ce certification tft lcd free sample

The uLCD-144G2 display module is compact and cost effective and features a 1.44” LCD TFT screen, which is the smallest LCD TFT module available from 4D Systems. Driven by the GOLDELOX processor, the uLCD-144G2 is the perfect compact display solution for any application requiring a small embedded screen.

The module is an elegant combination of a 1.44” TFT LCD screen, along with a modest but comprehensive collection of I/O Features. These include a micro-SD card connector, two general purpose input/output pins (GPIO"s) with Dallas 1-Wire Support, Analog Input and sound generation capability, along with serial communications.

4DGL is a graphics oriented language allowing the developer to write applications in a high level language, syntax similar to popular languages such as BASIC, C and Pascal. The module offers modest but comprehensive I/O features that can interface to serial, analogue, digital, buttons, joystick, sound generation and Dallas 1-wire devices.

This display module serves as a perfect solution to be deployed at the forefront of any product design, requiring a brilliance of colour, animation or images on any application. This GOLDELOX driven Intelligent Display Module is a perfect example of where art meets technology.

Add some dazzle to your project with this 1.45" diagonal graphic TFT LCD display module. You"ll often see this display advertised as a 1.44" Color TFT but we rounded up instead. This small display packs 128x128 full-color pixels into one square inch of active display area. It is a great choice when you need color and sharp detail while using minimal front panel space. At less than 5 grams, the display adds very little weight to handheld or wearable devices.

Thanks to the integrated Sitronix ST7735S or compatible controller, a single 3.3v source powers everything. The SPI host interface allows full read and write control of the display while using only 10 pins. The single bright white LED backlight has anode (A,+) and cathode (K, -) pins brought out on the Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) tail. To connect, all you need is a single standard 10-conductor, 0.5 mm SMT ZIF connector.

While the SPI interface requires only a few lines to control this TFT LCD module, it is still possible to transfer data at a rate that supports 20 FPS (Frames Per Second) screen updates -- fast enough to play a full motion video.

Nextion is a Human Machine Interface （HMI） solution combining an onboard processor and memory touch display with Nextion Editor software for HMI GUI project development.

A: All of our TFT LCDs meet or exceed 130 degree (Horizontal) and 110 degree (Vertical) viewing angle. Our wide view film technology achieve viewing angle 160 degree (Horizontal) and 140 degree(Vertical). We also have Super-Wide-View technology that will achieve 85/85/85/85 viewing angle, which is the best technology for viewing angle and color reproduction. Please consult the individual part specification for details.

A: NCM enables vivid reproduction of even the most subtle colors, such as pastels and flesh tones, and provides independent control of six colors without one color influencing any of the others. It supports 18-bit and 24-bit color and full motion video and compensates for any color shifts caused by LCD components such as CCFLs and optical films. Read the NCM Technology WhitePaper.

A: There are basically two approches to increase a display"s sunlight readability: increase the brightness level of the display, or reduce the ambient light reflection on the display surface. Good Display has several technology for outdoor readable applications, such as high brightness panel, transflective panel, anti-reflection and antiglare surface treatment, for more information, please check Outdoor Use TFT Displays for more information.

A: Yes. Good Display TFT LCDs response time is between 16ms to 25ms. Most of our newly developed LCD panels have 16ms response time, which is enough for moving picture. Please check the individual display specification for detail information.

A: LCD displays typically feature a wider viewing angle from straight on or above, compared to the viewing angle from below. The reverse-scan feature enables customers to select either a normal scan or reverse scan to obtain the best intended image, depending on whether the mounted display will be viewed typically from above or below. Good Display TFT LCDs have reverse scan function.

A: The defination of the CCFL lifetime is when the brightness level droped to 50% of its initial full brightness level. All the CCFL backlights for TFT LCDs are rated at 50,000 hours minimum. But most of the CCFL lamp unit can be replaced easily.

A: For industrial grade LED backlits TFT-LCD, the minimum lifetime is 60K hours. Be sure to consult the individual part specification for information on a specific LCM.

A: Many of the Good Display TFT LCDs operate at both 3.3 and 5V. However, as the 3.3V becomes the new standard, the LSI manufactory might decide to only support 3.3V, that is not controlled by Good Display. Please check the individual part specification for information.

A: The Mean time between failures (MTBF) data is not generally available. Under special circumstances MTBF data can be provided, but this is the exception, not the norm. Please contact your representative for further information.

