft"s Windows 8 effort succeeds in popularizing touchscreen PCs and laptops.

Ergonomic risks are not new to computer users. Laptops and netbooks, whose sales now outnumber desktop computers by more than two to one, pose their own health-related problems. But the rise of the touchscreen means both new kinds of health hazards and more usage in risky scenarios.

[ Watch the "Safer Computing" guide to preventing repetitive stress injuries in your workplace: as a video or as a slideshow. | Learn why touch capabilities in Windows 7 failed and what Microsoft has in store for Windows 8"s touch plans. ]

After decades of research on machine-human interactions, medical experts have pinpointed three categories of computer-related illnesses, both in traditional PC use and in the new class of touchscreen devices:Repeated motion injuries. Commonly known as RSIs, for repetitive stress injuries, these ailments result from recurrent large or small movements that affect joints, muscles, tendons, and nerves. For example, people who frequently use their thumbs to type text messages on cellphones sometimes develop de Quervain syndrome, a painful affliction that involves the tendons that move the thumb. Although the causal link isn"t as well established as in patients who suffer from pain from prolonged desktop keyboard use, there"s little doubt that overzealous texting can cause debilitating pain.

Diseases caused by unnatural postures and forces. Closely related to RSIs, these disorders occur when people use their bodies in ways that induce physical stress, such as tilting their hands too far inward or outward while tapping or putting force on their wrists while typing. Carpal tunnel syndrome, perhaps the best-known disease in this category, results from pressure on the median nerve in the wrist.

Eyestrain. Struggling to read computer monitors, either because the characters and images aren"t clear or because the screen is obscured by glare or reflections, may cause problems that range from annoying to incapacitating. Termed "computer vision syndrome" by some ophthalmologists, symptoms include eye pain or redness, blurred or double vision, and headaches.

Many people are also concerned about the radiation emitted by old-style CRT monitors and the cellular radios in smartphones and some tablets, as well as the Wi-Fi radios in various devices. The research here has been contradictory, though the risk is probably low if you follow the manufacturers" guidelines for safe use.

Thanks to efforts by government agencies, trade associations, and professional groups such as the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, people who use desktop computers are now more familiar with strategies to reduce risk by choosing equipment wisely and using it properly than they were 10 or 15 years ago. Vendors of computers, accessories, and office furniture routinely plug the ergonomic advantages of their products, and manuals often include advice about how to work with them safely.

Regrettably, awareness about risks hasn"t trickled down to the world of touchscreen devices and notebooks. Here are some of the ways notebooks and mobile devices can hurt you and what you can do to prevent injury.

For years, notebook users were forced to trade power for portability. No longer -- recent laptops rival desktop rigs in speed and storage. For many people, laptops pull double duty on the road and in offices and homes. Unfortunately, their design limits them ergonomically. Because the display and keyboard are attached to one another, you can"t position them optimally at the same time.

For extended desktop use, an add-on monitor lets you place the keyboard at desktop height, with your elbows bent at a 90-degree angle and the top of the external display at about eye level, as the "Safer computing" video and "Safer computing" slideshow demonstrate. If that"s too expensive, get a stand to elevate the laptop"s built-in monitor, and buy a separate keyboard and pointing device.

Notebooks pose even more problems when you use them in casual settings or at an office"s guest desk or a hotel room"s desk, where it"s harder to find positions that don"t put too much stress on your neck, shoulders, arms, wrists, and hands. If you work on the road a lot, consider carrying a lightweight external keyboard and pointing device, then elevating the laptop with a phone book or other object.

If you insist on using your laptop in bed or while you"re watching television on the couch, avoid the temptation to lie on your side with your head propped up on your arm: That puts stress on your neck and makes it nearly impossible to type or use a keyboard or trackpad in anything resembling a natural position. In bed, sit with your back upright, supported by a firm cushion, place a pillow beneath your knees, and angle the screen to minimize reflections from lights behind you. Even if you take these precautions, don"t use the computer for more than, say, 5 or 10 minutes at a stretch without taking a break. If you have to work for more than a half-hour or so, move to a desk if you can.

Dealing with the new hazards of touchscreen devicesIf notebooks tempt people to employ them in awkward ways that promote injury, tablets and smartphones almost guarantee such awkward use because they can be accessed almost anywhere and in any position -- most of which involve poor posture.

