measure smartphone display screens made in china

Dr. Vivian Wing-Wah Yam is a Hong Kong chemist and in 2001 made history by becoming the youngest member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr. Yam’s research focuses on organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), which has led to more efficient displays for devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers. She has won many accolades for her contributions to photochemistry and continues to work toward the mission of offering safer and more efficient ways to produce artificial light. In the Pixels, Pictures, and Phones snack, you can learn more about screen technology and human visual perception by investigating images on your digital screens up close.

In recent years, smartphone displays have developed far more acronyms than ever before with each different one featuring a different kind of technology. AMOLED, LCD, LED, IPS, TFT, PLS, LTPS, LTPO...the list continues to grow.

As if the different available technologies weren"t enough, component and smartphone manufacturers adopt more and more glorified names like "Super Retina XDR" and "Dynamic AMOLED", which end up increasing the potential for confusion among consumers. So let"s take a look at some of these terms used in smartphone specification sheets and decipher them.

There are many display types used in smartphones: LCD, OLED, AMOLED, Super AMOLED, TFT, IPS and a few others that are less frequently found on smartphones nowadays, like TFT-LCD. One of the most frequently found on mid-to-high range phones now is IPS-LCD. But what do these all mean?

LCD means Liquid Crystal Display, and its name refers to the array of liquid crystals illuminated by a backlight, and their ubiquity and relatively low cost make them a popular choice for smartphones and many other devices.

LCDs also tend to perform quite well in direct sunlight, as the entire display is illuminated from behind, but does suffer from potentially less accurate colour representation than displays that don"t require a backlight.

Within smartphones, you have both TFT and IPS displays. TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor, an advanced version of LCD that uses an active matrix (like the AM in AMOLED). Active matrix means that each pixel is attached to a transistor and capacitor individually.

The main advantage of TFT is its relatively low production cost and increased contrast when compared to traditional LCDs. The disadvantage of TFT LCDs is higher energy demands than some other LCDs, less impressive viewing angles and colour reproduction. It"s for these reasons, and falling costs of alternative options, that TFTs are not commonly used in smartphones anymore.Affiliate offer

IPS technology (In-Plane Switching) solves the problem that the first generation of LCD displays experience, which adopts the TN (Twisted Nematic) technique: where colour distortion occurs when you view the display from the side - an effect that continues to crop up on cheaper smartphones and tablets.

The PLS (Plane to Line Switching) standard uses an acronym that is very similar to that of IPS, and is it any wonder that its basic operation is also similar in nature? The technology, developed by Samsung Display, has the same characteristics as IPS displays - good colour reproduction and viewing angles, but a lower contrast level compared to OLED and LCD/VA displays.

According to Samsung Display, PLS panels have a lower production cost, higher brightness rates, and even superior viewing angles when compared to their rival, LG Display"s IPS panels. Ultimately, whether a PLS or IPS panel is used, it boils down to the choice of the component supplier.

This is a very common question after "LED" TVs were launched, with the short answer simply being LCD. The technology used in a LED display is liquid crystal, the difference being LEDs generating the backlight.

Despite the improvement in terms of contrast (and potentially brightness) over traditional LCD/LED displays, LCD/mini-LEDs still divide the screen into brightness zones — over 2,500 in the case of the iPad and 2021 "QNED" TVs from LG — compared to dozens or hundreds of zones in previous-generation FALD (full-array local dimming) displays, on which the LEDs are behind the LCD panel instead of the edges.

However, for even greater contrast control, done individually at each point on the screen, it is necessary to go to panels equipped with microLED technologies – still cost-prohibitive in 2021 – or OLED, which until recently were manufactured on a large scale only in sizes for smartphones or televisions.Affiliate offer

AMOLED stands for Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode. While this may sound complicated it actually isn"t. We already encountered the active matrix in TFT LCD technology, and OLED is simply a term for another thin-film display technology.

OLED is an organic material that, as the name implies, emits light when a current is passed through it. As opposed to LCD panels, which are back-lit, OLED displays are "always off" unless the individual pixels are electrified.

This means that OLED displays have much purer blacks and consume less energy when black or darker colours are displayed on-screen. However, lighter-coloured themes on AMOLED screens use considerably more power than an LCD using the same theme. OLED screens are also more expensive to produce than LCDs.

Because the black pixels are "off" in an OLED display, the contrast ratios are also higher compared to LCD screens. AMOLED displays have a very fast refresh rate too, but on the downside are not quite as visible in direct sunlight as backlit LCDs. Screen burn-in and diode degradation (because they are organic) are other factors to consider.Affiliate offer

OLED stands for Organic Light Emitting Diode. An OLED display is comprised of thin sheets of electroluminescent material, the main benefit of which is they produce their own light, and so don"t require a backlight, cutting down on energy requirements. OLED displays are more commonly referred to as AMOLED displays when used on smartphones or TVs.

As we"ve already covered, the AM part of AMOLED stands for Active Matrix, which is different from a Passive Matrix OLED (P-OLED), though these are less common in smartphones.

Super AMOLED is the name given by Samsung to its displays that used to only be found in high-end models but have now trickled down to more modestly specced devices. Like IPS LCDs, Super AMOLED improves upon the basic AMOLED premise by integrating the touch response layer into the display itself, rather than as an extra layer on top.

As a result, Super AMOLED displays handle sunlight better than AMOLED displays and also require less power. As the name implies, Super AMOLED is simply a better version of AMOLED. It"s not all just marketing bluster either: Samsung"s displays are regularly reviewed as some of the best around.

