dark spot on tv lcd screen made in china

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Having black spots on a TV screen can be very confusing and annoying for most TV owners. If you just spotted a black spot on your TV screen, you are probably worried that you’ll need to replace the entire set. But this should not be the case, especially since you spent a handsome figure getting the best TV available.

Perhaps the most common cause of black spots is dirt and debris that have accumulated on the surface of the TV screen over time. If ignored, it will lead to black spots.

Most TV owners would consider sending their TVs back to their manufacturer when they spot a black spot, like sending your best Vizio TV back to Vizio. Unfortunately, this can be time-consuming and expensive, especially if you’ve invested in one of the highest-rated OLED TVs and/or large models like the top 70-inch TV.

While most new TVs sold are smart TVs, you can still buy what is referred to now as “dumb TVs.” If you want a TV without apps and an internet connection, this is the TV for you. If that interests you, check out these top-rated dumb TVs. But keep in mind, unlike most new TVs, dumb TVs will usually be smaller, like a 24-inch size TV, for example. Regardless if the TV is smart or dumb, it can develop black spots, however. Fortunately, fixing a black spot is relatively easy. As a result, we have compiled a guide on how to fix a black spot on a TV screen.

STAT:Samsung was the most popular Smart TV brand in US households in 2020. Samsung had a 32% steady market share while Alcatel and Vizio had 14% and 13%, respectively (source)

Black spots can be a pain, especially if you just bought a wide color gamut TV and are looking to have enjoyable weekends. Regardless of where the black spot is located on your TV screen, it will stand out like a sore thumb. It’ll be the first thing you spot when your TV screen lights up. Black spots on your TV screen are caused by debris, dead pixels, or stuck pixels. This can be especially annoying if you invested in the best anti-glare TV and depend on good visuals for a good TV experience.Dirt or Debris: Perhaps the most common cause of black spots. Dirt and debris accumulate on the surface of the TV screen over time, and if ignored, will lead to black spots. If you have the best outdoor TV, be sure to keep up with maintenance and regularly clean it.

Manufacturer defect: Black spots will appear due to a violation of the assembly. They don’t appear immediately and often lead to damage to the display matrix. A warranty usually covers black spots caused by manufacturer defects.

Stuck Pixel: A stuck pixel is a pixel on the TV display that cannot change color. Display pixels are designed to change color depending on the image projected on display. When the color doesn’t change, it’s called a stuck pixel.

Dead pixel: It’s pretty different from a stuck pixel but often gets confused for one. While a stuck pixel will light up when the TV is turned on but does not change color, a dead pixel doesn’t light up at all. This is because all of their sub-pixels are turned off permanently, and since they don’t light up, they look like black spots on the TV screen. You can read our article on how to fix dead pixels on a TV to learn more about dead pixels.

Fixing black spots on your TV screen is quite simple.First, turn off your television and unplug it from the power source for a few hours. Sometimes, turning off the power on your TV will force the stuck pixel to become unstuck when you finally plug your TV back to the mains.

Next, verify that the black spot issues aren’t caused by any devices plugged into your TV, like a console or cable box. Remove all cables connecting your TV to components, and then plug them back in. Sometimes, loose connections cause distorted images that look like dead pixels.

If a black spot is still visible, contact your manufacturer or repair shop for repair service. Depending on the time and nature of the black spot, The TV manufacturer might cover the repair under warranty. You can also try the clouding LED TV fix, which solves the black spot problem common among new TVs but often disappears as time passes.

Regardless of where the black spot is located on your TV screen, it will stand out like a sore thumb. It’ll be the first thing you spot when your TV screen lights up.

While a stuck pixel will light up when the TV is turned on but does not change color, a dead pixel doesn’t light up at all. This is because all of their sub-pixels are turned off permanently, and since they don’t light up, they look like black spots on the TV screen.

Perhaps the most common cause of black spots is dirt and debris that have accumulated on the surface of the TV screen over time. If ignored, it will lead to black spots.

