tft display means in tamil free sample

The full form of TFT is Thin Film Transistor. It is a display screen technique used in LCD (liquid crystal display). An active component that serves as a switch for each pixel to be switched on and off is TFT. These are made up of a broad range of semiconductor compounds similar to silicon.

In TFT, one to four transistors regulate every pixel. Among all the flat-panel processes, the TFT technology is renowned for its high resolution, but it is also quite costly.

The digital age has ushered in a whole host of new display technologies. The TFT LCD screens they are one of those technologies that have revolutionized the electronic device industry in recent years. These new displays have made it possible for manufacturers to deliver innovative user interfaces, fast response times, and sharp images on a wide variety of devices, from TVs to smartphones and everything in between.

This article will guide you in the world of TFT LCD screens. TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (thin-film transistor liquid crystal display), while LCD refers to its general use in most electronic devices such as televisions, computer monitors, and projectors, among others. If you"re familiar with the basics of these display technologies, you"re halfway there.

A TFT LCD screen is athin film transistor electronic display (TFT). This means that just like a normal LCD screen, this screen also uses a liquid crystal material. However, the key difference between a typical LCD and a TFT LCD is the way the liquid crystal material is used in a TFT LCD. Unlike a normal LCD screen, which works by turning the voltage across the liquid crystal material on and off, a TFT has a digital control circuit. This switch-type control allows the screen to display images, including text and graphics.

active matrix: Active matrix TFT LCD displays use a thin layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two layers of thin transparent electrodes. A thin transparent conductive film is inserted between these electrodes and acts as a switch. When a voltage is applied across these electrodes, the liquid crystal material is forced to change its polarization state, causing a change in its optical properties. This property is used to turn pixels on and off to produce an image.

Passive matrix: In passive matrix TFT LCD displays, the liquid crystal panel is sandwiched between two glass plates. When a voltage is applied between the two electrodes of the glass, the electrodes change to conductive states and the liquid crystal changes from one state to another. In this way, the pixels are controlled by the panel itself.

good soda rate: Refresh rate refers to the speed at which a digital screen can display new images. For example, most CRT televisions display images at a refresh rate of 60 Hz. This means that the image displayed on the screen is updated 60 times per second. With new technologies, such as LCDs, this refresh rate has been reduced to 244 Hz, which means that the images displayed on the screen are refreshed only 244 times per second. In most cases, a refresh rate of at least 60 Hz is needed to deliver acceptable image quality. A screen with a refresh rate lower than that looks jagged and blurry.

Wide viewing angle: Unlike CRT televisions that display images with a narrow viewing angle, modern LCDs are capable of displaying images with a wide viewing angle. This means that you can view the images with your colleagues and friends from a wide angle without the image quality being affected.

Compact size: Being flat, the size is much more compact and thin compared to a CRT screen. Also, CRTs don"t usually come in such a wide variety of sizes, both the big ones and the smaller ones are just for LCDs.

Cost: The main advantage of an LCD screen is its low production cost. Compared to the production cost of a TFT, an LCD costs less, making it a more accessible display technology for the masses. However, there have recently been a number of advances in microlens technology that have made it possible to manufacture high-quality displays at a relatively low production cost.

As you can see, they are not overly expensive and allow you to carry out many projects with Arduino. And not only that, you can also join them to other different projects, including SBCs like the Raspberry Pi. Versatility is very high, the limit is your imagination.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

In-plane switching was developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

It achieved pixel response which was fast for its time, wide viewing angles, and high contrast at the cost of brightness and color reproduction.Response Time Compensation) technologies.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

When the field is on, the liquid crystal molecules start to tilt towards the center of the sub-pixels because of the electric field; as a result, a continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) is formed; the azimuthal angle rotates 360 degrees continuously resulting in an excellent viewing angle. The ASV mode is also called CPA mode.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

Backlight intensity is usually controlled by varying a few volts DC, or generating a PWM signal, or adjusting a potentiometer or simply fixed. This in turn controls a high-voltage (1.3 kV) DC-AC inverter or a matrix of LEDs. The method to control the intensity of LED is to pulse them with PWM which can be source of harmonic flicker.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

The statements are applicable to Merck KGaA as well as its competitors JNC Corporation (formerly Chisso Corporation) and DIC (formerly Dainippon Ink & Chemicals). All three manufacturers have agreed not to introduce any acutely toxic or mutagenic liquid crystals to the market. They cover more than 90 percent of the global liquid crystal market. The remaining market share of liquid crystals, produced primarily in China, consists of older, patent-free substances from the three leading world producers and have already been tested for toxicity by them. As a result, they can also be considered non-toxic.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

Brody, T. Peter; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 20 (11): 995–1001. Bibcode:1973ITED...20..995B. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780. ISSN 0018-9383.