Your neck and the cervical spine that supports it are highly susceptible to poor posture, which can compress or stretch on the nerves that exit the spinal cord. Resist the temptation to bend your neck forward or backward, and especially avoid turning your head or tilting it to one side or another for prolonged periods. Take frequent breaks, and if you feel any pain, numbness, or tingling, stop what you"re doing immediately and find a more comfortable position.

How to properly position the touchscreen.Unlike laptops, tablets like Apple"s iPad and e-readers like Amazon.com"s Kindle function vertically, horizontally, and anywhere in between. Horizontal use is typically less stressful, especially when the tablet is in a comfortable position for your arms and hands (similar to how you should use a keyboard on a laptop or desktop PC) -- though the fact the screen is positioned at or near lap level means you"re likely to bend your neck, which is problematic for your posture.

Touchscreens positioned upright are ergonomically inferior. Like the futuristic computer screen that Tom Cruise"s character used in the 2002 movie "Minority Report," vertical touchscreens such as in the new breed of Windows 8 PCs expected later this year (and in some current PCs) force you to use the large muscles in your shoulder and arms in ways that promote fatigue. Then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs put it aptly at a press conference in October 2010: "Touch surfaces don"t want to be vertical." The more perpendicular the screen, the more you have to bend your wrist to type, a posture that anatomists call "dorsiflexion." That puts more pressure on the median nerve and the other structures in the carpal tunnel in the wrist.

Vertically oriented touchscreen monitors require you to reach forward and lift your arm against gravity, which tires your muscles rapidly. That also happens to some extent when you use a mouse or trackpad while sitting too far away from your desk, but the fix is easy: Move closer.

If both horizontal and vertical positions are problematic, what angle is acceptable? Unlike desktop computer setups, where there are well-established guidelines based on scientific research, recommendations for people who use touchscreens are scarce and sometimes contradictory because they depend on the task you"re doing. For reading, it"s best to place the device so that you can see the entire screen clearly. Generally, that means a steep angle close to perpendicular to your line of sight -- in other words, like that of a standard monitor. But for typing and tapping, shallow angles (about 30 degrees) are best.

Avoiding injuries from typing and tapping. The position of your wrist also affects the likelihood of injury from performing multitouch gestures on touchscreens. According to Alan Hedge, director of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory at Cornell University, the more you dorsiflex your wrist, the greater the chance of injury. But, he adds, most gestures don"t require too much force, so you"re usually safe as long as you don"t bend your wrist excessively or repeat gestures too rapidly.

In theory, the onscreen keyboards on tablets and smartphones pose the same risks of RSIs and related injuries as physical keyboards. Currently, the main unique problem with touchscreen keyboards is their lack of tactile feedback. Unlike mechanical keys, which move and offer resistance, virtual keys don"t react when they"re pressed. As a work-around, manufacturers typically let you turn on audible key clicks, but that"s not always effective, particularly in noisy surroundings. As a result, says Hedge, users strike virtual keys with as much as eight times the force as they tap real ones -- and all that force puts strain on your fingers, wrist, and forearm. If you have to type more than a few sentences at a time on a tablet or smartphone, consider using a Bluetooth or other external keyboard.

At the same time, onscreen keyboards confer unique advantages, not just risks, such as the ability to provide alternative layouts that place keys in less stress-inducing positions. Unfortunately, that"s a benefit that vendors haven"t embraced much yet.

Excessive force is sometimes an issue even if you"re not moving your fingers. Holding them rigidly in anticipation of the next tap when you"re taking notes on a tablet or zapping enemies in a game on your smartphone requires so-called isometric tension, which puts stress on muscles and tendons. To appreciate the effect, let your arm hang loosely at your side, with your fingers curved naturally. Now, force your finger to maintain the same position by tightening your muscles and joints. Feel the difference? As with larger muscles, the more relaxed you are, the better.

Avoiding eyestrain when using mobile devices. It seems intuitive that the more your eyes have to work to see what"s on your touchscreen device, the more likely they"ll suffer -- just like reading a book in dim light for hours can lead to headaches, eye pain, and other conditions. Although the physical mechanisms behind many of these conditions are surprisingly obscure, the symptoms are no less real.

In broad terms, the risk of eyestrain and similar problems from tablets and smartphones is directly related to three inherent attributes of the display: resolution (the sharpness of the image), contrast (how bright or dark characters and images are compared to the background), and brightness (how much light the display emits). Since the days of dim, low-resolution screens in early PDAs, technology has made substantial strides in all three areas, and sharp, bright displays like the one in Apple"s iPhone and Samsung"s Galaxy smartphones are thankfully commonplace nowadays.