One of today’s modern technological wonders is the flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, which is the key component we find inside televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and an ever-proliferating range of gadgets that display information electronically.What most people don’t realize is how complex and sophisticated the manufacturing process is. The entire world’s supply is made within two time zones in East Asia. Unless, of course, the factory proposed by Foxconn for Wisconsin actually gets built.

Last week I had the opportunity to tour BOE Technology Group’s Gen 10.5 factory in Hefei, the capital of China’s Anhui Province.This was the third factory, or “fab” that Beijing-based BOE built in Hefei alone, and in terms of capability, it is now the most advanced in the world.BOE has a total of 12 fabs in Beijing, Chongqing, and several other major cities across China; this particular factory was named Fab 9.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens are manufactured by assembling a sandwich of two thin sheets of glass.On one of the sheets are transistor “cells” formed by first depositing a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), an unusual metal alloy that you can actually see through.That’s how you can get electrical signals to the middle of a screen.Then you deposit a layer of silicon, followed by a process that builds millions of precisely shaped transistor parts.This patterning step is repeated to build up tiny little cells, one for each dot (known as a pixel) on the screen.Each step has to be precisely aligned to the previous one within a few microns.Remember, the average human hair is 40 microns in diameter.

On the other sheet of glass, you make an array of millions of red, green, and blue dots in a black matrix, called a color filter array (CFA).This is how you produce the colors when you shine light through it.Then you drop tiny amounts of liquid crystal material into the cells on the first sheet and glue the two sheets together.You have to align the two sheets so the colored dots sit right on top of the cells, and you can’t be off by more than a few microns in each direction anywhere on the sheet.The sandwich is next covered with special sheets of polarizing film, and the sheets are cut into individual “panels” – a term that is used to describe the subassembly that actually goes into a TV.

For the sake of efficiency, you would like to make as many panels on a sheet as possible, within the practical limitations of how big a sheet you can handle at a time.The first modern LCD Fabs built in the early 1990s made sheets the size of a single notebook computer screen, and the size grew over time. A Gen 5 sheet, from around 2003, is 1100 x 1300 mm, while a Gen 10.5 sheet is 2940 x 3370 mm (9.6 x 11 ft).The sheets of glass are only 0.5 - 0.7 mm thick or sometimes even thinner, so as you can imagine they are extremely fragile and can really only be handled by robots.The Hefei Gen 10.5 fab is designed to produce the panels for either eight 65 inch or six 75 inch TVs on a single mother glass.If you wanted to make 110 inch TVs, you could make two of them at a time.

The fab is enormous, 1.3 km from one end to the other, divided into three large buildings connected by bridges.LCD fabs are multi-story affairs.The main equipment floor is sandwiched between a ground floor that is filled with chemical pipelines, power distribution, and air handling equipment, and a third floor that also has a lot of air handling and other mechanical equipment.The main equipment floor has to provide a very stable environment with no vibrations, so an LCD fab typically uses far more structural steel in its construction than a typical skyscraper.I visited a Gen 5 fab in Taiwan in 2003, and the plant manager there told me they used three times as much structural steel as Taipei 101, which was the world’s tallest building from 2004- 2010.Since the equipment floor is usually one or two stories up, there are large loading docks on the outside of the building.When they bring the manufacturing equipment in, they load it onto a platform and hoist it with a crane on the outside of the building.That’s one way to recognize an LCD fab from the outside – loading docks on high floors that just open to the outdoors.