Richard Ahrons (2012). "Industrial Research in Microcircuitry at RCA: The Early Years, 1953–1963". 12 (1). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: 60–73. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.

Kim, Sae-Bom; Kim, Woong-Ki; Chounlamany, Vanseng; Seo, Jaehwan; Yoo, Jisu; Jo, Hun-Je; Jung, Jinho (15 August 2012). "Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater toward Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa". Journal of Hazardous Materials. Seoul, Korea; Laos, Lao. 227–228: 327–333. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059. PMID 22677053.

Thin film transistors (TFT) is commonly known as an active-matrix LCD, which is complemented with higher image-quality transistor, in which each transistor is assigned to a pixel.

The acquisition of TFT will make the newly formed Group one of the largest individual pattern book and shade card makers in the UK, with two production facilities.

TechNavio"s report, Global TFT LCD Display Market 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts.

Studies on the practice are few and far between, and Callahan"s claims TFT could cure ills like post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in as little as 15 minutes have caused many, including the American Psychological Association, to question its scientific validity.

RITTAL"s range of industrial workstations (IW) offers IP rated protection from dust and mechanical damage in harsh industrial environments, where PC"s and TFT monitors require high protection.

OLED displays have become increasingly common and accessible over the past few years. While they were once reserved for premium smartphones, you’ll now find OLED displays at every smartphone price point. Not every OLED display is equal, though – differences in materials and manufacturing processes can result in varying display qualities. In that vein, let’s explore the differences between POLED vs AMOLED, and what these acronyms mean in the real world.

Before differentiating between POLED and AMOLED, it’s worth understanding the fundamentals of OLED display technology. To that end, let’s ignore the P and AM prefixes for now.

If you look at an OLED display under a microscope, you’ll see these diodes arranged in various red, green, and blue configurations in order to produce a full range of colors. OLED has a key advantage over conventional LCDs – individual light emitters can be switched completely off. This gives OLED deep blacks and an excellent contrast ratio.

Naturally, light emitters in an OLED display need a power source in order to function. Manufacturers can use either a passive wiring matrix or an active wiring matrix. Passive matrix displays provide current to an entire row of LEDs, which isn’t ideal but it is cheap. An active matrix, on the other hand, introduces a capacitor and thin-film transistor (TFT) network that allows each pixel to be driven individually. This driving matrix is part of the panel that sits on top of a base substrate.

Today, virtually all high-resolution OLED displays use active-matrix technology. This is because a passive matrix requires higher voltages the more pixels you introduce. High voltage reduces LED lifetimes, making a passive matrix OLED impractical.

AMOLED simply refers to an Active Matrix OLED panel. The AMOLED branding has become synonymous with Samsung Display’s OLED panels over the years. However, all smartphone OLED panels, including those from Samsung’s rivals like LG Display use active-matrix technology too – they just aren’t marketed as such.

In case you’re wondering what Super AMOLED means, it’s another bit of branding to indicate the presence of an embedded touch-sensitive layer. Similarly, Dynamic AMOLED refers to a display with HDR capabilities, specifically support for Samsung’s favored HDR10+ standard.

Now that we know the layered structure of an OLED display, we can move on to the plastic part. While the first wave of OLED panels was built using glass substrates, the desire for more interesting form factors has seen manufacturers use more flexible plastic components. This is where the P in POLED comes from.

Glass is fixed and rigid, while plastic substrates can be more easily formed into new shapes. This property is absolutely essential for curved screens as well as foldable devices like Samsung’s Galaxy Fold series. Working with plastics is also much more cost-effective than glass.

Manufacturers have experimented with a range of plastics for flexible displays, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). OLED manufacturers have settled on using polyimide plastics (PI) that can better withstand high TFT manufacturing temperatures. The type of substrate and heating process used also defines the flexibility of the display.

The somewhat confusing part is that Samsung’s AMOLED displays use plastic substrates. And as the name suggests, LG Display’s POLED technology clearly uses plastic as well. In summary, it’s absolutely possible to build a plastic substrate, active-matrix OLED panel. That’s exactly what both of the big two panel manufacturers are doing when it comes to mobile displays.

Even though LG and Samsung-made OLED panels qualify as both POLED and AMOLED simultaneously, the companies aren’t exactly producing identical panels. The quality of the TFT layer and plastic compound can make a difference to display performance, as can the type of emitters and sub-pixel layout.

Different color LEDs offer different brightnesses and shelf life. Blue emitters, for example, degrade the quickest. Panel manufacturers can therefore opt to use different LED materials – such as small-molecule, polymer, or phosphorescent – to optimize their designs. This may also necessitate different subpixel layouts in order to balance the panel white color, gamut, and resolution.

Over the years, we’ve seen OLED display manufacturers converge on a set of standard parameters. For example, both LG and Samsung use a diamond PenTile sub-pixel layout for smartphone displays. This just means that both should offer similar long-term reliability.