What are the criteria and procedure for CE marking of LCDs and which institutions can I contact? A liquid crystal display is a kind of flat panel display. It is used for the screen display of televisions and computers. The advantages of this display are low power consumption, small size, and low radiation. The LCD uses a liquid crystal solution in two polarized materials, so the current flowing through the liquid causes the crystals to rearrange themselves to achieve the purpose of the image. If you need to apply for CE certification, you can contact our company BEST ONE Inspection for the procedure.

CE marking provides a single technical specification for products from all countries for trade in the European market and simplifies trade procedures. In order to enter the European Union and the European Free Trade Area, products from all countries must be CE certified and have the CE mark on the product. CE marking is therefore the passport for products to enter the EU and EFTA markets.

CE certification means that the product meets the safety requirements set out in the EU Directive; it is a company’s commitment to consumers and increases their confidence in the product; products bearing the CE mark reduce the risk of being sold on the European market.

CE consists of EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) + LVD (Low Voltage Directive), EMC also includes EMI (interference) + EMC (anti-interference), LVD is also commonly known as SAFETY safety, general low voltage products AC less than 50V, DC less than 75V can not LVD project. Low voltage products only need to test EMC and issue CE-EMC certificate, high voltage products need to test EMC and LVD and issue two certificates and reports CE-EMCCE-LVD.

Safety design documents (including main design drawings, i.e. design drawings indicating creepage distance, clearance distance, number and thickness of insulation layers).

the certificate of registration of the product in the EU (for certain products, such as Class I medical devices, general IVD in vitro diagnostic devices).

EU laws, regulations, and harmonized standards are not only numerous but also very complex, so seeking the help of an EU notified body is a wise move to save time and effort and reduce risks.

We also offer product sourcing and flight consolidation services. We have our own factory and sourcing office. We can provide you with almost every type of product related to our product range for Free sample for 1.1mm Thick Ito Coated Glass For Tp/lcd Sensors, We cordially welcome shoppers from at your house and overseas to join us and cooperate with us to appreciate a greater upcoming.

We also offer product sourcing and flight consolidation services. We have our own factory and sourcing office. We can provide you with almost every type of product related to our product range for 55"tempered Glass Panel/multi Touch Screen/touchscreen, Digitizer Glass Touch Screen And Lcd Panel For Transformer, Hot Sale 1.1mm Thick Ito Coated Glass For Tp/lcd, Each customer’s satisfactory is our goal. We are looking for long-term cooperation with each customer. To meet this, we keep up our quality and present extraordinary customer service. Welcome to our company, we’ve been expecting to cooperate with you.

This white paper, produced by the Canadian Trade Commissioner Service, is a primer on CE certification. This guide is not comprehensive and companies are strongly encouraged to consult the web resources section.

The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service helps companies navigate the complexities of international markets. We provide Canadian companies with on-the-ground insight, and an unbeatable network of contacts in more than 150 cities worldwide.

The CE mark (above) is a symbol that a manufacturer (see definition below) affixes to a product so that it can be sold in Europe. The mark is mandatory for products which fall under one of 24 European directives. The CE mark means that the manufacturer takes responsibility for the compliance of a product with all applicable European health, safety, performance and environmental requirements. CE stands for “Conformité Européenne", the French for European conformity.

The mark is required in all 27 member states of the EU, as well as Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. Switzerland accepts the CE mark for some products and Turkey actually requires that many products be CE marked.

The natural or legal person with responsibility for the design, manufacture, packaging and labelling of a device before it is placed on the market under its own name.

The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) or the Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL) marks, for example, can only be used when those organizations have determined that a product meets applicable standards. European organizations do not grant authorization to use the CE mark as it is not owned by any particular body. The manufacturer is responsible for its proper use.

The manufacturer, whether established inside or outside the EU, is ultimately responsible for affixing the CE mark and is also responsible for its proper use. The manufacturer established outside the EU may appoint an authorized representative established in the EU to act on his behalf. CE marking is about more than affixing a symbol to a product.

How do you know if your product requires a CE mark? The first step is to see if your product is covered under one or more of the 24 CE directives below. If your product falls under any of these directives, it needs to be CE marked.24 CE directivesDirective NumberProduct Category2006/95/ECLow Voltage

For example, the EU directive for products which fall under the electromagnetic compatibility category (directive number 2004/108/EC) calls for member states to ensure that electrical devices that fall under this category meet certain requirements:The EMC directive first limits electromagnetic emissions of equipment in order to ensure that, when used as intended, such equipment does not disturb radio and telecommunication as well as other equipment. The directive also governs the immunity of such equipment to interference and seeks to ensure that this equipment is not disturbed by radio emissions when used as intended.