But newer high-resolution screens pose problems of their own. Because they pack more pixels per square inch, they"re capable of displaying ever-smaller fonts. Like the fine print on paper documents, tiny characters can be difficult to read and cause eyestrain, even if you adjust the brightness to a level that"s comfortably balanced with the ambient lighting. Smartphones with touchscreens that support multitouch zooming usually let you selectively magnify text that"s too small, though that gets tiresome when you"re viewing a page on a handheld. Glasses tailored for reading tablet displays may help, especially if your vision has declined because of age (just as many people benefit from wearing "computer glasses" whose prescriptions are tweaked for sustained computer usage).

Environmental factors also play a role in aggravating some visual complaints. Unlike desktop workspaces, where it"s usually not too difficult to find a monitor position that avoids glare from lights, mobile devices are often used in situations where the surroundings are constantly changing. As with laptops, the best you can do is to be aware of what"s around you and avoid reflections. And because dryness contributes to some symptoms, avoid arid settings or ask an eye care professional to recommend lubricating drops.

Where we stand, where we"re goingHealth problems from laptops and mobile devices are probably underreported, in part because people don"t know about the risks and may attribute symptoms to other causes. In the 1990s, heightened alertness to computer-related disorders led to a flood of complaints and spawned an industry devoted to helping suffering desktop computer users.

Although it"s unlikely that we"ll see a similar response to health problems caused by mobile devices, vendors are working on solutions like onscreen keyboards with tactile feedback. Eventually, we may even see smarter devices that alert us when we"re using them unsafely. Until then, it pays to be aware of the hazards and take sensible precautions.

This story, "The hidden danger of touchscreens," was originally published at InfoWorld.com. Follow the latest developments in Microsoft Windows and mobile technolgoy at InfoWorld.com. For the latest developments in business technology news, follow InfoWorld.com on Twitter.

AMOLED burn-in on screens and displays is permanent. Fortunately, you can slow it down and reduce its visibility by using a few simple tricks, which can also increase battery life.

Each pixel within an Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode (AMOLED) comprises red, green, and blue (and sometimes white) sub-pixels. When they emit light, they decay. Burn-in appears because individual sub-pixels lose brightness at different rates, depending on its color. The most-used light-emitting sub-pixels, such as for navigation and status icons, wear out first, leading to uneven light production.

So the more you use the device, the more visible its burn-in. And the longer you display the same image, the more that image"s outline will persist on the display.

It doesn"t help that many user-interface buttons are white. For an AMOLED panel to produce white light, the display switches on three different sub-pixels in proximity to one another. Each sub-pixel produces a different color: red, blue, and green. Together they appear white to the human eye. However, each of the three colors wears out at different rates, depending on the manufacturer.

For the AMOLED on most smartphones, red sub-pixels are the most durable, followed by green. Blue decays the fastest. When you see burn-in, it"s often caused by a weakening blue sub-pixel. All "fixes" aim at addressing the failing blue sub-pixel. Remember, there are also tools available to fix dead pixels.

Everyone with an OLED display has some burn-in. But often, it"s not fully visible unless you display a solid color at maximum brightness. The Android operating system has access to many apps that detect burn-in damage. The best of these is Screen Test.

Screen Test is ultra-simple: install and run the app. Touching the screen shifts between colors and patterns. If you see a persistent image impression or blotchy coloration, you have burn-in.

For my AMOLED phone, I"ve taken every precaution against screen burn-in. Even so, the display is still a little blotchy after over a year of use. Fortunately, there are no indications of burn-in where the navigation buttons are.

Android 10"s dark mode finally allows for Android system menus and apps to appear dark in color. It will turn Chrome"s user interface black, as well as the Settings menu, navigation bar, and notifications shade.

Android made it possible to get rid of the navigation bar in Android 10. Once enabled, gestures allow navigation by swiping your finger on the screen. You can enable Gesture mode by doing the following:

Some might notice that the stock wallpapers in Android aren"t usually suited for OLED screens. OLED screens consume very little energy when displaying the color black, and they do not burn-in when displaying black. Unfortunately, older Android versions don"t include a solid black wallpaper option.

Fortunately, the free app Colors, from developer Tim Clark, allows users to change their wallpaper to a solid color. Just install and run the app, then choose a solid black background as the new wallpaper.

Using black wallpaper will improve the battery performance of your device, so this one is a win-win. However, if you have Android 8.0 or newer, you might already have solid colors available as a wallpaper.