The technology debuted with the obscure Royole FlexPai, equipped with an OLED panel supplied by China"s BOE, and was then used in the Huawei Mate X (pictured above) and the Motorola Razr (2019), where both also sport BOE"s panel - and the Galaxy Flip and Fold lines, using the component supplied by Samsung Display.Affiliate offer

Resolution describes the number of individual pixels (or points) displayed on the screen and is usually presented for phones by the number of horizontal pixels — vertical when referring to TVs and monitors. More pixels on the same display allow for more detailed images and clearer text.

To make it easier to compare different models, brands usually adopt the same naming scheme made popular by the TV market with terms like HD, FullHD and UltraHD. But with phones adopting a wide range of different screen proportions, just knowing that is not enough to know the total pixels displayed on the screen.Common phone resolutions

But resolution in itself is not a good measure for image clarity, for that we need to consider the display size, resulting in the pixel density by area measured by DPI/PPI (dots/points per inch).Affiliate offer

Speaking of pixel density, this was one of Apple"s highlights back in 2010 during the launch of the iPhone 4. The company christened the LCD screen (LED, TFT, and IPS) used in the smartphone as "Retina Display", thanks to the high resolution of the panel used (960 by 640 pixels back then) in its 3.5-inch display.

The name coined by Apple"s marketing department is applied to screens which, according to the company, the human eye is unable to discern the individual pixels from a normal viewing distance. In the case of iPhones, the term was applied to displays with a pixel density that is greater than 300 ppi (dots per inch).

With the iPhone 11 Pro, another term was introduced to the equation: "Super Retina XDR". Still using an OLED panel (that is supplied by Samsung Display or LG Display), the smartphone brings even higher specs in terms of contrast - with a 2,000,000:1 ratio and brightness level of 1,200 nits, which have been specially optimized for displaying content in HDR format.

As a kind of consolation prize for iPhone XR and iPhone 11 buyers, who continued relying on LCD panels, Apple classified the display used in the smartphones with a new term, "Liquid Retina". This was later applied also to the iPad Pro and iPad Air models, with the name defining screens that boast a high range and colour accuracy, at least based on the company"s standards.

Nit, or candela per square meter in the international system (cd/m²), is a unit of measurement of luminance, i.e. the intensity of light emitted. In the case of smartphone screens and monitors in general, such a value defines just how bright the display is - the higher the value, the more intense the light emitted by the screen.

The result is smoother animations on the phone, both during regular use and in games, compared to screens that have a 60 Hz refresh rate which remains the standard rate in the market when it comes to displays.

Originally touted to be a "gimmick" in 2017, with the launch of the Razer Phone, the feature gained more and more momentum in due time, even with a corresponding decrease in battery life. In order to make the most of this feature, manufacturers began to adopt screens with variable refresh rates, which can be adjusted according to the content displayed - which is 24 fps in most movies, 30 or 60 fps in home video recordings, and so forth.

The same unit of measurement is used for the sampling rate. Although similar, the value here represents the number of times per second the screen is able to register touches. The higher the sample rate, the faster the smartphone registers such touches, which results in a faster response time.

To further muddy the alphabet soup that we"ve come across, you will also run into other less common terms that are often highlighted in promotional materials for smartphones.

TFT(Thin Film Transistor) - a type of LCD display that adopts a thin semiconductor layer deposited on the panel, which allows for active control of the colour intensity in each pixel, featuring a similar concept as that of active-matrix (AM) used in AMOLED displays. It is used in TN, IPS/PLS, VA/PVA/MVA panels, etc.

LTPS(Low Temperature PolySilicon) - a variation of the TFT that offers higher resolutions and lower power consumption compared to traditional TFT screens, based on a-Si (amorphous silicon) technology.

IGZO(Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide) - a semiconductor material used in TFT films, which also allows higher resolutions and lower power consumption, and sees action in different types of LCD screens (TN, IPS, VA) and OLED displays

LTPO(Low Temperature Polycrystaline Oxide) - a technology developed by Apple that can be used in both OLED and LCD displays, as it combines LTPS and IGZO techniques. The result? Lower power consumption. It has been used in the Apple Watch 4 and the Galaxy S21 Ultra.

LTPO allows the display to adjust its refresh rate, adapting dynamically to the content shown. Scrolling pages can trigger the fastest mode for a fluid viewing, while displaying a static image allows the phone to use a lower refresh rate, saving the battery.

Among televisions, the long-standing featured technology has always been miniLED - which consists of increasing the number of lighting zones in the backlight while still using an LCD panel. There are whispers going around that smartphones and smartwatches will be looking at incorporating microLED technology in their devices soon, with it being radically different from LCD/LED displays as it sports similar image characteristics to that of OLEDs.

A microLED display has one light-emitting diode for each subpixel of the screen - usually a set of red, green, and blue diodes for each dot. Chances are it will use a kind of inorganic material such as gallium nitride (GaN).

By adopting a self-emitting light technology, microLED displays do not require the use of a backlight, with each pixel being "turned off" individually. The result is impressive: your eyes see the same level of contrast as OLED displays, without suffering from the risk of image retention or burn-in of organic diodes.

This is one of the reasons that explain the adoption of such technology to date remains rather limited in scope. You will see them mainly in large screens of 75 to 150 inches only, which enable 4K resolution (3,840 x 2,160 resolution, which is close to 8.3 million pixels or 24.8 million RGB subpixels). This is a huge number of pixels to look at!

Another thing to be wary of is the price - at 170 million Korean won (about US$150,330 after conversion), that is certainly a lot of money to cough up for a 110-inch display.

Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages but in recent years, OLED screens have gained prominence, especially with the adoption of the component in high-end flagship smartphones. It gained an even greater degree of popularity after the launch of the iPhone X, which cemented the position of OLED panels in the premium segment.