In the past, LG used POLED displays in its own flagship smartphones like the Velvet and Wing. However, these panels fell slightly short of the competition in certain aspects like peak brightness and color gamut coverage. These shortfalls led to speculations that Samsung has a leg up over the competition, but the accuracy of these claims is anyone’s guess.

So does that mean you should avoid POLED? Not quite — it’s still fundamentally OLED technology, which offers numerous advantages over IPS LCD. Moreover, you’ll mostly find POLED displays in mid-range and budget smartphones these days, where they should have no problem matching Samsung’s own lower-end AMOLED panels. As a relatively smaller player, LG may also offer more competitive pricing as compared to Samsung.

For most consumers, the choice of POLED vs AMOLED will be of little consequence. The underlying principle – an active-matrix OLED on a flexible plastic substrate – applies equally to both, after all. Despite the different names, LG Display and Samsung aren’t worlds apart in their approach to producing OLED panels for smartphones.

Smartphones have displays and that is where all the action happens. You want to call someone, tap the screen. You want to order food, tap on the screen to open the app and get it done. Same thing works for hailing cabs as well. You even use it for watching videos or movies on the go. Screen is the hub where most of your computing tasks take place, but how much do we know about its different aspects, its nature and quality. We’ve decided to narrow down these features, the technology for our readers, giving them an in-depth look at what basic things like PPI, refresh rate, and AMOLED panel mean.

We start our explainer with pixels per inch or as most of us call it, PPI. You might have heard varied definitions for PPI, but in simple words, it is used to measure the closeness of pixels on a mobile screen. It is also worth pointing out that each pixel is viewed as a square if you get a micro view of the screen sometime. So, for instance, if a smartphone’s display offers 300 PPI, it means there are 300 dots per inch, allowing the images and content to appear crisp and sharp for the viewer.

Next up we are going to talk about the touch sampling rate that is available on most smartphones selling in the market these days. As the name suggests, touch sampling rate refers to the number of times a screen can register your touch input in a second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz) on the specifications sheet.

So, every time you touch the screen, and the amount of time taken by the display to render the next frame, is what you would call touch sampling rate. And like in most cases, higher the touch sampling rate, the display offers better user experience. These days you have phones with 180 Hz or even 240 Hz touch sampling rate, which means the display will look for touch input every 180 or 240 seconds, thereby resulting in faster processing on the hardware front.

Another widely popular term these days is screen refresh rate. And no, it is not the same as touch sampling rate as many assume. The term itself explains the technology behind it. Screen refresh rate refers to the number of times the screen refreshes every second. It can be either while you scroll through apps or open an image/visual on the display. Again, higher the refresh rate, the better the screen responds to any task. High refresh rate of the screen is beneficial in many ways. Mostly because they skip a frame, which is ideal for gamers, and even regular navigation on the phone becomes smoother, or fluid as some brands call it.

The Thin Film Transistor panel is how we started using smartphones. This technology offers good image quality and supports higher screen resolution. But the biggest issue with TFT panels is the low visibility under direct sunlight, which has prompted brands to look at other options.

Next one is called In-place switching panel, which is basically the upgraded variant of TFTs and focuses on lower power consumption that automatically improves the phone’s battery life. These are costlier than TFT panels, which is why you mostly get them on phones costing above Rs 10,000 in the market. You get good wide viewing angles with IPS panels.

Everyone is familiar with the Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode or AMOLED panel that is available on mid-range and high-end smartphones these days. This panel is renowned for its top-notch colour reproduction, and allows phone makers to design lightweight devices. The high brightness level does not compromise on battery life, which is important.

This version of AMOLED comes from Samsung. The most intriguing part about Super AMOLED is that the touch sensors are integrated into the main display, which gives you a thin display profile. Samsung now offers this panel for other manufacturers in the market.

And finally you have OLED or Organic Light Emitting Diode panel. OLED display operates on its own and does not need a backlight to throw visible light. This technology allows OLED to offer deeper blacks and support ultra-thin form factors, be it TV or smartphones. Much like AMOLED, these also offer efficiency which results in better battery life.

There are quite a few screen resolutions introduced in the industry over the years. But for smartphones we are specifically focusing on the main quality available in the market these days.

Full HD resolution is the most popular screen resolution that you get on smartphones. Manufacturers have managed to pack the display quality on phones ranging between Rs 10,000 to Rs 80,000. Full HD resolution translates into 1920×1080 pixels quality.

Next up, you have 2K or Quad HD resolution which is yet to become mainstream in the market. Most devices with this screen resolution feature in the high-end segment. The likes of Samsung, OnePlus and Xiaomi among others have adopted the technology. Screens with this resolution come with 2560×1440 pixels quality.