If you don"t have Android 10 or newer, the default Android Launcher isn"t OLED friendly. In Android 5.0, it forces the App Drawer wallpaper to white (the worst color for OLED screens). One of the best launchers for darker colors is Nova Launcher. Not only is it more responsive, it offers better customization options.

Minma Icon Pack changes your bright, screen-damaging icons into a darker, OLED-friendly palette. Over 300 icons are available, which cover the default icons as well as many others.

Firefox Mobile is infinitely customizable. While they, unfortunately, removed many of their browser"s mobile add-ons, you can still turn entire webpages black. And, on top of that, Firefox includes a dark theme.

I recommend installing an add-on. The easiest-to-use add-on is Dark Reader. Dark Reader does more than just change the color of Firefox"s user interface; Dark Reader can change webpages" to black backgrounds with red text, reducing eye strain and burn-in while also improving battery life.

Android"s dark-themed virtual keyboard options can reduce burn-in (and improve battery life). The best of these is SwiftKey, which allows users to change the color of their keyboards. The best SwiftKey theme I"ve seen so far is the Pumpkin theme. If you turn on Android"s dark theme, it automatically turns the keyboard black. In this case, you can simply use the default keyboard.

There are a few other burn-in repair tools, but I don"t recommend them since they either require root access and/or can increase screen damage. However, for reference, you can read about them below and why using them is a bad idea. They fall into two categories:

I do not recommend using this option unless your screen is already trashed. It will cause additional damage but may reduce the appearance of already existing on-screen burn. Inverting colors simply reverses the colors displayed on your screen. Whites become blacks and vice-versa.

If you use the phone with the colors inverted for extended periods of time, it will burn-in the areas surrounding the burned-in navigation bar, reducing its visibility.

Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) introduced the Invert colors option to help the visually impaired. It"s not at all designed to combat burn-in and remains experimental. To invert colors, take the following steps:

Several tools claim to reduce the appearance of burn-in by attempting to age the entirety of your OLED panel. These screen burn-in tools flash red, green, and blue (or other) colors on your screen.

The reason is pretty simple: AMOLED burn-in occurs as a natural part of an organic LED"s life cycle. Therefore, tools that claim to fix AMOLED burn-in will cause uniform damage across all AMOLED pixels thus potentially worsening its image quality.

None of these methods will stop the inevitable and slow destruction of your device"s screen. However, using all the recommended options in this article will dramatically decrease the rate at which it decays. That said, some of the oldest AMOLED phones have very little burn-in. The decay of organic LEDs is almost entirely aesthetic, particularly on newer phones.

Each hand is made of 27 bones, 35 muscles, and over 100 tendons connecting bones and muscles. Your flexor tendons bend your fingers, and tendons that straighten your fingers are called extensor tendons.

Repetitive movements can tire these tendons out, resulting in wear and tear on the tendon as well as soreness and inflammation. This is called tendinitis.

If your symptoms are indeed caused by smartphone use, your dominant hand will likely experience the majority of pain, cramps, and stiffness. Smartphone pinky or smartphone finger tends to be connected to the use of larger devices, such as tablets or e-readers.

Smartphone finger is a relatively new condition, so researchers are still learning about it. It does have some similarities to another known condition called trigger finger.

You interact with a touch screen monitor constantly throughout your daily life. You will see them in cell phones, ATM’s, kiosks, ticket vending machines, manufacturing plants and more. All of these use touch panels to enable the user to interact with a computer or device without the use of a keyboard or mouse. But did you know there are several uniquely different types of Touch Screens? The five most common types of touch screen are: 5-Wire Resistive, Surface Capacitive touch, Projected Capacitive (P-Cap), SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave), and IR (Infrared).

We are often asked “How does a touch screen monitor work?” A touch screen basically replaces the functionality of a keyboard and mouse. Below is a basic description of 5 types of touch screen monitor technology.

5-Wire Resistive Touch is the most widely touch technology in use today. A resistive touch screen monitor is composed of a glass panel and a film screen, each covered with a thin metallic layer, separated by a narrow gap. For instance, when a user touches the screen, the two metallic layers make contact, resulting in electrical flow. The point of contact is detected by this change in voltage.