LCD fabs have to maintain strict standards of cleanliness inside.Any dust particles in the air could cause defects in the finished displays – tiny dark spots or uneven intensities on your screen.That means the air is passed through elaborate filtration systems and pushed downwards from the ceiling constantly.Workers have to wear special clean room protective clothing and scrub before entering to minimize dust particles or other contamination.People are the largest source of particles, from shedding dead skin cells, dust from cosmetic powders, or smoke particles exhaled from the lungs of workers who smoke.Clean rooms are rated by the number of particles per cubic meter of air.A class 100 cleanroom has less than 100 particles less than 0.3 microns in diameter per cubic meter of air, Class 10 has less than 10 particles, and so on. Fab 9 has hundeds of thousands of square meters of Class 100 cleanroom, and many critical areas like photolithography are Class 10.In comparison, the air in Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA is roughly Class 8,000,000, and probably gets substantially worse when an MBTA bus passes through.

Since most display manufacturing has to be done in a cleanroom and handling the glass requires such precision, the factory is heavily automated.As you watch the glass come in, it is placed into giant cassettes by robot handlers, and the cassettes are moved around throughout the factory.At each step, robots lift a piece of glass out of the cassette, and position it for the processing machines.Some of the machines, like the ones that deposit silicon or ITO, orient the glass vertically, and put them inside an enormous vacuum chamber where all the air is first pumped out before they can go to work.And then they somehow manage to deposit micrometer thin layers that are extremely uniform.It is a miracle that any of this stuff actually works.

It obviously costs a lot to equip and run such a fab.Including all of the specialized production tools, press reports say BOE spent RMB 46 billion (US$6.95 billion). Even though you don’t see a lot of people on the floor, it takes thousands of engineers to keep the place running.

The Hefei Gen 10.5 is one of the most sophisticated manufacturing plants in the world.On opening day for the fab, BOE shipped panels to Sony, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, Vizio, and Haier.So if you have a new 65 or 75-inch TV, there is some chance the LCD panel came from here.

I have a DB T20 that is projecting a brown smudge/ spot on the screen. It looks like it’s on the lcd if I look through the front lens. I know can see the lens is fine. What could it be? Is it worth opening it to take a look? Also it makes a buzzing sound like a fan sticking for first minute on power up then works fine.

Ok So there is a SOLUTION. If you want to fix your little projector you need to order the part below or one of the same dimensions. This part is a little bit thicker than the stock one but if you carefully press it in or widen the side guides a little bit it will fit and work perfectly. I ordered two so I would have a back up. It did take over a month for the part to come. I wrote it off because they never sent an email to say it had shipped, but eventually it did show up. That"s ordering Chinese parts for you. Good Luck! Haribol

If one LCD is good, two is better, right? I"m not talking about two layer LCD. No, that"s still not quite right. LCDs have lots of layers. How about Double Stuf LCD? Nailed it.

Double Stuf LCDs have the potential to improve the contrast ratio of a display with minimal additional power draw and without needing additional LEDs, like

The problem, and what has always been LCD"s problem, is this method doesn"t block all the light. There"s no such thing as a "black" LCD pixel. Some light always leaks through, which is why LCDs have always had worse black levels and contrast compared to other technologies, like

Local dimming was and is a way to improve this. By dimming specific LEDs, or more accurately groups of LEDs called "zones," there"s less light that has to be blocked, so the area on screen appears much darker, perhaps even black. For more on how this works, check out

Ideally, there"d be one LED for every pixel, but that doesn"t make financial, or technological sense. After all, if you could make 8 million LEDs that close together, why not just ditch the LC layer altogether? (Incidentally, this is what

Most TVs have dozens of LEDs, either on the edges of the screen, or behind it. Fewer LEDs is cheaper and more energy efficient, but don"t always look as good. More LEDs usually looks better, but costs more. If you add WAY more LEDs, you"ve got

If only there was a way to make the liquid crystal layer work better. Or, baring that, adding more liquid crystals or something. Well, that"s what the Panasonic MegaCon promise: A way to improve how well the TV manipulates the light, after it"s created by the LEDs.

In Hisense"s prototypes and the current version of this TV (currently only available in China), the second layer was 1080p on a 4K display. Hisense promises that when this tech reaches US shores, both layers will be 4K. This means that essentially it"s an LCD TV with a 8 million zone backlight, far more than even mini-LED has. With two 4K modules, each pixel gets a far greater ability to block the light from the backlight, greatly improving this longstanding LCD issue and improving the contrast ratio.