You must have heard people write about aspect ratio with regards to display; be it smartphone or television. What does it mean? Aspect ratio is basically the width and the height of the screen of a smartphone. Traditional aspect ratio of smartphones has been 18:9 but with the changing trends in the market, with the adopting of notch and then punch hole layout, now you have 19:9 and 20:9 aspect ratios used for smartphone displays.

HDR stands for high dynamic range. And any smartphone display which supports HDR stands to offer higher contrast levels than a regular display panel. You also get more colours out of the display while watching movies or any HDR-compliant content. Platforms like YouTube, Netflix and Amazon Prime Video have started offering some of their content in HDR, which can be viewed on smartphones that come with HDR-supported display. And you are sure to notice the difference in quality between regular and HDR content.

If you want to buy a new monitor, you might wonder what kind of display technologies I should choose. In today’s market, there are two main types of computer monitors: TFT LCD monitors & IPS monitors.

The word TFT means Thin Film Transistor. It is the technology that is used in LCD displays.  We have additional resources if you would like to learn more about what is a TFT Display. This type of LCDs is also categorically referred to as an active-matrix LCD.

These LCDs can hold back some pixels while using other pixels so the LCD screen will be using a very minimum amount of energy to function (to modify the liquid crystal molecules between two electrodes). TFT LCDs have capacitors and transistors. These two elements play a key part in ensuring that the TFT display monitor functions by using a very small amount of energy while still generating vibrant, consistent images.

Industry nomenclature: TFT LCD panels or TFT screens can also be referred to as TN (Twisted Nematic) Type TFT displays or TN panels, or TN screen technology.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is like an improvement on the traditional TFT LCD display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but has more enhanced features and more widespread usability.

These LCD screens offer vibrant color, high contrast, and clear images at wide viewing angles. At a premium price. This technology is often used in high definition screens such as in gaming or entertainment.

Both TFT display and IPS display are active-matrix displays, neither can’t emit light on their own like OLED displays and have to be used with a back-light of white bright light to generate the picture. Newer panels utilize LED backlight (light-emitting diodes) to generate their light hence utilizing less power and requiring less depth by design. Neither TFT display nor IPS display can produce color, there is a layer of RGB (red, green, blue) color filter in each LCD pixels to produce the color consumers see. If you use a magnifier to inspect your monitor, you will see RGB color in each pixel. With an on/off switch and different level of brightness RGB, we can get many colors.

Wider viewing angles are not always welcome or needed. Image you work on the airplane. The person sitting next to you always looking at your screen, it can be very uncomfortable. There are more expensive technologies to narrow the viewing angle on purpose to protect the privacy.

Winner. IPS TFT screens have around 0.3 milliseconds response time while TN TFT screens responds around 10 milliseconds which makes the latter unsuitable for gaming

Winner. the images that IPS displays create are much more pristine and original than that of the TFT screen. IPS displays do this by making the pixels function in a parallel way. Because of such placing, the pixels can reflect light in a better way, and because of that, you get a better image within the display.

As the display screen made with IPS technology is mostly wide-set, it ensures that the aspect ratio of the screen would be wider. This ensures better visibility and a more realistic viewing experience with a stable effect.

Winner. While the TFT LCD has around 15% more power consumption vs IPS LCD, IPS has a lower transmittance which forces IPS displays to consume more power via backlights. TFT LCD helps battery life.

Normally, high-end products, such as Apple Mac computer monitors and Samsung mobile phones, generally use IPS panels. Some high-end TV and mobile phones even use AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes) displays. This cutting edge technology provides even better color reproduction, clear image quality, better color gamut, less power consumption when compared to LCD technology.

What you need to choose is AMOLED for your TV and mobile phones instead of PMOLED. If you have budget leftover, you can also add touch screen functionality as most of the touch nowadays uses PCAP (Projective Capacitive) touch panel.

This kind of touch technology was first introduced by Steve Jobs in the first-generation iPhone. Of course, a TFT LCD display can always meet the basic needs at the most efficient price. An IPS display can make your monitor standing out.

Corresponding Author: Michael T. Sheehan, MD, Marshfield Clinic – Weston Center, Department of Endocrinology, 3501 Cranberry Boulevard, Weston, WI 54476 USA, Tel: (715) 393-1366, Email: gro.cinilcdleifhsram@leahcim.naheehs

Disorders of thyroid function are common, and screening, diagnosis, and management are often performed by primary care providers. While management of significant biochemical abnormalities is reasonably straight forward, laboratory tests only slightly outside, or even within, the normal range are becoming more difficult to appropriately manage. A large part of this increasing difficulty in appropriate management is caused by patients requesting, and even demanding, certain tests or treatments that may not be indicated. Symptoms of thyroid dysfunction are non-specific and extremely prevalent in the general population. This, along with a growing body of information available to patients via the lay press and internet suggesting that traditional thyroid function testing is not reliable, has fostered some degree of patient mistrust. Increasingly, when a physician informs a patient that their thyroid is not the cause of their symptoms, the patient is dissatisfied and even angry. This review aims to clarify the interpretation of normal and mild abnormalities of thyroid function tests by describing pituitary-thyroid physiology and through an in depth review of, arguably, the three most important biochemical tests of thyroid function: TSH, free T4, and anti-TPO antibodies. It is important for primary care providers to have an understanding of the shortcomings and proper interpretation of these tests to be better able to discuss thyroid function with their patients.