Surface Capacitive touch screen is the second most popular type of touch screens on the market. In a surface capacitive touch screen monitor, a transparent electrode layer is placed on top of a glass panel. This is then covered by a protective cover. When an exposed finger touches the monitor screen, it reacts to the static electrical capacity of the human body. Consequently, some of the electrical charge transfers from the screen to the user. This decrease in capacitance is detected by sensors located at the four corners of the screen, allowing the controller to determine the touch point. Surface capacitive touch screens can only be activated by the touch of human skin or a stylus holding an electrical charge.

Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) is similar to Surface Capacitive, but it offers two primary advantages. First, in addition to a bare finger, it can also be activated with surgical gloves or thin cotton gloves. Secondly, P-Cap enables multi-touch activation (simultaneous input from two or more fingers). A projected capacitive touch screen is composed of a sheet of glass with embedded transparent electrode films and an IC chip. This creates a three dimensional electrostatic field. Therefore, when a finger comes into contact with the screen, the ratios of the electrical currents change and the computer is able to detect the touch points. All our P-Cap touch screens feature a Zero-Bezel enclosure.

SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) touch screen monitors utilize a series of piezoelectric transducers and receivers. These are positioned along the sides of the monitor’s glass plate to create an invisible grid of ultrasonic waves on the surface. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This allows the receiving transducer to locate the touch point and send this data to the computer. SAW monitors can be activated by a finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus. SAW monitors offer easy use and high visibility.

IR (Infrared) type touch screen monitors do not overlay the display with an additional screen or screen sandwich. Instead, infrared monitors use IR emitters and receivers to create an invisible grid of light beams across the screen. This ensures the best possible image quality. When an object interrupts the invisible infrared light beam, the sensors are able to locate the touch point. The X and Y coordinates are then sent to the controller.

We hope you found these touch screen basics useful. TRU-Vu provides industrial touch screen monitors in a wide range of sizes and configurations. This includes UL60601-1 Medical touch screens, Sunlight Readable touch screens,Open Frame touch screens, Waterproof touch screens and many custom touch screen designs. You can learn more by viewing TRU-Vu Touchscreens or call us at 847-259-2344. To address safety and hygiene concerns, see our article on “Touch Screen Cleaning and Disinfecting“.

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When you want to allow users to work efficiently, consider the benefits of a touch screen monitor. Displays with touch capabilities give users another way to interact with content.

Touch screen monitors are becoming standard equipment in a broad range of industries from the financial sector to retail, restaurants, and many others. Displays with touch technology offer a host of benefits to employees and customers alike.

Whether working with colleagues or collaborating with guests and clients, a touch screen monitor allows everyone to interact with content on the screen without requiring a keyboard and mouse.

Using a touch screen monitor at point-of-sale or in a public area can help to save space and significantly simplify the equipment needed for users to interact with content.

Dell Large monitors simplify collaboration and presentations with touch screen monitors in sizes up to 86 inches. These interactive monitors are perfect for conference rooms and boardrooms, making it easy for users to annotate, collaborate and whiteboard content with built-in features and software.

Crisp text and vivid images capture audience attention as users interact with onscreen content through a simple touch of the hand or swipe of a stylus, with virtually zero lag.

Dell P Series monitors give users the opportunity to work efficiently without sacrificing comfort. Designed to help boost worker productivity, a P Series touch screen monitor features an anti-glare screen that reduces distracting reflections and fingerprints. Users are able to intuitively use the monitor through a 10-point touch feature that deliver a natural and responsive experience.

As a monitor technology leader, Dell displays are designed to address and overcome workplace challenges and obstacles, both today and tomorrow. Dell remains committed to understanding what businesses need and how our monitors can improve operations, productivity, and collaboration.

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Dell Technologies is committed to reducing environmental impact throughout the product lifecycle. Read more about our commitment to sustainability and our 2030 Social Impact goals here, and our product’s carbon footprint here.

In work settings, touch screen monitors let users interact more intuitively and quickly with content on the screen. Touch screen technology makes collaboration easier, as multiple people can interact with one monitor without needing a mouse or keyboard. Monitors equipped with touch are preferred by users over monitors without touch. And a touch display can help to save space on desktops and counters while streamlining the way that users interact with the device.

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A touchscreen or touch screen is the assembly of both an input ("touch panel") and output ("display") device. The touch panel is normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an electronic device.

A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus or one or more fingers.zooming to increase the text size.

The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or other such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens).

Touchscreens are common in devices such as smartphones, handheld game consoles, personal computers, electronic voting machines, automated teller machines and point-of-sale (POS) systems. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some e-readers. Touchscreens are also important in educational settings such as classrooms or on college campuses.