To further aid the overall contrast ratio, there"s still a locally dimming backlight. In the current model it has 132 zones, which on its own would be reasonable for a traditional TV.

Price-wise, Hisense is aiming to be cheaper than OLED, though probably similar-to or more than higher-end LCDs. For reference the HZ65U9E, its 65-inch model for sale in China now, is 17,999 yuan, which converts to about $2,500, £2,000, or AU$3,700.

There"s no price or other info, but given its chunky looks it"s either very early in the prototype stage, or more likely, aimed for post-production and broadcast TV markets. It"s worth noting that Panasonic no longer sells TVs in the US.

Manufacturers have a lot of money in LCD, and that"s not changing any time soon. They"re always looking out for the next big thing, which is how we got OLED and how we"ll be getting MicroLED. Before we get to the next gen, there"s still a lot of improvement to be made with the current gen. Mini-LED is one aspect of that, and potentially so is dual-LCD. No doubt we"ll hear more about both at CES in January.

Still have a question? Tweet at him @TechWriterGeoff, then check out his travel photography on Instagram. He also thinks you should check out his best-selling sci-fi novel and its sequel.

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Are you looking for how to get rid of those irritating spots on your phone screen? This article shows you everything you need to know on how to fix pressure spots on LCD screens and how to prevent them in the future.

One of the deadliest and most frustrating issues you could have with your mobile phone is screen damages. And for pressure spots on LCD screens, it"s somewhat annoying than breaking the whole screen itself, as it requires going for replacement in most cases.

As its name implies, pressure spots on phone screens can render the display useless (or irritating, based on how you see it) by creating spots of different shapes and styles on the screen. These spots show continually, and most times, permanently on the display and can obstruct your viewing or cause other problems such as dead pixels, flickering, or blurriness.

When you apply too much pressure on your phone’s display – whether accidentally, intentionally, or carelessly, it damaged the LCD components, hence creating different spots on the display.

Pressure spots on LCD screens can come in different forms and shapes depending on the density of pressure applied. Sometimes, the spots can be whitish, deep black, or come in various colors depending on what’s currently showing on the screen.

Unfortunately, learning how to fix pressure spots on LCD screens isn"t the same as learning how to fix simple hardware and software issues. Simply put, there is no way to repair a phone screen that was damaged by pressure.

Attempting to get rid of pressure spots on LCD screens can cause more harm than good. Hence, you had better find a professional phone repairer to help you with screen replacement.

Meanwhile, some users reported that the pressure spots on their phone screen got healed after a few years. But do you want to keep seeing the same issue on your screen for years? So, a screen replacement is the only way out.

Fortunately, if you use a TECNO, Infinix, or itel smartphone, Carlcare Service is the best bet for you when it comes to replacing your damaged screen and fixing other issues on the device. We"re the official after-sales service provider to render professional repair and customer services for these brands.

And if you’ve bought our extra Screen Protection Plan for your TECNO, Infinix, or itel device earlier, you might be able to replace your screen for free, or better still, get huge discounts on-screen replacement at Carlcare.

Also, if you notice pressure spots on your Syinix TV, the best thing to do is bring it down to our service centre for proper screen replacement with genuine stock parts.

Paying for screen replacement from your own pocket (especially when you don’t have any form of screen insurance or protection plan), can be a pain in the ass. However, there’s probably nothing you could have done better than learning how to protect your phone screen from pressure spots in the future.

Pressure spots on LCD screens (or any screen in general) occur accidentally or carelessly. The only way to avoid such damage in the future is to handle your phone carefully. Try as much to shun applying much pressure on the screen while playing games and performing other tasks.

When inserting your phone into your pocket, purse or bag, ensure there"s enough space to accommodate it. Also, ensure there are no other objects inside the pocket, purse, or bag.