As previously stated, OLED/AMOLED screens have the advantage of a varied contrast level, resulting from individual brightness control for the pixels. Another result of this is the more realistic reproduction of black, as well as low power consumption when the screen shows off dark images - which has also helped to popularize dark modes on smartphones.

In addition, the organic diodes that give OLED screens their name can lose their ability to change their properties over time, and this happens when the same image is displayed for a long period of time. This problem is known as "burn-in", tends to manifest itself when higher brightness settings are applied for long periods of time.

In the case of LCD displays, the main advantage lies in the low manufacturing cost, with dozens of players in the market offering competitive pricing and a high production volume. Some brands have taken advantage of this feature to prioritize certain features - such as a higher refresh rate - instead of adopting an OLED panel, such as the Xiaomi Mi 10T.

Humongous smartphones. Phablets. Call them what you will, it"s evident that the trend of ultralarge phone displays over 5 inches is here to stay. Travel back in time with us, from some of the most recent to the first of their kind.

It"s been a long time since we"ve seen a smartphone screen size balloon to 6 inches, but the Motorola-made Google Nexus 6 has that dubious honor. More or less an inflated version of the likable Moto X (second generation), the Nexus 6 really is a darn big phone; one that"s stuffed with high-end features as well.

With the Note 4 under way, the arrival of the more expensive Samsung"s Galaxy Note Edge came as somewhat of a surprise. A curved portion of the display acts as a second screen for launching apps and viewing notifications, but it also turns into a menu strip when you open certain apps.

LG"s 5.5-inch G3 is a smartphone beast that finally shows what LG can do. It"s one of the first phones to have a 2,560x1,440-pixel resolution, plus a 13-megapixel camera and ultrafast quad-core processor.

As if taking a bow, the LG G Flex folds its 6-inch OLED display forward toward its toes. Strangely featuring Android 4.2, the G Flex has LTE, a 13-megapixel camera, and a 3,500mAh arched battery developed by LG Chem. No longer limited to South Korea alone, you can also buy the Flex stateside with AT&T, Sprint and T-Mobile.

The 6-inch Vivo Xplay 3S may never leave China, but it did earn bragging rights for being the first smartphone with a 2K resolution display (2,560x1,440 pixels). High-flying specs make it on par with the Huawei Ascend Mate 2 4G in the previous slide.

Start with a Samsung Galaxy Note 3 and bend it slightly from edge to edge. This, in a nutshell, is the Samsung Galaxy Round, the electronics giant"s twist on smartphone displays. Like the LG G Flex, the Round uses a flexible AMOLED display that Samsung helped pioneer. While sales appear to be limited to South Korea where the G Flex is not, the Round is the better phone of the two.

The less expensive, more feature-light Nokia Lumia 1320 Windows Phone is still a great value for those seeking a 6-inch smartphone at a portion of the price.

The third iteration of Samsung"s Note line, the Note 3 brings on the muscle with a 5.7-inch display and top-shelf hardware, including a 1080p HD screen resolution, a quad-core LTE processor, and the same 13-megapixel camera seen in the Galaxy S4 flagship.

Somehow, the Samsung Galaxy Mega"s rounded edges make its undeniably oversize dimensions easier to palm. Videos and images viewed on its 6.3-inch, 720p HD screen are notably noisier and fuzzier than watching the same videos on incredibly dense superphones with smaller screens (like the Galaxy S4 and HTC One), but the price -- about $150 on contract -- makes the phone a budget bargain. Read our full Samsung Galaxy Mega review to find out if this phablet"s right for you.

A relative phablet pipsqueak at 5.2 inches, the LG G2 is the phone-maker"s most ambitious model yet. And yes, with its screen size larger than 5 inches, it"s absolutely in phablet territory. Piling on a 1080p HD display, a 13-megapixel camera, and a powerful quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor, LG is revving its engine to compete against its most deadly rival, Samsung. Read our full LG G2 review.

An absolute pocket-buster, Sony"s Xperia Z Ultra comes in at 6.44 inches, the largest smartphone yet. Those 90-degree corners and a single stylish round power button on the right spine look fantastic. All those angles, however, make the Z Ultra a sharp, awkward handful. The smaller, 5-inch Xperia Z is much easier to handle. Check out the light, waterproof, and humongous Sony Xperia Z Ultra.

A phablet (mobile device combining or straddling the size formats of smartphones and tablets. The word is a portmanteau of phone and tablet.Android smartphones constitute the phablet form factor, as they utilize a minimum of 6.5-inch screen size and a height of 160 mm or higher. This was first popularized by Chinese brands Oppo and Infinix in 2019, which began producing larger-screen budget smartphones for developing markets such as Bangladesh, India, South Africa and Indonesia. Samsung also started producing large-screen budget smartphones since 2020, with the introduction of Samsung Galaxy A21.

Phablets feature large displays that complement screen-intensive activity such as mobile web browsing and multimedia viewing. They may also include software optimized for an integral self-storing stylus to facilitate sketching, note-taking and annotation.Android 4.0 and subsequent releases of Android were suited to large as well as small screen sizes, while older consumers preferred larger screen sizes on smartphones due to deteriorating eyesight.

The definition of a phablet has changed in recent years due to the proliferation of larger displays on mainstream smartphones, and smartphones designed with thin bezels and/or curved screens to make them more compact than other devices with similar screen sizes. Thus, a device with a "phablet-sized" screen may not necessarily be considered one.

Current phablets typically have a diagonal display measurement between 6.5 inches (170 mm) and 7 inches (180 mm).iPhone 13 Pro Max, Pixel 6 Pro, and Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G) using over 6.6 in (170 mm) displays.PhoneArena argued that the S7 Edge was not a phablet, as it has a narrow and compact build with a physical footprint more in line with the smaller-screened Nexus 5X, due primarily to its use of a display with curved edges.