Determining whether your product falls under one or more directives can be difficult. For example, if you manufacture electronic packaging machines with a conveyer belt, several directives will impact you. If you want to know which directives apply, you will have to go through each of the 24 directives (product coverage is sometimes found in an annex). There is no reference tool or database that lists which directives might be applicable to certain products. A trade commissioner can help you navigate these complexities.

Once you have figured out if your product falls under one or more directives, it’s time to assess if your product conforms to the applicable directive(s) and, if not, how you will achieve conformity.

The European Commission often provides mandates to European organizations (CEN, CENELEC and ETSI) to develop standards which are harmonized with the essential requirements of the directives. To see if a harmonized standard exists for your product, visit www.newapproach.org, an official website of the European Commission. A product which conforms to harmonized standards is deemed to comply with the essential requirements of applicable directives. For information about the content and availability of these harmonized standards, contact the following organizations:

In many cases, manufacturers may rely on standards other than harmonized standards in order to demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements in the directives. One notable exception to this rule is the Construction Products Regulation (soon to replace the Construction Products Directive) which makes the use of harmonized standards mandatory.

The European Commission often provides detailed guidelines on the application of specific directives, including details on the interpretation of the essential requirements of the directive. While these guidelines do not have legal value (only the official text of the directive does), they are often written in consultation with Member State authorities that enforce the directives.

Below is an excerpt of a table of harmonized standards for construction products, though not all tables have the same format:Harmonized standards for construction productsESOReference and title of the harmonised standard

(and reference document)Reference of superseded standardDate of applicability of the standard as a harmonised European standardDate of the end of the co-existence period Note 4CENEN 1:1998

Column 1: ESO, or the European Standards Organization, is the group responsible for the adoption and publication of EU standards. For the construction products above, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is the author.

Once you have identified the essential requirements in the directives and harmonized standards applicable to your product, you need to determine whether your product meets the applicable requirements, and whether you need to have a conformity assessment body test and certify your product to ensure that this is the case.

Some directives require that products be tested and certified by a third-party organization in order to ensure their conformity with applicable essential requirements. Whereas these organizations are known worldwide as conformity assessment bodies, they are also known in Europe as notified bodies (NB). If applicable directives do not require the use of an NB, manufacturers may rely on their own in-house facilities to assess their product’s conformity.

Some directives indicate that a manufacturer mustuse an NB for some products. These directives include the Medical Devices directive, the Equipment and Protective Systems in Potentially Explosive Atmospheresdirective, the Pressure Equipment directive, the Appliances Burning Gaseous Fuelsdirective, and the Simple Pressure Vessels directive.

The EU has reduced the number of products that require NB assessment. The Low Voltage directive, for example, does not require the use of an NB. European authorities are increasingly putting the onus on manufacturers to prove their products are compliant.

Be prepared for this:To find the notified bodies appointed by European authorities to carry out conformity assessment, use NANDO - the New Approach Notified and Designated Organisationsdatabase. Manufacturers can search for a notified body by country and by directive. While the vast majority of notified bodies are located in Europe, a number of them have subsidiaries or contractual relations with certification bodies or testing laboratories located in Canada or in the United States to service North American clients.

How do you know that your product complies with the essential requirements in the applicable directives? You will have to test and document that your product actually conforms. Each directive outlines which conformity assessment procedures - also referred to as modules - a manufacturer can undertake. There are 8 conformity assessment modules. The applicable directives outline which module(s) apply for a particular product category.

Notified body:ascertains, by performing or having performed examinations and tests, that the specimen(s) meet(s) the applicable provisions and is manufactured in accordance with the technical documentation

The manufacturer can hire a service provider for their access to test facilities but will pay simply for testing or other elements of conformity assessment, not consulting and certification, which is also what an NB is hired to do. A company can assess conformity of products by itself if it has the required facilities to test its product. This method is much less expensive.

The manufacturer is required to use an NB to assess conformity and certify its products, but it ultimately remains responsible for their conformity with EU essential requirements.