Equally important, if you"re wearing a dress with tight pockets, we recommend you keep your phone somewhere else rather than forcing it inside the pocket, as it may be pressurized when you move your body.

Overall, the only way to prevent your phone screen from getting pressure spots in the feature is to handle it carefully whenever and wherever possible. If you ever come across the need to drop your phone somewhere, ensure you don’t place anything on it.

Taking these few things into consideration would help you protect your phone screen from pressure spots in the future, rather than looking for how to fix pressure spots on LCD screen when it happens.

Now, if you’ve accidentally applied much pressure on your phone’s screen and some spots are showing on it when you turn it on, the best thing you can do is to visit the official service provider for your device for a screen replacement. Trying to shift the spots away or performing some DIY tricks may cause more harm than good.

The world’s top four LCD suppliers for TVs will be mostly from in 2020, while the total shipment from global LCD companies is likely to fall by 8.2% to 265 million units, according to market research firm IHS Markit on Dec. 18.

IHS Markit said this would mark the first time in 10 years to witness a decline in such panel shipments, as unlike Chinese companies that will continue to ship more, South Korean suppliers will be cutting their volume.

LG Display will take fifth place, falling from this year’s second, while Samsung Display will not be among the top five manufacturers. In 2016, LG Display and Samsung Display had been at No.1 and No.2 in the market.

In 2019, China’s BOE had climbed to No.1 for the first time, and market watchers expect the firm to remain at the top in 2020 with a 21% market share. China’s CSOT will be at second place with a 16% share, up from this year’s fourth place.

As with BOE, CSOT is mass producing Gen-10.5 and Gen-11 LCD panels. CSOT will also be ramping up production from its first Gen-11 LCD production line, the T6, by the end of this year. The T7, which is the firm’s second Gen-11 line, is to begin mass production by 2021.

Meanwhile, Taiwan’s Innolux is expected to maintain its No.3 status, while China’s HKC will rise to the fourth-largest supplier. HKC had earlier been cited as likely to acquire the Gen-8 LCD production lines at Samsung Display’s suspended panel plant, but Samsung has chosen a different Chinese manufacturer that had no display production lines.

In terms of country, China will ship 58% of the total amount of LCD panels for TVs to reflect a jump from this year’s 47%. South Korean firms, on the other hand, are to see their shipment fall to 17% from this year’s 27%. The 17% will be smaller than the share by Taiwanese firms, which are likely to ship around 22% of the total global volume.

Important technical improvements of LCD, such as LED backlighting and wide viewing Angle, are directly related to LCD. And account for an LCD display 80% of the cost of the LCD panel, enough to show that the LCD panel is the core part of the entire display, the quality of the LCD panel, can be said to directly determine the quality of an LCD display.

The production of civil LCD displays is just an assembly process. The LCD panel, the main control circuit, shell, and other parts of the main assembly, basically will not have too complex technical problems.

Does this mean that LCDS are low-tech products? In fact, it is not. The production and manufacturing process of the LCD panels is very complicated, requiring at least 300 process processes. The whole process needs to be carried out in a dust-free environment and with precise technology.

The general structure of the LCD panel is not very complex, now the structure of the LCD panel is divided into two parts: the LCD panel and the backlight system.

Due to the LCD does not shine, so you need to use another light source to illuminate, the function of the backlight system is to this, but currently used CCFL lamp or LED backlight, don’t have the characteristics of the surface light source, so you need to guide plate, spreadsheet components, such as linear or point sources of light evenly across the surface, in order to make the entire LCD panel on the differences of luminous intensity is the same, but it is very difficult, to achieve the ideal state can be to try to reduce brightness non-uniformity, the backlight system has a lot to the test of design and workmanship.

In addition, there is a driving IC and printed circuit board beside the LCD panel, which is mainly used to control the rotation of LCD molecules in the LCD panel and the transmission of display signals. The LCD plate is thin and translucent without electricity. It is roughly shaped like a sandwich, with an LCD sandwiched between a layer of TFT glass and a layer of colored filters.