In 2017, several manufacturers began to release smartphones with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes often around 6 inches. However, in these cases, the sizes of the devices are more compact than 16:9 aspect ratio devices with equivalent diagonal screen sizes.

However, the form factor did not become popular until the arrival of the Galaxy Note in the 2010s. The Android-based Dell Streak included a 5-inch (130 mm), 800×480 display and a widescreen-optimized interface. Reviewers encountered issues with its outdated operating system, Android 1.6, which was not yet optimized for such a large screen size, and the device was commercially unsuccessful.

The Samsung Galaxy Notestylus functionality, the speed of its 1.5 GHz dual-core processor, and the advantages of its high resolution display. The Galaxy Note was a commercial success; Samsung announced in December 2011 that the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support.Galaxy Note II, featuring a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor, a 5.55 inches (141 mm) screen and the ability to run two applications at once via a split-screen view. The Note II also incorporated a refreshed hardware design based on the Galaxy S III, with a narrower, smoother body.LG Optimus Vu used a 5-inch (130 mm) display with an unusual 4:3 aspect ratio – in contrast to the 16:9 aspect ratio used by most smartphones.LG Optimus G Pro, released in April.

In late-2012 and early 2013, companies began to release smartphones with 5 inch screens at 1080p resolution, such as the HTC Droid DNA and Samsung Galaxy S4. Despite the screen size approaching those of phablets, HTC"s design director Jonah Becker said that the Droid DNA was not a phablet.HTC One Max – a smartphone with a 5.9 in (150 mm) screen and a design based on its popular HTC One model, in October 2013.

Examples of Android phablets with screens larger than 6 inches began appearing in 2013 with the Chinese company Huawei unveiling its 6.1 in (150 mm) Ascend Mate at Consumer Electronics Show and Samsung introducing the Galaxy Mega, a phablet with a 6.3 in (160 mm) variant, which has midrange specs and lacks a stylus compared to the flagship Galaxy Note series.Sony Mobile also entered the phablet market with its 6.4 in (160 mm) Xperia Z Ultra.

In September 2018, Apple released the iPhone XS Max; the first phablet iPhone to feature the reduced bezel form factor with the larger 6.5-inch display, utilizing the OLED screen found on it"s predecessor and replacing the Touch ID into the new facial recognition system called Face ID which is enabled by the TrueDepth front facing camera since the iPhone X doesn"t have a larger variant due to the smaller dimension with the 5.8-inch display larger than the 5.5-inch iPhone 8 Plus (the final phablet iPhone to feature the Touch ID introduced in 2017) and it"s predecessors.

In October 2022, Apple released the iPhone 14 Plus; the first phablet iPhone to reduce the price as well as lacking the telephoto camera lens and LiDAR sensor since iPhone XR, iPhone 11, iPhone 12 lineup and iPhone 13 lineup doesn"t have a larger display size as the iPhone XS Max, iPhone 11 Pro Max, iPhone 12 Pro Max and iPhone 13 Pro Max due to the smaller dimension available with 6.1-inch and 5.4-inch display size options.iPhone 14 Pro Max remained as the higher-priced phablet iPhone counterpart to the iPhone 14 Plus which these iPhone models with larger 6.7-inch display are the first time available in both affordable and expensive tier price options.

In January 2021, Samsung Electronics announced the Galaxy S21 Ultra; the first phablet despite the Samsung Galaxy Note series, it supports the S Pen accessory, albeit sold separately and with limited functionality. It features a 6.8" 1440p "Dynamic AMOLED" curved display with HDR10+ support, "dynamic tone mapping" technology, and a variable 120 Hz refresh rate.

In April 2013, Doug Conklyn, vice president of global design for Dockers told Fox News that the company reworked the size of its pants pockets "to accommodate the growing size of smartphones".handbag can easily accommodate a phablet, but not most tablets.

In Q1 2014, phablets made up 6% of US smartphones sold. In the first quarter of 2015, phablets accounted for 21% of all smartphones sold in the US, with the iPhone 6 Plus making up 44 percent of those phablets sold.

The Panasonic Toughbook FZ-T1 is part of the latest fully-rugged handheld series from Panasonic and I know that when thinking about the toughest phones, most people will point to the Samsung Active series (or some other Chinese brands), but Toughbook devices are simply on another level in terms of ruggedness. I found it a bit amusing when Panasonic was referring to its 5-inch handsets as tablets that can make phone calls (which is not really wrong) and the Toughbook FZ-T1 is now a handheld and the Wi-Fi/4G version has all the functions of a normal smartphone. The way it is built and the additional features it has, clearly sets it apart even from the rest of the rugged smartphones and the closest device that I could find is the Cat S61 (due to its thermal imaging camera).

I held myself back for a while to include this product for more than a couple of reasons: it is unfortunately not suitable for the usual consumer and it’s specifically built for industry workers (mostly due to the integrated barcode scanner). That’s right, the Toughpad FZ-T1 features a thick case (which measures 3.0 x 6.1 x 0.7 inches including the barcode reader section – significantly slimmer than the N1 model), a fairly rounded back panel to keep the device comfortably in your hand and the black matte finish does help with the grip (so you don’t drop it). On the front of the device, just above the display, there’s a small battery indicator (when it’s red, the battery level is 10% or less), the ambient light/proximity sensors and the microphone.

Underneath the display, there is a mono speaker (can go up to 95dB) and a microphone – yes, the three physical buttons (Back, Start and Search) are now gone and replaced by the on-screen alternative. I think that all rugged smartphones should keep the physical buttons and not migrate towards a display-only approach, but I’m willing to give Panasonic a pass due to the glove mode (allows you to use the phone with thick gloves) and rain mode (makes sure that there are no misoperations if the display gets we – (the process involves limiting the touchscreen multi-touch usability from 10 fingers to just one finger).