Conformity assessment to the European directives for CE marking may consist of different activities, including product testing, visual inspection, risk analysis as well as a review of product labels and instructions. Typical steps which may be involved in the assessment of conformity include:

Many directives allow the manufacturer to choose among different conformity assessment procedures for the same product. Knowing all your options can yield significant savings in time and money.

All CE marking directives impose an obligation for the manufacturer to create and make available technical documentation (or a technical file) containing information that demonstrates the product conforms to the requirements of the directive.

Technical documentation relevant to a CE-marked product must be kept for at least 10 years from the last date the product was manufactured, unless the directive provides for a later date. The technical documentation must be provided on demand to enforcement authorities, often within short timelines. The technical documentation needs to be kept up-to-date, especially when the product is modified or is subject to updated conformity assessment procedures.

Although several of the CE marking directives and European national laws impose that user information (e.g., user manuals) be translated into the official languages of the countries where they are sold, the rest of the technical documentation can be maintained in any EU language (including English or French).

EU law does not require that the technical documentation be located in Europe. The situation is different for the Declaration of Conformity (See step 6). However, EU importers must ensure that the exporter provides that file to EU enforcement authorities. Furthermore, EU importers or distributors marketing products under their own names are required to have a copy of the complete technical documentation.

If European harmonized standards have been applied then evidence of compliance is required. At a minimum this will be a dated list of the European harmonized standards applied and the results obtained on their application;

The document certifying compliance with CE marking directives is the Declaration of Conformity. The Declaration of Conformity is an acknowledgement by the manufacturer that they are responsible for the compliance of its products with the applicable directives.

The declaration should be available to authorities at the EU point of entry. Contrary to the complete technical documentation (which does not necessarily need to be shared with importers and distributors in some cases – see step 5), the Declaration of Conformity should be made available to EU distributors, who may be required to provide it to national authorities immediately upon request.

The CE mark must be: affixed to all new products, whether manufactured in the Member States or in third countries; to used and second-hand products imported from third countries; and to substantially modified products that are subject to directives as new products.

Directives may exclude the application of the CE mark on certain products (specified below), even if the directive otherwise applies to the product. These specific exceptions vary from directive to directive.

The CE mark may not, in principle, be affixed until the conformity assessment procedure has been completed to ensure that the product complies with all the provisions of the relevant directives. This will usually be at the end of the production phase. However, if the CE mark forms an inseparable part of the product, or of a component, for example by stamping or casting, the mark can be affixed at any other stage of the production phase, provided that the conformity of the product is verified as appropriate throughout the production phase.

The CE marking shall, as a rule, be affixed to the product or to its data plate. However, it may instead be affixed to the packaging or to the accompanying documents if:affixing the mark is impossible;

The CE mark consists of the letters ‘CE’, sometimes followed by the identification number of a notified body, as below. The identification number of the NB is added only when that NB has been involved in the production phase of the product.

Sometimes several notified bodies are involved in the production phase, where more than one directive is applicable. In these situations, several identification numbers follow the CE mark.

The CE mark must be easily seen and accessible for all parties. It could, for instance, be affixed on the back or underside of a product. A minimum height of 5 mm is required to ensure that it is legible. It shall also be indelible so that it cannot be removed under normal circumstances without leaving noticeable traces. (For example, some product standards use a rub test with water and petroleum spirits). However, this does not mean that the CE mark must form an integral part of the product.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

When the field is on, the liquid crystal molecules start to tilt towards the center of the sub-pixels because of the electric field; as a result, a continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) is formed; the azimuthal angle rotates 360 degrees continuously resulting in an excellent viewing angle. The ASV mode is also called CPA mode.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

Backlight intensity is usually controlled by varying a few volts DC, or generating a PWM signal, or adjusting a potentiometer or simply fixed. This in turn controls a high-voltage (1.3 kV) DC-AC inverter or a matrix of LEDs. The method to control the intensity of LED is to pulse them with PWM which can be source of harmonic flicker.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

The statements are applicable to Merck KGaA as well as its competitors JNC Corporation (formerly Chisso Corporation) and DIC (formerly Dainippon Ink & Chemicals). All three manufacturers have agreed not to introduce any acutely toxic or mutagenic liquid crystals to the market. They cover more than 90 percent of the global liquid crystal market. The remaining market share of liquid crystals, produced primarily in China, consists of older, patent-free substances from the three leading world producers and have already been tested for toxicity by them. As a result, they can also be considered non-toxic.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.