LCD with light refraction properties of solid crystals, with fluid flow characteristics at the same time, under the drive of the electrode, can be arranged in a way that, in accordance with the master want to control the strength of the light through, and then on the color filter, through the red, green, blue three colors of each pixel toning, eventually get the full-screen image.

According to the functional division, the LCD panel can be divided into the LCD panel and the backlight system. However, to produce an LCD panel, it needs to go through three complicated processes, namely, the manufacturing process of the front segment Array,the manufacturing process of the middle segment Cell, and the assembly of the rear segment module. Today we will be here, for you in detail to introduce the production of the LCD panel manufacturing process.

The manufacturing process of the LCD panel Array is mainly composed of four parts: film, yellow light, etch and peel film. If we just look at it in this way, many netizens do not understand the specific meaning of these four steps and why they do so.

First of all, the motion and arrangement of LCD molecules need electrons to drive them. Therefore, on the TFT glass, the carrier of LCD, there must be conductive parts to control the motion of LCD. In this case, we use ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) to do this.ITO is transparent and also acts as a thin-film conductive crystal so that it doesn’t block the backlight.

The different arrangement of LCD molecules and the rapid motion change can ensure that each pixel displays the corresponding color accurately and the image changes accurately and quickly, which requires the precision of LCD molecule control.ITO film needs special treatment, just like printing the circuit on the PCB board, drawing the conductive circuit on the whole LCD board.

First, the ITO film layer needs to be deposited on the TFT glass, so that there is a smooth and uniform ITO film on the whole TFT glass. Then, using ionized water, the ITO glass is cleaned and ready for the next step.

Next, a photoresist is applied to the glass on which ITO film is deposited, and a uniform photoresist layer is formed on the ITO glass. After baking for a period of time, the solvent of the photoresist was partially volatilized to increase the adhesion of the photoresist material to the ITO glass.

Ultraviolet light (UV) is used to illuminate the surface of the photoresist through a pre-made electrode pattern mask, which causes the photoresist layer to react. The photoresist is selectively exposed under ultraviolet light by covering the photoresist on the glass coated with the photoresist.

The exposed part of the photoresist is then washed away with the developer, leaving only the unexposed part, and the dissolved photoresist is then washed away with deionized water.

Then etch off the ITO film without photoresist covering with appropriate acid etching solution, and only retain the ITO film under the photoresist. ITO glass is conductive glass (In2O3 and SnO2). The ITO film not covered by photoresist is easy to react with acid, while the ITO film covered by photoresist can be retained to obtain the corresponding wire electrode.

Stripping: High concentration of alkali solution (NaOH solution) is used as a stripping solution to peel off the remaining photoresist on the glass so that ITO glass can form ITO graphics exactly consistent with the photolithography mask.

Rinse the basic label of glass with an organic solution and remove the photolithographic tape after reaction to keep the glass clean. This completes the first thin-film conductive crystal process, which generally requires at least five identical processes to form a complex and sophisticated pattern of electrodes on the glass.

This completes the previous Array process. It is not difficult to see from the whole process that ITO film is deposited, photoresist coated, exposed, developed, and etched on TFT glass, and finally, ITO electrode pattern designed in the early stage is formed on TFT glass to control the movement of LCD molecules on the glass. The general steps of the whole production process are not complicated, but the technical details and precautions are very complicated, so we will not introduce them here. Interested friends can consult relevant materials by themselves.

The glass that the LCD board uses makes a craft also very exquisite. (The manufacturing process flow of the LCD display screen)At present, the world’s largest LCD panel glass, mainly by the United States Corning, Japan Asahi glass manufacturers, located in the upstream of the production of LCD panel, these manufacturers have mastered the glass production technology patents. A few months ago, the earthquake caused a corning glass furnace shutdown incident, which has caused a certain impact on the LCD panel industry, you can see its position in the industry.