The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. Touchscreens are found in the medical field, heavy industry, automated teller machines (ATMs), and kiosks such as museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display"s content.

Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products.

The prototypeCERNFrank Beck, a British electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN"s accelerator SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron). This was a further development of the self-capacitance screen (right), also developed by Stumpe at CERN

One predecessor of the modern touch screen includes stylus based systems. In 1946, a patent was filed by Philco Company for a stylus designed for sports telecasting which, when placed against an intermediate cathode ray tube display (CRT) would amplify and add to the original signal. Effectively, this was used for temporarily drawing arrows or circles onto a live television broadcast, as described in US 2487641A, Denk, William E, "Electronic pointer for television images", issued 1949-11-08. Later inventions built upon this system to free telewriting styli from their mechanical bindings. By transcribing what a user draws onto a computer, it could be saved for future use. See US 3089918A, Graham, Robert E, "Telewriting apparatus", issued 1963-05-14.

The first version of a touchscreen which operated independently of the light produced from the screen was patented by AT&T Corporation US 3016421A, Harmon, Leon D, "Electrographic transmitter", issued 1962-01-09. This touchscreen utilized a matrix of collimated lights shining orthogonally across the touch surface. When a beam is interrupted by a stylus, the photodetectors which no longer are receiving a signal can be used to determine where the interruption is. Later iterations of matrix based touchscreens built upon this by adding more emitters and detectors to improve resolution, pulsing emitters to improve optical signal to noise ratio, and a nonorthogonal matrix to remove shadow readings when using multi-touch.

The first finger driven touch screen was developed by Eric Johnson, of the Royal Radar Establishment located in Malvern, England, who described his work on capacitive touchscreens in a short article published in 1965Frank Beck and Bent Stumpe, engineers from CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s,In the mid-1960s, another precursor of touchscreens, an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of a terminal display, had been developed by a team around Rainer Mallebrein[de] at Telefunken Konstanz for an air traffic control system.Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") for the SIG 50 terminal utilizing a conductively coated glass screen in front of the display.

In 1972, a group at the University of Illinois filed for a patent on an optical touchscreenMagnavox Plato IV Student Terminal and thousands were built for this purpose. These touchscreens had a crossed array of 16×16 infrared position sensors, each composed of an LED on one edge of the screen and a matched phototransistor on the other edge, all mounted in front of a monochrome plasma display panel. This arrangement could sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen. A similar touchscreen was used on the HP-150 starting in 1983. The HP 150 was one of the world"s earliest commercial touchscreen computers.infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9-inch Sony cathode ray tube (CRT).

In 1977, an American company, Elographics – in partnership with Siemens – began work on developing a transparent implementation of an existing opaque touchpad technology, U.S. patent No. 3,911,215, October 7, 1975, which had been developed by Elographics" founder George Samuel Hurst.World"s Fair at Knoxville in 1982.

In 1984, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16 to accommodate the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG-1000 video game console and SC-3000 home computer. It consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where pen presses are detected. It was used primarily with a drawing software application.

Touch-sensitive control-display units (CDUs) were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early 1980s. Initial research showed that a touch interface would reduce pilot workload as the crew could then select waypoints, functions and actions, rather than be "head down" typing latitudes, longitudes, and waypoint codes on a keyboard. An effective integration of this technology was aimed at helping flight crews maintain a high level of situational awareness of all major aspects of the vehicle operations including the flight path, the functioning of various aircraft systems, and moment-to-moment human interactions.

In the early 1980s, General Motors tasked its Delco Electronics division with a project aimed at replacing an automobile"s non-essential functions (i.e. other than throttle, transmission, braking, and steering) from mechanical or electro-mechanical systems with solid state alternatives wherever possible. The finished device was dubbed the ECC for "Electronic Control Center", a digital computer and software control system hardwired to various peripheral sensors, servos, solenoids, antenna and a monochrome CRT touchscreen that functioned both as display and sole method of input.stereo, fan, heater and air conditioner controls and displays, and was capable of providing very detailed and specific information about the vehicle"s cumulative and current operating status in real time. The ECC was standard equipment on the 1985–1989 Buick Riviera and later the 1988–1989 Buick Reatta, but was unpopular with consumers—partly due to the technophobia of some traditional Buick customers, but mostly because of costly technical problems suffered by the ECC"s touchscreen which would render climate control or stereo operation impossible.