The large part of the front side is occupied by the 5-inch display, which has a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels (a bit disconcerting for a 2-year old rugged phone), a pixel density of around 294ppi and up to 500cd/m2 brightness levels (seems to be the same as on the far older Toughpad FZ-E1). Yes, the display is outdated and I know that the focus was more towards functionality and less about entertainment, but even so it’s a bit ridiculous considering the price tag (the CAT S61 is also fairly industrial, but has a far batter display). That being said, the pixel density is low, the colors aren’t really as vibrant as what other cheaper phones from the competition have to offer and the viewing angles aren’t that great. Now, since this is a rugged device, it is expected that the screen won’t shatter easily and this is true for the most part since it can be dropped from 10 feet without taking any damage (the thick border that surrounds the display plays an important part) and it will survive without problems a lot of drops (yes, even face-first ones – it’s surprisingly difficult to destroy this device).

Furthermore, the Toughbook FZ-T1 is also MIL-STD-810G certified, so it can handle both high and low temperatures (the operating range is between -4 and 122 degrees Fahrenheit), explosive atmosphere, humidity, sand and dust, vibration (including loose cargo transportation), shock, freezing rain, acidic atmosphere and more. As expected, the Toughbook FZ-T1 is also waterproof and dust resistant, being both IP66 and IP68 rated, so you can submerge it down to 5 feet underwater for about 30 minutes. Inside the case, the Panasonic Toughbook FZ-T1 is equipped with a quad-core Qualcomm 210 MSM8909 chipset (the clock rate can go up to 1.1GHz), an integrated Adreno 304 graphics card, 2GB of RAM and 16GB of eMMC storage memory – you can add up to 64GB by using a microSD card. The device is also compatible with the following wireless and Voice&Data standards: IEEE802.11 a/b/g/n/d/h/i/r, Bluetooth, 4G LTE, HSPA+, UMTS, EDGE, GPRS and GSM. Seeing these specs, it does feel like Panasonic took a significant step backwards since the Qualcomm Snapdragon 210 MSM8909 is the entry-level SoC for Android smartphone, so the performance is not going to be that great (some resource-heavy apps are not going to work properly, but multi-tasking is decent due to the 2GB of RAM and especially thanks to the display resolution); the Adreno 304 paired with the 720p should be fine, but even so, most games will not run smoothly.

The ToughPad FZ-T1 uses Android 8.1 Oreo and it’s an interesting choice, considering that past devices from Panasonic relied on the Windows Mobile and it made sense since it had a better integration with various software from tech and industry companies. The Android OS is going to feel more comfortable for most users and I suppose this handheld rugged device doesn’t really need any special apps – as with other manufacturers of rugged smartphones, Panasonic doesn’t seem to like to update the OS on its devices.

The FZ-T1 is equipped with an 8-megapixel rear camera (with LED flash and auto-focus) and no, there is no front-facing camera on this smartphone (a bold decision, considering that even in an industrial environment, people may want to make video calls).

One of the most important aspects of any smartphone or tablet (rugged or not) is the battery life and truth be told, I was expecting a large battery, something similar to the Toughpad FZ-E1 (6200mAh), but no, the FZ-T1 has a 3,200mAh battery which is both replaceable and hot swappable. Panasonic claims that the battery can last up to 12 hours when scanning barcodes three times per minute (mixed with some light WiFi use and cellular calls). Furthermore, the Toughbook FZ-T1 should take about 2 hours and a half for charging the battery from 0 to 100% (depending on the ambient temperature, it can take more).

Verdict: Why isn’t the Panasonic Toughbook FZ-T1 the first in the list you may ask, since it’s such a great rugged device? Well, because it doesn’t really follow the same guidelines as the usual smartphones (or tablets, for that matter) and, while it’s true that rugged cell phones, in general, are more niche devices, the Panasonic Toughbook FZ-T1 is even more narrow into the targeted audience. To be more specific, this belongs in a warehouse with industrial workers and I highly doubt I’ll ever see an active person running with this mammoth strapped to their arm. That being said, the Panasonic Toughbook FZ-T1 is pretty much the pinnacle of ruggedness, having a screen resistant to shock, the case can handle pretty much everything you throw at it, it has some awesome features (suitable for an industrial environment), but there are some minuses, since software is a bit outdated, the camera is nothing to brag about (and the front-facing one is completely missing), the device is quite thick and the most important negative is the incredibly high price.

Details: iPhone 14 Pro Max has a 6.7-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is premium matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Main, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s an LED True Tone flash on the back. In the United States, there is no SIM tray. In other countries or regions, there"s a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card.

Details: iPhone 14 Pro has a 6.1-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is premium matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Main, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s an LED True Tone flash on the back. In the United States, there is no SIM tray. In other countries or regions, there"s a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card.

Details: The iPhone 14 Plus has a 6.7 inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Main. In the United States, there is no SIM tray. In other countries or regions, there"s a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card.

