tft lcd construction factory

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.

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The steel bars account for a high percentage of material costs for the current construction projects. At the present time, most of the construction projects for the factories of thin‐film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) complete the transactions of steel bars when the suppliers ship the steel bars to the temporary storage/processing sites. This paper applies the buy‐in concept in the Theory of Constraint (TOC) on the supply chain of steel bars. In this study, suppliers are required to establish warehouses at the construction sites and complete the transactions when the formed and processed steel bars are shipped into the factory sites. The aim is to find a win‐win solution to meet with the expectations from constructors as they hope that there is no need to build up inventories but supply is ready at any time. Also, this paper compares and analyzes the traditional supply/inventory model of steel bars and the Demand‐Pull (D‐P) model under the TOC framework. It is proved that Vendor Management Inventory (VMI) in the D‐P model is able to more effectively manage steel bars as a material.

The project, in Foshan"s Nanhai District, was granted permission by the Taiwan authorities late last month, and will be both the largest TFT-LCD factory in the province as well as the largest overseas investment project in Foshan.

CMO, based in Taiwan, is one of the world"s leading TFT-LCD suppliers. Its key products are large-size TFT-LCD panels for laptops, desktop monitors, and televisions.

"Guangdong is developing the TFT-LCD industry into a key industry in the 11th Five Year Plan (2006-10) and the Nanhai CMO project is expected to make a tremendous contribution to the development of the industry in the province," noted Tong Xing, vice-governor of Guangdong.

The senior official said the province"s strategy to develop the TFT-LCD industry is based on demand generated by the sustained development of the TV and computer industries in Guangdong.

"The TV industry in the province needs to be upgraded with the latest technological developments, including TFT-LCD, to guarantee sustained development," said Tong.

A TFT LCD,  or a thin film transistor liquid crystal display, is one of the fastest growing forms of display technology today. The thin film transistor (TFT) is a type of semiconductor device used in display technology to enhance efficiency, compactness, and cost of the product. In conjunction with its semiconductor properties, the TFT LCD is an active matrix display, controlling pixels individually and actively rather than passively, furthering the benefits of this semiconductor device.

The TFT LCD is built with three key layers. Two sandwiching layers consist of glass substrates, though one includes TFTs while the other has an RGB, or red green blue, color filter. The layer between the glass layers is a liquid crystal layer.

The Architecture of a TFT Pixelbelow) from the other substrate layer of the device and control the amount of voltage applied to their respective sub-pixels. This layer also has pixel electrodes between the substrate and the liquid crystal layer. Electrodes are conductors that channel electricity into or out of something, in this case, pixels.

The outer sides of the glass substrates (closest to the surface or closest to the back) have filter layers called polarizers. These filters allow only certain beams of light to pass through if they are polarized in a specific manner, meaning that the geometric waves of the light are appropriate for the filter. If not polarized correctly, the light does not pass through the polarizer which creates an opaque LCD screen.

The twisted nematic effect is one of the cheapest options for LCD technology, and it also allows for fast pixel response time. There are still some limits, though; color reproduction quality may not be great, and viewing angles, or the direction at which the screen is looked at, are more limited.

The light that passes through the device is sourced from the backlight which can shine light from the back or the side of the display. Because the LCD does not produce its own light, it needs to use the backlight in the OLED) have come into use as well. Typically white, this light, if polarized correctly, will pass through the RGB color filter of the surface substrate layer, displaying the color signaled for by the TFT device.

Within an LCD, each pixel can be characterized by its three sub-pixels. These three sub-pixels create the RGB colorization of that overall pixel. These sub-pixels act as capacitors, or electrical storage units within a device, each with their own independent structural and functional layers as described earlier. With the three sub-pixels per pixel, colors of almost any kind can be mixed from the light passing through the filters and polarizer at different brightness based on the liquid crystal alignment.

Sakai Display Product"s (Sharp"s subsidiary) 10G using 2,880mm by 3,130mm glass substrates) TFT-LCD factory in Japan is currently one of the highest generation plants but four 10.5G and 11G TFT-LCD factories are under construction or are planned in China, according to industry sources.

China-based BOE Technology is constructing a 10.5G TFT-LCD factory with monthly production capacity of 120,000 2,940mm by 3,370mm glass substrates that will start production in the first half of 2018, the sources said.