Multi-touch technology began in 1982, when the University of Toronto"s Input Research Group developed the first human-input multi-touch system, using a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. In 1985, the University of Toronto group, including Bill Buxton, developed a multi-touch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems (see History of multi-touch).

The first commercially available graphical point-of-sale (POS) software was demonstrated on the 16-bit Atari 520ST color computer. It featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.COMDEX expo in 1986.

In 1987, Casio launched the Casio PB-1000 pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4×4 matrix, resulting in 16 touch areas in its small LCD graphic screen.

Touchscreens had a bad reputation of being imprecise until 1988. Most user-interface books would state that touchscreen selections were limited to targets larger than the average finger. At the time, selections were done in such a way that a target was selected as soon as the finger came over it, and the corresponding action was performed immediately. Errors were common, due to parallax or calibration problems, leading to user frustration. "Lift-off strategy"University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL). As users touch the screen, feedback is provided as to what will be selected: users can adjust the position of the finger, and the action takes place only when the finger is lifted off the screen. This allowed the selection of small targets, down to a single pixel on a 640×480 Video Graphics Array (VGA) screen (a standard of that time).

Sears et al. (1990)human–computer interaction of the time, describing gestures such as rotating knobs, adjusting sliders, and swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch). The HCIL team developed and studied small touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed users could type at 25 wpm on a touchscreen keyboard), aiding their introduction on mobile devices. They also designed and implemented multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger.

In 1990, HCIL demonstrated a touchscreen slider,lock screen patent litigation between Apple and other touchscreen mobile phone vendors (in relation to

An early attempt at a handheld game console with touchscreen controls was Sega"s intended successor to the Game Gear, though the device was ultimately shelved and never released due to the expensive cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s.

Touchscreens would not be popularly used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004.Apple Watch being released with a force-sensitive display in April 2015.

In 2007, 93% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and only 4% were projected capacitance. In 2013, 3% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and 90% were projected capacitance.

A resistive touchscreen panel comprises several thin layers, the most important of which are two transparent electrically resistive layers facing each other with a thin gap between. The top layer (that which is touched) has a coating on the underside surface; just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, the other along top and bottom. A voltage is applied to one layer and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become connected at that point.voltage dividers, one axis at a time. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of pressure on the screen can be detected.

Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories and hospitals due to its high tolerance for liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive-touch technology is its low cost. Additionally, as only sufficient pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections (i.e. glare) from the layers of material placed over the screen.3DS family, and the Wii U GamePad.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. The change in ultrasonic waves is processed by the controller to determine the position of the touch event. Surface acoustic wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.

The Casio TC500 Capacitive touch sensor watch from 1983, with angled light exposing the touch sensor pads and traces etched onto the top watch glass surface.

A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulator, such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor, such as indium tin oxide (ITO).electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Touchscreens that use silver instead of ITO exist, as ITO causes several environmental problems due to the use of indium.complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, which in turn usually sends the signals to a CMOS digital signal processor (DSP) for processing.

Unlike a resistive touchscreen, some capacitive touchscreens cannot be used to detect a finger through electrically insulating material, such as gloves. This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather when people may be wearing gloves. It can be overcome with a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread allowing electrical contact with the user"s fingertip.

A low-quality switching-mode power supply unit with an accordingly unstable, noisy voltage may temporarily interfere with the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of capacitive touch screens.

Some capacitive display manufacturers continue to develop thinner and more accurate touchscreens. Those for mobile devices are now being produced with "in-cell" technology, such as in Samsung"s Super AMOLED screens, that eliminates a layer by building the capacitors inside the display itself. This type of touchscreen reduces the visible distance between the user"s finger and what the user is touching on the screen, reducing the thickness and weight of the display, which is desirable in smartphones.

A simple parallel-plate capacitor has two conductors separated by a dielectric layer. Most of the energy in this system is concentrated directly between the plates. Some of the energy spills over into the area outside the plates, and the electric field lines associated with this effect are called fringing fields. Part of the challenge of making a practical capacitive sensor is to design a set of printed circuit traces which direct fringing fields into an active sensing area accessible to a user. A parallel-plate capacitor is not a good choice for such a sensor pattern. Placing a finger near fringing electric fields adds conductive surface area to the capacitive system. The additional charge storage capacity added by the finger is known as finger capacitance, or CF. The capacitance of the sensor without a finger present is known as parasitic capacitance, or CP.

In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor"s controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive coupling, and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.