Details: The iPhone 14 has a 6.1 inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Main. In the United States, there is no SIM tray. In other countries or regions, there"s a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There"s a 12 MP Wide camera on the back. There"s an LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 13 Pro Max has a 6.7-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display with ProMotion. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 13 Pro has a 6.1-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display with ProMotion. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 13 has a 6.1-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Wide. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 13 mini has a 5.4-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Wide. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 12 Pro Max has a 6.7-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 12 Pro has a 6.1-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a flat-edge stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a LiDAR Scanner on the back. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 12 has a 6.1-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Wide. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 12 mini has a 5.4-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is glass, and there"s a flat-edged anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Wide. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the left side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 11 Pro has a 5.8-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 11 Pro Max has a 6.5-inch1 all-screen Super Retina XDR display. The back is textured matte glass, and there"s a stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are three 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide, Wide, and Telephoto. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone 11 has a 6.1-inch1 Liquid Retina display. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are two 12 MP cameras on the back: Ultra Wide and Wide. There"s a Dual-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone XS has a 5.8-inch1all-screen Super Retina display. The back is glass, and there"s a stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are 12 MP wide-angle and telephoto cameras on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone XS Max has a 6.5-inch1all-screen Super Retina display. The back is glass, and there"s a stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are 12 MP wide-angle and telephoto cameras on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card.

Details: iPhone XR has a 6.1-inch1 Liquid Retina display. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There is a 12 MP wide-angle camera on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: iPhone X has a 5.8-inch1all-screen Super Retina display. The back is glass, and there"s a stainless steel band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. There are 12 MP wide-angle and telephoto cameras on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 5.5 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is glass, and there"s an anodized aluminum band around the frame. The side button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There are 12 MP wide-angle and telephoto cameras on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is anodized aluminum. The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There"s a Quad-LEDTrue Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 5.5 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is anodized aluminum. The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The device has a solid-state Home button with Touch ID. There are dual 12 MP cameras on the back. There"s a Quad-LED True Tone flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 4 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat. The back is anodized aluminum with matte chamfered edges and a stainless steel inset logo. The Sleep/Wake button is on the top of the device. The Home button has Touch ID. There"s a True Tone LED flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the back cover.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The glass front is flat with curved edges. The back is anodized aluminum with a laser-etched "S". The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The Home button has Touch ID. There"s a True Tone LED flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 5.5 inches (diagonal). The front is flat with curved edges and is made of glass. The back is anodized aluminum with a laser-etched "S". The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The Home button has Touch ID. There"s a True Tone LED flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the SIM tray.

Details: The display is 4.7 inches (diagonal). The front is flat with curved edges and is made of glass. The back is anodized aluminum. The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The Home button has Touch ID. There"s a True Tone LED flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the back cover.

Details: The display is 5.5 inches (diagonal). The front has curved edges and is made of glass. The back is anodized aluminum. The Sleep/Wake button is on the right side of the device. The Home button has Touch ID. There"s a True Tone LED flash on the back and a SIM tray on the right side that holds a "fourth form factor" (4FF) nano-SIM card. The IMEI is etched on the back cover.

The display has rounded corners that follow a beautiful curved design, and these corners are within a standard rectangle. When measured as a standard rectangular shape, the screen is 5.42 inches (iPhone 12 mini), 5.85 inches (iPhone X, iPhone XS, and iPhone 11 Pro), 6.06 inches (iPhone 12 Pro, iPhone 12, iPhone 11, and iPhone XR), 6.46 inches (iPhone XS Max and iPhone 11 Pro Max), and 6.68 inches (iPhone 12 Pro Max) diagonally. Actual viewable area is less.

The participants in this study were enrolled based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria: Subjects who were between the ages of 20 and 60 years, and who were familiar with using smartphone applications. Subjects were excluded if they had a diagnosis of eczema or hyperhidrosis, or a history of any disease requiring treatment at the evaluated sites. All the included patients signed written informed consent for their participation.

A smartphone (Galaxy S9, SM-G960N, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea) and Biodisplay (Samsung Display, Yongin, Korea) were used to examine skin hydration (Fig. 2). Changes in capacitance occur in the skin because the human body is mainly composed of water, and the epidermis of the skin is optimized for moisture storage with its specific structure, similar to bricks and mortar3).

Biodisplay has been developed with a measurement range of 1 to 100 a.u. and the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of less than ± 10%. The evaluation was conducted to satisfy the specifications when the pressure and temperature change. Biodisplay varied within 3 a.u according to the pressure for all subjects. There was a tendency to vary within the range, which satisfied the C.V. ± 10% specification. When it comes to the influence of temperature on the measurement of the Biodisplay, the maximum of difference was 2 a.u. depending on the temperature. Therefore, the effect on the temperature is very small at a level that satisfied the C.V. ± 10% specification (Supplementary file 1).

For comparison as a preexisting objective skin hydration measuring device, the HP of DermaLab Combo was used as a gold standard method to measure skin hydration (μS). This HP uses the conductance principle to measure skin hydration. It has a central circular electrode surrounded by eight small pins.

The study was conducted between May 2020 and June 2020. All measurements were performed in a room in which the temperature and the humidity were controlled ((20–22) °C, (45–55) %). Participants were asked to rest for 30 min before the procedure. The skin hydration was measured by two skillful specialists using HP to minimize the influence of investigators like pressure during measurements and the Biodisplay was applied by each participant using their dominant hand. Generally, smartphone users grab their smartphone with their dominant hand and therefore, we measured the skin hydration on the defined point on the arm, nondominant volar arm, 5 cm above the wrist, considering the real setting of measurement using smartphone. All measurements were repeated three times by each device.

First, participants took hold of the smartphone, and made contact between their forearm and the smartphone panel. As the participants maintained contact between their forearm and the smartphone panel, capacitance data on the contact area were recorded for 2 to 3 s, which was the required sensing time. When the measurement was complete, an alarm went off. The skin hydration values were calculated and presented on the mobile display (Fig. 2). All measurements were repeated three times. Then, we measured skin hydration on the forearm three times using HP.