China Star Optoelectronics Technology will soon start construction of an 11G TFT-LCD factory with monthly production capacity of 60,000 2,940mm by 3,370mm glass substrates in the first phase and of 140,000 substrates eventually, and plans to kick off production in the first half of 2019.

HKC plans to construct an 11G TFT-LCD factory with monthly production capacity of 90,000 glass substrates at an investment of CNY40 billion (US$5.8 billion). The factory is expected to have an annual output of 8.64 million panels for total revenues of CNY22 billion. In addition, HKC will invest CNY5 billion to set up an annual production capacity of 5-10 million LCD TVs.

In addition, Taiwan-based Foxconn Electronics has become the majority shareholder of Sharp and the two companies will cooperate to construct a 10.5G or 11G TFT-LCD factory in Guangzhou City, southern China, with planned investment of over JPY800 billion (US$6.9 billion) and production planned to begin in 2019.

As 43- and 65-inch LCD TV panels are in short supply, the four 10.5G and 11G TFT-LCD factories are expected to focus on production of 43-, 65-, and 75-inch and above TV panels, the sources analyzed.

Currently, 43-inch LCD TV panels are produced mainly at 7.5G factories (using 1,950mm by 2,250mm glass substrates), the sources said. As 7.5G factory capacity is not enough to meet market demand, panel makers also use a multi-model glass process at 8.5G factories to simultaneously produce eight 43-inch LCD TV panels and eight 18.5- or 21.5-inch panels from a single 2,200mm by 2,500mm substrate, the sources indicated.

65-inch LCD TV panels are mainly produced at 6G factories, with a 1,500mm by 1,850mm glass substrate being cut into two panels. However, Samsung Display and LG Display use a multi-model glass process to simultaneously produce 65- and 32-inch LCD TV panels at their 8.5G factories.

10.5G or 11G factories enable production of 18 43-inch LCD TV panels or eight 65-inch units using 93% and 94% of a single substrate without using multi-model glass processing, the sources indicated. However, yield rates hinge on effective control of cutting such large glass substrates, the sources noted.

Mount Pleasant, WI – Foxconn Technology Group (Foxconn) and its construction manager, Gilbane | Exyte today announced the start of roof installation of the company’s nearly 1,000,000 square-foot TFT LCD Fab at the Wisconn Valley Science & Technology Park (WVSTP). The company celebrated this major construction milestone of North America’s first and only TFT-LCD Fab and supporting facilities after announcing the beginning of vertical constriction in August.

Over the course of roof installation, approximately 16,000 yards of concrete will be poured onto a metal deck. This work will be completed by three roofing crews in order to meet an aggressive construction schedule.

(Yicai Global) Aug. 11 -- Electronic display giant BOE Technology Group Co. [SHE:000725] has signed an agreement with the municipal government of Wuhan, in China"s central Hubei province, to invest CNY46 billion (USD6.9 billion) to build a factory for 65-inch LCD TFT-LCD display modules and related projects in the city, BOE said in a press briefing on Aug. 10.

Beijing-based BOE plans to start construction in the fourth quarter of this year and finish within two years. The facility will produce 120,000 displays per month.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) has liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of glass. Without any voltage applied between transparent electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel with the glass surface. When voltage is applied, they change their direction and they turn vertical to the glass surface. They vary in optical characteristics, depending on their orientation. Therefore, the quantity of light transmission can be controlled by combining the motion of liquid crystal molecules and the direction of polarization of two polarizing plates attached to the both outer sides of the glass sheets. LCDs utilize these characteristics to display images.

An LCD consists of many pixels. A pixel consists of three sub-pixels (Red/Green/Blue, RGB). In the case of Full-HD resolution, which is widely used for smartphones, there are more than six million (1,080 x 1,920 x 3 = 6,220,800) sub-pixels. To activate these millions of sub-pixels a TFT is required in each sub-pixel. TFT is an abbreviation for "Thin Film Transistor". A TFT is a kind of semiconductor device. It serves as a control valve to provide an appropriate voltage onto liquid crystals for individual sub-pixels. A TFT LCD has a liquid crystal layer between a glass substrate formed with TFTs and transparent pixel electrodes and another glass substrate with a color filter (RGB) and transparent counter electrodes. In addition, polarizers are placed on the outer side of each glass substrate and a backlight source on the back side. A change in voltage applied to liquid crystals changes the transmittance of the panel including the two polarizing plates, and thus changes the quantity of light that passes from the backlight to the front surface of the display. This principle allows the TFT LCD to produce full-color images.