Although some standard capacitance detection methods are projective, in the sense that they can be used to detect a finger through a non-conductive surface, they are very sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, which expand or contract the sensing plates, causing fluctuations in the capacitance of these plates.

This diagram shows how eight inputs to a lattice touchscreen or keypad creates 28 unique intersections, as opposed to 16 intersections created using a standard x/y multiplexed touchscreen .

Projected capacitive touch (PCT; also PCAP) technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of

"Artificial Intelligence". This intelligent processing enables finger sensing to be projected, accurately and reliably, through very thick glass and even double glazing.

Some modern PCT touch screens are composed of thousands of discrete keys,etching a single conductive layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or tracks to form a grid, or by forming an x/y grid of fine, insulation coated wires in a single layer . The number of fingers that can be detected simultaneously is determined by the number of cross-over points (x * y) . However, the number of cross-over points can be almost doubled by using a diagonal lattice layout, where, instead of x elements only ever crossing y elements, each conductive element crosses every other element .

In some designs, voltage applied to this grid creates a uniform electrostatic field, which can be measured. When a conductive object, such as a finger, comes into contact with a PCT panel, it distorts the local electrostatic field at that point. This is measurable as a change in capacitance. If a finger bridges the gap between two of the "tracks", the charge field is further interrupted and detected by the controller. The capacitance can be changed and measured at every individual point on the grid. This system is able to accurately track touches.

Unlike traditional capacitive touch technology, it is possible for a PCT system to sense a passive stylus or gloved finger. However, moisture on the surface of the panel, high humidity, or collected dust can interfere with performance.

These environmental factors, however, are not a problem with "fine wire" based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a much lower "parasitic" capacitance, and there is greater distance between neighbouring conductors.

This is a common PCT approach, which makes use of the fact that most conductive objects are able to hold a charge if they are very close together. In mutual capacitive sensors, a capacitor is inherently formed by the row trace and column trace at each intersection of the grid. A 16×14 array, for example, would have 224 independent capacitors. A voltage is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field, which in turn reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.

Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently. With self-capacitance, the capacitive load of a finger is measured on each column or row electrode by a current meter, or the change in frequency of an RC oscillator.

Self-capacitive touch screen layers are used on mobile phones such as the Sony Xperia Sola,Samsung Galaxy S4, Galaxy Note 3, Galaxy S5, and Galaxy Alpha.

Self capacitance is far more sensitive than mutual capacitance and is mainly used for single touch, simple gesturing and proximity sensing where the finger does not even have to touch the glass surface.

Capacitive touchscreens do not necessarily need to be operated by a finger, but until recently the special styli required could be quite expensive to purchase. The cost of this technology has fallen greatly in recent years and capacitive styli are now widely available for a nominal charge, and often given away free with mobile accessories. These consist of an electrically conductive shaft with a soft conductive rubber tip, thereby resistively connecting the fingers to the tip of the stylus.

Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user"s touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display"s characteristic orange glow is illustrated.

An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any opaque object including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and POS systems that cannot rely on a conductor (such as a bare finger) to activate the touchscreen. Unlike capacitive touchscreens, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system. Infrared touchscreens are sensitive to dirt and dust that can interfere with the infrared beams, and suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press when the user hovers a finger over the screen while searching for the item to be selected.

A translucent acrylic sheet is used as a rear-projection screen to display information. The edges of the acrylic sheet are illuminated by infrared LEDs, and infrared cameras are focused on the back of the sheet. Objects placed on the sheet are detectable by the cameras. When the sheet is touched by the user, frustrated total internal reflection results in leakage of infrared light which peaks at the points of maximum pressure, indicating the user"s touch location. Microsoft"s PixelSense tablets use this technology.

Optical touchscreens are a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more image sensors (such as CMOS sensors) are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the sensor"s field of view on the opposite side of the screen. A touch blocks some lights from the sensors, and the location and size of the touching object can be calculated (see visual hull). This technology is growing in popularity due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability for larger touchscreens.

Introduced in 2002 by 3M, this system detects a touch by using sensors to measure the piezoelectricity in the glass. Complex algorithms interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.

The key to this technology is that a touch at any one position on the surface generates a sound wave in the substrate which then produces a unique combined signal as measured by three or more tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen. The digitized signal is compared to a list corresponding to every position on the surface, determining the touch location. A moving touch is tracked by rapid repetition of this process. Extraneous and ambient sounds are ignored since they do not match any stored sound profile. The technol