Next, participants applied two fingertip units of moisturizer onto their non-dominant volar forearm, and waited 30 min to allow for absorption. Prior to all measurements, any residual moisturizer should be gently removed through light wiping with a non-woven tissue to ensure the exact evaluation of skin hydration

To evaluate the correlation between Biodisplay and HP, Shapiro–Wilk normality test was done first, and Pearson’s correlation analysis (PCC) was performed along with scatter plotp-values < 0.05 were considered significant. The range of values for PCC is between (−1 and + 1) (total negative correlation and total positive correlation), where zero values mean no correlation at all. PCC was interpreted as < 0.30: negligible correlation, low positive(negative) correlation (0.30 to 0.50), moderate positive(negative) correlation (0.50 to 0.70), high positive(negative) correlation (0.70 to 0.90) and ≥ 0.90: very high positive (negative) correlation

Today’s vivid, immersive displays rely on layers of Corning glass to provide a stunning viewing experience. Wherever you look for news and entertainment, chances are Corning glass is there, too.

We are the science and engineering powerhouse behind revolutionary display inventions, including glass cathode-ray tubes for the first televisions and the LCD glass that made smartphones and laptop computers commonplace. We set the standard for the industry with Corning® EAGLE XG® Slim Glass substrates, manufacturing over 25 billion square feet while eliminating more than the equivalent of 6,000 truckloads of heavy metals from entering the environment.

Corning’s latest glass innovation and product is enabling brighter, faster, and more lifelike images. Award winning Corning® Astra™ Glass is a precisely engineered, balanced glass substrate that enables high-performance displays for a variety of applications, including the tablets, notebooks, and 8K TVs.

Corning"s display portfolio is finding new opportunities in emerging technologies, including Quantum Dot, Micro LED and Mini LED. With our proven track record of navigating the display technology roadmap, our proprietary fusion manufacturing platform and reliable supply network, our commitment to our customers and innovation, and our innovative portfolio, we are excited to support the next generation of displays.

Make the most of your Android by using a feature called screen mirroring. Screen mirroring an Android, or screen sharing, is when you display your Android device screen on your TV. It’s a great way to share photos, videos or games with a room of people.

Android devices that support screen mirroring have a technology called Miracast built into them. Miracast is a wireless display standard that first made an appearance in 2013. Since then, most newer Android devices with 4.2+ operating systems feature Miracast technology.

Rather than diving into a list of device serial numbers to determine if your Android has Miracast technology, look for a “screen sharing” option in your device display menu. A good way to determine if your Android device offers screen mirroring technology is to look for a “screen sharing” option in your device display menu. Other common terms include:

In order to mirror your Android device screen to a TV that does not have Miracast built-in, you will need a wireless display adapter. Wireless display adapters act as a receiver to your phone and allow you to broadcast your Android screen to the TV. Wireless display adapters also give you the freedom to move around the room with your phone while screen sharing.

Dual-screen phones or phones with two displays have been around for many years, but in 2021, we have seen the concept elevate to a whole new level. Manufacturers are trying to reinvent the productivity and creativity aspects of the smartphone experience, and it all keeps leading back to more screen real-estate and multiple displays.

In the past, phones like the Yota phone and Meizu Pro 7 have made innovative use of two screens but the dual-screen phones of 2021 don’t really treat the extra screen as secondary but a full-fledged companion screen fit for hardcore multitasking.

When we talk about dual-screen phones, though, we will be talking about phones that allow you to use both screens simultaneously. We have come to realize that such phones are so much better at dealing with hardcore productivity needs and are so much better when it comes to multitasking than bigger displays or bigger foldable displays.

The software and app support are not quite there yet, but as LG has shown, dual-screen phones need not be expensive and thus it would be easier to get more and more people to try these out which would ultimately provide an incentive for app developers to optimize their apps to leverage both displays.

Samsung, right now, has the biggest share in the foldable smartphones market with multiple devices. One such smartphone by Samsung is the Galaxy Z Fold 3. It works on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 processor along with 12GB RAM and 256GB internal storage.

The smartphone has a 6.2-inch Dynamic AMOLED display complemented with a 120Hz refresh rate. In addition, it has a triple rear camera setup consisting of three 12MP sensors. It also has an under-display 4MP selfie shooter.

It has a dual display, one on the outer side and the other one is visible when you unfold the device. In the unfolded state, the display of the device measures around 7.6-inch. The best part about the smartphone is that both its panels have a 120Hz refresh rate.

Display: 7.6-inch, dynamic AMOLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 | RAM: 12GB | Storage:up to 256GB | Software:Android 11 | Rear camera:12MP + 12MP + 12MP | Front camera:4MP | Weight:271g | Dimensions:158.2 x 67.1 x 14.4 mm | Battery:4400mAh

Oppo joined the bandwagon of foldable smartphones with the launch of the Oppo Find N 5G. Similar to the Galaxy Z Fold 3, this one also has an outer display and the main display. The device works on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 processor, 8GB RAM and 128GB internal storage.

The smartphone has a triple rear camera setup consisting of a 50MP primary shooter, a 16MP secondary shooter, and a 13MP tertiary shooter. The 32MP front camera of the device takes care of video calls and selfies.

The out screen of the device is a 5.49-inch AMOLED display and the inner screen is a 7.1-inch LTPO AMOLED display. Both the screens support HDR0+ and they even offer 1000 nits of peak brightness.

The outer display has a refresh rate of 60Hz and the inner display has a 120Hz dynamic refresh rate. Though the outer display’s refresh rate is a bit disappointing as Oppo could have done better in terms of that too. Still, as an overall package, the device offers decent specifications and fast-paced performance.

Display: 7.1-inch, LTPO AMOLED | Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 | RAM: 12GB | Storage: up to 512GB | Software: Android 11 | Rear camera: 50MP + 13MP + 16MP | Front camera: 32MP | Weight: 275g | Dimensions: 132 x 73 x 15.9 mm | Battery: 4500mAh

Surface Duo 2 is a second-generation dual-display phone from Microsoft that comes with some much-needed improvements – and presents a solid case for dual-display phones.