Functional disorders of the thyroid (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) are common and, in many cases, managed by primary care providers. In addition to diagnosed cases, there are many patients who present to their provider seeking evaluation of their thyroid status as a possible cause of a variety of complaints including obesity, mood changes, hair loss, and fatigue. There is an ever-growing body of literature in the public domain, whether in print or internet-based, suggesting that thyroid conditions are under-diagnosed by physicians and that standard thyroid function tests are unreliable. Primary care providers are often the first to evaluate these patients and order biochemical testing. This has become a more complex process, with many patients requesting and even demanding certain biochemical tests that may not be indicated. This review aims to describe three important biochemical tests of thyroid status (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], free thyroxine [free T4], and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies [anti-TPO ABs]) the primary care provider should be comfortable not only ordering and interpreting, but also not ordering in many circumstances. Discussion will include the indications, utility, and potential short-comings of these tests in relation to the scrutiny that has been placed on their accuracy and validity by a growing number of patients.

The proper interpretation of thyroid function tests requires an understanding of thyroid physiology. Thyroid function is regulated by a relatively straightforward relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and the thyroid gland itself (figure 1). Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland which, in turn, regulates a variety of steps in the production of thyroid hormones from the uptake of iodine to the regulation of enzymatic steps in the process. The majority of thyroid hormone released by the gland (~ 85%) is thyroxine (T4), while a smaller proportion (~15%) is tri-iodothyronine (T3). These thyroid hormones are highly protein-bound (99.8%), with only the free components (free T3 and free T4) having the ability to bind to their respective receptors. The active thyroid hormone is free T3, and there is tissue-specific regulation of the conversion of T4 to T3 by a set of deiodinase enzymes peripherally allowing each tissue to, in a sense, self-regulate its exposure to free T3. This is crucial, because different tissues require different levels of T3. This conversion of T4 to T3 is how treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine (T4 only) still allows for adequate, tissue-specific, T3 exposure.

Next, it is essential to appreciate the negative feedback of free T3 and free T4 at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary (see figure 1). Also, the relationship between these thyroid hormones and TSH is not linear but log-linear, such that very small changes in free T3 and/or free T4 will result in very large changes in TSH. Conversely, very small changes in TSH reflect extremely minute changes in free T3 and free T4. For instance, a 2-fold change in free T4 will result in a 100-fold change in TSH. Thus, a free T4 change from 1.0 ng/dL to 0.5 ng/dL will result in a TSH rise from 0.5 mIU/mL to 50 mIU/mL. On the other hand, a rise in TSH from 1.0 mIU/mL to 5.0 mIU/mL reflects a drop in free T4 from 1.0 ng/dL to just 0.9 ng/dL. It is also important to note that each individual has a set point for their own free T3 and free T4 level that is quite stable in the absence of disease. Therefore, changes in any given patient’s free T3 and/or free T4 within the normal range will result in an abnormal TSH value. This supports the role of TSH, in the absence of hypothalamic/pituitary disease, as the most sensitive marker of thyroid function. Table 1 lists common patterns of thyroid function tests and their interpretation, assuming an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the absence of significant non-thyroidal illness. These interpretations will be valid in the vast majority of non-hospitalized patients presenting to the primary care provider.

As mentioned previously, thyroid function tests can be difficult to reliably interpret in patients who are acutely ill, and the severity of the illness plays a role as well. As such, thyroid function tests should be interpreted with extreme caution in hospitalized patients and in those recently discharged from the hospital. The term used to describe these non-specific effects on thyroid function tests is non-thyroidal illness (previously termed euthyroid sick syndrome). An in depth discussion of the pathophysiology of non-thyroidal illness is beyond the scope of this review, but the interested reader is referred to a recent summary by Farwell.

Assessment of TSH is the single most useful test of thyroid function in the vast majority of patients. Primary care providers should seldom need to order any other biochemical thyroid test. In most cases the TSH will be within the normal range, and no further testing is indicated. However, providers should be aware of several important issues in the interpretation of a TSH value. The importance of these issues is mainly that any clinical decision should not be made (in a non-pregnant patient) based on a single TSH value if it is within or close to the normal range.

Considerable literature exists regarding what the normal range for TSH really should be, and this topic is covered at length in recent reviewsth to 97.5th percentiles of the distribution of values measured in the population tested. Therefore, 2.5% of people with completely normal thyroid function will have a TSH slightly below the listed normal range (and 2.5% slightly above the normal range).