That’s because Microsoft has put in the effort to optimize all of its own office (and other) apps and social media apps like Instagram to take advantage of the extra display. There are two 5.8-inch PixelSense displays that form into an 8.3-inch display when unfolded. When the phone is folded, the glance bar on the spine gives you a glimpse of phone notifications. With the glance bar, you can also check the battery level while charging without unfolding the phone.

Display:8.3-inch, FHD+ 90Hz AMOLED |Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 octa-core CPU |RAM:up to 8GB| Storage:up to 512GB | Software:Android 11 | Rear camera:16MP+ 12MP+ 12MP | Front camera:12MP | Weight:284g | Dimensions:184.5 x 145.2 x 5.5 mm (unfolded) | Battery:4449mAh

Samsung calls the display ‘Infinity Flex’ Dynamic AMOLED 2x which stretches 6.7-inches and is of 2640 x 1080 pixels resolution. When you scroll your finger over the middle of the screen, you’d feel the crease but it hides pretty well. And over long time usage, its presence might become second nature to you. There is also a small but useful 1.9-inch panel upfront. This offers a peek at notifications and can be used as a viewfinder for the camera, and easy access to widgets like music, weather, alarms, voice recorder, etc.

Primary Display:6.7 inches, 1080 x 2640 pixels, 120 Hz, AMOLED |Secondary Display:1.9 inches, 260 x 512 pixels AMOLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 octa-core CPU |RAM:up to 8GB| Storage:up to 256GB | Software:Android 11 | Rear camera:12 MP + 12 MP Dual Rear | Front camera:10MP | Weight:183g | Dimensions:166 x 72.2 x 6.9 mm | Battery:3300mAh

The idea once again is to use the two screens as two separate screens. This time the color temperature of the duo is well matched in the default color settings and you can add app pairs to quickly open two apps on two screens. This time, the dual-screen cover is being sold as an optional extra.

Display:6.8-inch, POLED |Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 octa-core CPU |RAM:up to 6GB| Storage:up to 128GB | Software:Android 10 | Rear camera:48MP + 8MP + 5MP| Front camera:16MP | Weight:180g | Dimensions:

LG G8x ThinQ embeds the extra display within a removable flip case with a remarkable 360-degree hinge. The cover display also has a ticker display on the outside that serves as an always-on display.

With this implementation, you get dual screens without having to compromise on flagship features and without inflating the cost. In India, the G8x ThinQ retails for around 50K and is often available for far lesser in recurring sales – which makes it a bargain.

Display:6.4-inch, AMOLED |Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 octa-core CPU |RAM:up to 6GB| Storage:up to 128GB | Software:Android 10 | Rear camera:12MP + 13MP| Front camera:32MP | Weight:192g | Dimensions:159.3 x 75.8 x 8.4 mm |Battery: 4000mAh

LG Wing is as bold and unconventional as it gets. The primary display slides off to reveal a smaller half-display underneath which LG puts to good use. Stacking one display over another, however, pushes the weight to 260 grams.

Display:6.8-inch, AMOLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G octa-core CPU | RAM: up to 8GB| Storage: up to 256GB | Software: Android 10 | Rear camera: 64mp+ 13MP + 12MP| Front camera: 32MP | Weight: 250g | Dimensions: 169.5 x 74.5 x 10.9 mm |Battery: 4000mAh

Display:6.8-inch, AMOLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 octa-core CPU | RAM:up to 6GB| Storage: up to 128GB | Software: Android 10 | Rear camera:64MP + 13MP + 0.3MP| Front camera: 10MP |Weight: 213g | Dimensions:

Motorola has always tried its hand in different segments including the foldable or the dual screen segment too. The Moto Razr 5G by the company is proof of that. The smartphone runs on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 765 processor paired with 8GB RAM and 128GB internal storage.

The smartphone has a 48MP primary sensor for clicking the best shots. On the front, it has a 20MP snapper for the sake of selfies and video calls. It draws power from a 2800mAh battery that also supports Turbo Power Charging.

Talking about the display, it has a clamshell design that makes the process of folding and unfolding the device quite simple. The refresh rate of the interior foldable display of the device is 60Hz which is equal to the standard refresh rate offered in budget phones.

Display:6.2-inch, P-OLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G | RAM:up to 8GB | Storage:up to 256GB | Software:Android 10 | Rear camera:48MP | Front camera: 20MP | Weight:192g | Dimensions:169.2 x 72.6 x 7.9 mm | Battery:2800mAh

Vivo X Fold marked the entry of the company into the foldable segment. Though the smartphone is not available in all the markets. Still, it seems like a piece of art like other Vivo Phones.

As for the display, it has an 8.03-inch unfolded AMOLED display complemented with a 120HZ refresh rate. The folded display of the device measures around 6.53-inch and it also has an AMOLED panel and 120HZ refresh rate.

Display: 8.03-inch, LTPO AMOLED | Processor:Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 | RAM: 12GB | Storage: up to 512GB | Software: Android 12 | Rear camera: 50MP + 48MP + 12MP + 8MP | Front camera: 16MP | Weight: 311g | Dimensions: 162 x 144.9 x 6.3 mm | Battery: 4600mAh

These are still early days for foldable and dual display phones. Manufacturers have made big investments in foldable technology which makes us believe that it is here to stay. On the other hand, the concept of dual-display phones might very well fall flat just as modular phones did. We will need to wait and watch for a couple more years to know if consumers really take to the form factor and if manufacturers are persistent enough to see this one through.