While there may be slight differences in TSH reference ranges based on race,th percentile was 3.5 mIU/mL for 20–29 year olds increasing to 4.5 mIU/mL for 50–70 year olds and 7.5 mIU/mL for those over the age of 80 years. This age-related increase in TSH may be an adaptive mechanism, as there is evidence showing increased mortality in advanced age as TSH declines within the normal range.

Pregnancy is the one circumstance wherein initiation or adjustment of replacement therapy with L-T4 is indicated for a TSH within the upper normal range.

It is not generally appreciated by primary care providers that TSH secretion follows a circadian rhythm, with maximal levels seen in the early morning and a nadir in the late afternoon to mid-evening.am had a normal TSH (< 4.0 mIU/mL) when assessed between 2:00–4:00 pm.

Also underappreciated is the individual variation in TSH that occurs for no apparent reason. In a study assessing TSH values monthly for one year in healthy men, this apparent random variation occurred with a mean TSH of 0.75 mIU/mL and a range of 0.2–1.6 mIU/mL.

The definition of subclinical hypothyroidism is a mildly elevated TSH (4.6–8.0 mIU/mL) in the setting of a normal free T4. This biochemical finding may or may not be accompanied by mild symptoms of hypothyroidism. The difficultly in determining which, if any, symptoms are truly related is the non-specific nature of the symptoms of hypothyroidism and the high prevalence of many of these same complaints in the general population. Indeed, approximately 67% of the U.S. population is overweight or obese,

That being said, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is quite high at between 3.9% and 8.5% (versus the 0.2%–0.4% prevalence of overt hypothyroidism).

Subclinical hyperthyroidism is defined as a mildly suppressed TSH (generally still > 0.1 mIU/mL) in a patient without overt symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The primary care provider will see fewer of these patients owing to the lower prevalence of between 0.2–0.9%.

As already described, the reliable interpretation of thyroid function tests requires an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thankfully, disruption of this hormonal axis is uncommon to rare and, when present is usually already diagnosed (ie, a patient with a history of a pituitary macroadenoma). The main concern of the primary care provider, then, is to know the prevalence of undiagnosed hypothalamic/pituitary disease causing hypothyroidism. Population-based data on this subject is limited, but Regal et al

While pituitary microadenoma is quite common (~10% of the population), the vast majority of these small tumors are not large enough to adversely affect normal pituitary function. The prevalence of pituitary macroadenoma, based on data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showing incidentally discovered lesions, has been estimated at between 0.16–0.2%.

The prevalence of empty sella can also be estimated based on incidental discovery on MRI imaging. In a study of 500 consecutive subjects undergoing MRI of the brain, Foresti et al

As has been demonstrated, the prevalence of previously undiagnosed central hypothyroidism causing a normal TSH is impossible to estimate reliably. All things considered, perhaps 0.05–0.1% (about 1 case per 1500 patients) may be a reasonable approximation. While price varies widely, a free T4 level may cost between $55 US to $108 US. Assuming proper diagnosis could be based on a single free T4 level documented below the normal range, it would cost between $82,500 US and $162,000 US to identify a single case of undiagnosed central hypothyroidism. This brings up significant issues in terms of the cost-effectiveness of adding a free T4 to confirm the reliability of a normal TSH result.

There are several other possible situations in which a normal TSH may not reflect euthyroidism. These conditions are all quite rare and, thus, will not be discussed at length. The presence of heterophile antibodies (produced as a result of close contact with animals) can potentially interfere with the TSH assay, causing either a falsely high or falsely low result.Table 2 lists the pattern of thyroid function tests and prevalence of the conditions that might result in a falsely normal TSH.

Beyond the TSH, assessment of free T4 is the most commonly ordered thyroid function test. In the United States alone, approximately 18 million free T4 tests were performed in 2008 compared to approximately 59 million TSH tests.

An important point to make about the assessment of free T4 (beyond whether it is even indicated) is the reliability of the result. The accuracy of free T4 is highly dependent upon the assay employed, and unfortunately, the assay used in the vast majority of laboratories may not be terribly reliable. While the inter-assay precision of free T4 assays is generally good (~4.3% in our laboratory), the accuracy of that result may be poor. Indeed, in one survey of 13 free T4 methods, four of them had more than 50% of the results NOT meeting the allowable inaccuracy criteria.

Most laboratories utilize the direct analog immunoassay (IA) for the measurement of free T4, and again the validity of the results are debated and poorly standardized.Table 3 lists the limited indications for which a free T4 test should be ordered.

Thyroid peroxidase is one of the key enzymes involved in the synthesis of T3 and T4, catalyzing several steps in the process. The presence of anti-TPO ABs is a hallmark of autoimmune thyroid disease, especially Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but also being highly prevalent in postpartum thyroiditis and Graves’ disease.

One instance where assessment of anti-TPO AB is recommended (even when the TSH is normal) is in some women in relation to pregnancy or planned pregnancy. Because of the importance of maintaining euthyroidism in pregnancy, the pre-conception identification of women at risk for hypothyroidism is essential. However, this does not mean that all women should have anti-TPO ABs testing preconception. Rather, just those women at higher risk for autoimmune thyroid disease, such as those with a family history of thyroid disease or a personal history of other autoimmune disease (such as type 1 diabetes or Addison’s disease), should be tested. Another instance in which assessment of anti-TPO ABs is recommended is in the setting of infertility and/or recurrent miscarriage—grade “A” in clinical guidelines.

There are many other tests of thyroid status that can be ordered by providers beyond the three discussed in this review. However, it should be noted that these remaining tests are seldom needed, even by endocrinologists outside of very well-defined clinical scenarios. Again, the only test of thyroid function needed by the vast majority of patients seen in primary care is the TSH, despite what patients themselves may request or demand. Table 4 lists these other thyroid tests and their main clinical use.

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin & TSH receptor antibodiesEvaluation of the cause of hyperthyroidism (used in conjunction with thyroid uptake and scan and/or at times when radioiodine scanning cannot be performed (i.e. pregnancy))

Primary hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders encountered and managed by primary care providers. Unfortunately, the symptoms of hypothyroidism are extremely non-specific and otherwise highly prevalent in the population. Therefore, providers need to rely on biochemical testing to confirm or rule-out the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. This long-standing reliance on the TSH has come under increased scrutiny in the public domain, and many alternative and traditional medicine providers are now questioning the reliability of standard biochemical testing of thyroid function. Many patients struggle with a multitude of these non-specific complaints, and in their quest for answers become upset when they are told their thyroid function is normal. As reviewed, true hypothyroidism in the setting of a normal TSH is highly unlikely, with an estimated prevalence of perhaps 1 case per 1500 patients. It is uncertain, therefore, whether the assessment of a single free T4 is cost-effective in the assessment of a patient’s thyroid status. If a free T4 test is obtained, the limitations of the assay method employed need to be considered. Lastly, the assessment of anti-TPO ABs should be avoided in non-pregnant patients with a normal TSH, as treatment decisions based on the presence or absence of these antibodies is not supported by current clinical guidelines. The increasingly maligned TSH is still the best, and often only, thyroid function test that is needed in the assessment of most patients.

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There is general agreement that overt hypothyroidism can cause harm to the mother and baby although this condition is uncommon today and much of the evidence is from times when the epidemiology thyroid disease and diagnostic methods were very different. Regarding subclinical hypothyroidism and adverse obstetric and neonatal effects, the Endocrine Society guidelines grade the evidence as “fair or poor” with the rationale for the recommended treatment being that “the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms”.

There are several preliminary observations about the research in this area. Many early reports were small series from high risk clinics and the findings were not replicated in large population studies. Severe iodine deficiency was more common in the past and laboratory methods were primitive. Studies are still quoted that used butanol extractable iodine to measure thyroid hormones, a method that was abandoned long ago.–

Regarding obstetric complications, there is evidence linking subclinical hypothyroidism with selected adverse events. A recent review tabulated a summary of 16 studies, mostly from the last five years.th, 97.5th or 98th percentile) while others used arbitrary cut points ranging from 2–6 mIU/L. The number of subjects varied from 204 to 16,609 and the proportion with hypothyroidism from 1 to 14%. It is interesting that the unusual complication of placental abruption was only demonstrated in one study –

In a second paper the same group showed that screening was needed to detect all women with thyroid disease in pregnancy and that thyroxine treatment reduced obstetric complications in women with TSH >2.5 mIU/L and positive thyroid antibodies.

At the same time there were two large, well-organised studies that came to the opposite conclusion. The first examined women with subclinical hypothyroidism (n=240, 2.2%) or isolated hypothyroxinaemia (n=232, 2.1%) from 10,990 enrolled in the multicentre FASTER trial.

Other studies have looked at the association of thyroid antibodies rather than hypothyroidism with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A meta-analysis of eight case-control and 10 longitudinal studies found an association between thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage (odds ratios 2.73, 95% confidence interval 2.20–3.40 and 2.30, 1.80–2.95 respectively).

The evidence that mild maternal hypothyroidism can cause neurological injury in the developing foetus is even less certain than the evidence regarding obstetric complications. Some of this relates to the difficulty studying this area where the timing and type of assessment of the child are critical along with correction for confounding factors. One of the subtleties is that neurological injuries at different times of gestation may have different effects requiring specific tests later in childhood. Lazarus stated that the idea that subclinical hypothyroidism might cause neurocognitive deficits is “biologically plausible, but not clearly proven”.

Two studies are most often quoted in this area, one positive and one negative. The first is a paper from 1999 in which the children of 62 women with raised TSH in pregnancy were evaluated at 7–9 years of age with a battery of psychometric tests.

There are numerous other studies in this area which have reached different conclusions. Two separate Chinese studies of approximately 1000 women each found a link between maternal hypothyroidism and developmental problems in children tested at six months or two years of age.,

There has been vigorous debate about the relative importance of hypothyroidism (i.e. high TSH) and hypothyroxinaemia (i.e. low FT4) as the more important predictor of adverse events in pregnancy. The argument for the precedence of hypothyroxinaemia is that the mother is the only source of thyroid hormones for the foetus until at least 12 weeks gestation. This proposition has been supported by a number of Dutch studies which found an association between euthyroid hypothyroxinaemia and delayed cognitive development at different ages.–

As you might already be aware, there’s a large variety of versatile digital display types on the market, all of which are specifically designed to perform certain functions and are suitable for numerous commercial, industrial, and personal uses. The type of digital display you choose for your company or organization depends largely on the requirements of your industry, customer-base, employees, and business practices. Unfortunately, if you happen to be technologically challenged and don’t know much about digital displays and monitors, it can be difficult to determine which features and functions would work best within your professional environment. If you have trouble deciphering the pros and cons of using TFT vs. IPS displays, here’s a little guide to help make your decision easier.

TFT stands for thin-film-transistor, which is a variant of liquid crystal display (LCD). TFTs are categorized as active matrix LCDs, which means that they can simultaneously retain certain pixels on a screen while also addressing other pixels using minimal amounts of energy. This is because TFTs consist of transistors and capacitors that respectively work to conserve as much energy as possible while still remaining in operation and rendering optimal results. TFT display technologies offer the following features, some of which are engineered to enhance overall user experience.

The bright LED backlights that are featured in TFT displays are most often used for mobile screens. These backlights offer a great deal of adaptability and can be adjusted according to the visual preferences of the user. In some cases, certain mobile devices can be set up to automatically adjust the brightness level of the screen depending on the natural or artificial lighting in any given location. This is a very handy feature for people who have difficulty learning how to adjust the settings on a device or monitor and makes for easier sunlight readability.

One of the major drawbacks of using a TFT LCD instead of an IPS is that the former doesn’t offer the same level of visibility as the latter. To get the full effect of the graphics on a TFT screen, you have to be seated right in front of the screen at all times. If you’re just using the monitor for regular web browsing, for office work, to read and answer emails, or for other everyday uses, then a TFT display will suit your needs just fine. But, if you’re using it to conduct business that requires the highest level of colour and graphic accuracy, such as completing military or naval tasks, then your best bet is to opt for an IPS screen instead.

Nonetheless, most TFT displays are still fully capable of delivering reasonably sharp images that are ideal for everyday purposes and they also have relatively short response times from your keyboard or mouse to your screen. This is because the pixel aspect ration is much narrower than its IPS counterpart and therefore, the colours aren’t as widely spread out and are formatted to fit onto the screen. Primary colours—red, yellow, and blue—are used as the basis for creating brightness and different shades, which is why there’s such a strong contrast between different aspects of every image. Computer monitors, modern-day HD TV screens, laptop monitors, mobile devices, and even tablets all utilize this technology.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is almost like an improvement on the traditional TFT display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but with slightly more enhanced features and more widespread usability. IPS LCD monitors consist of the following high-end features.

IPS screens have the capability to recognize movements and commands much faster than the traditional TFT LCD displays and as a result, their response times are infinitely faster. Of course, the human eye doesn’t notice the difference on separate occasions, but when witnessing side-by-side demonstrations, the difference is clear.

Wide-set screen configurations allow for much wider and versatile viewing angles as well. This is probably one of the most notable and bankable differences between TFT and IPS displays. With IPS displays, you can view the same image from a large variety of different angles without causing grayscale, blurriness, halo effects, or obstructing your user experience in any way. This makes IPS the perfect display option for people who rely on true-to-form and sharp colour and image contrasts in their work or daily lives.

IPS displays are designed to have higher transmittance frequencies than their TFT counterparts within a shorter period of time (precisely 1 millisecond vs. 25 milliseconds). This speed increase might seem minute or indecipherable to the naked eye, but it actually makes a huge difference in side-by-side demonstrations and observations, especially if your work depends largely on high-speed information sharing with minimal or no lagging.

Just like TFT displays, IPS displays also use primary colours to produce different shades through their pixels. The main difference in this regard is the placement of the pixels and how they interact with electrodes. In TFT displays, the pixels run perpendicular to one another when they’re activated by electrodes, which creates a pretty sharp image, but not quite as pristine or crisp as what IPS displays can achieve. IPS display technologies employ a different configuration in the sense that pixels are placed parallel to