As mentioned earlier, the LCD panel is structured like a sandwich, with an LCD sandwiched between the lower TFT glass and the upper color filter. The terminal Cell process in LCD panel manufacturing involves the TFT glass being glued to the top and bottom of a colored filter, but this is not a simple bonding process that requires a lot of technical detail.

As you can see from the figure above, the glass is divided into 6 pieces of the same size. In other words, the LCD made from this glass is finally cut into 6 pieces, and the size of each piece is the final size. When the glass is cast, the specifications and sizes of each glass have been designed in advance.

Then, the organic polymer directional material is coated on the surface of the glass, that is, a uniform directional layer is applied to the appropriate position of ITO glass by the method of selective coating. Meanwhile, the directional layer is cured.

Directional friction:Flannelette material is used to rub the surface of the layer in a specific direction so that the LCD molecules can be arranged along the friction direction of the aligned layer in the future to ensure the consistency of the arrangement of LCD molecules. After the alignment friction, there will be some contaminants such as flannelette thread, which need to be washed away through a special cleaning process.

After the TFT glass substrate is cleaned, a sealant coating is applied to allow the TFT glass substrate to be bonded to the color filter and to prevent LCD outflow.

Finally, the conductive adhesive is applied to the frame in the bonding direction of the glass of the color filter to ensure that external electrons can flow into the LCD layer. Then, according to the bonding mark on the TFT glass substrate and the color filter, two pieces of glass are bonded together, and the bonding material is solidified at high temperatures to make the upper and lower glasses fit statically.

Color filters are very important components of LCD panels. Manufacturers of color filters, like glass substrate manufacturers, are upstream of LCD panel manufacturers. Their oversupply or undersupply can directly affect the production schedule of LCD panels and indirectly affect the end market.

As can be seen from the above figure, each LCD panel is left with two edges after cutting. What is it used for? You can find the answer in the later module process

Finally, a polarizer is placed on both sides of each LCD substrate, with the horizontal polarizer facing outwards and the vertical polarizer facing inwards.

A polarizer is an optical plate that allows only light from a certain direction to pass through. It is an optical element that converts natural light into straight polarized light. The mechanism of action is to make the vertical direction light pass through the straight incident light after passing through the vertical polarizer, and the other horizontal direction light is absorbed, or use reflection and scattering and other effects to make its shade.

When making LCD panel, must up and down each use one, and presents the alternating direction, when has the electric field and does not have the electric field, causes the light to produce the phase difference and to present the light and dark state, uses in the display subtitle or the pattern.

The rear Module manufacturing process is mainly the integration of the drive IC pressing of the LCD substrate and the printed circuit board. This part can transmit the display signal received from the main control circuit to the drive IC to drive the LCD molecules to rotate and display the image. In addition, the backlight part will be integrated with the LCD substrate at this stage, and the complete LCD panel is completed.

Firstly, the heteroconductive adhesive is pressed on the two edges, which allows external electrons to enter the LCD substrate layer and acts as a bridge for electronic transmission

Next is the drive IC press. The main function of the drive IC is to output the required voltage to each pixel and control the degree of torsion of the LCD molecules. The drive IC is divided into two types. The source drive IC located in the X-axis is responsible for the input of data. It is characterized by high frequency and has an image function. The gate drive IC located in the Y-axis is responsible for the degree and speed of torsion of LCD molecules, which directly affects the response time of the LCD display. However, there are already many LCD panels that only have driving IC in the X-axis direction, perhaps because the Y-axis drive IC function has been integrated and simplified.

The press of the flexible circuit board can transmit data signals and act as the bridge between the external printed circuit and LCD. It can be bent and thus becomes a flexible or flexible circuit board

The manufacturing process of the LCD substrate still has a lot of details and matters needing attention, for example, rinse with clean, dry, dry, dry, ultrasonic cleaning, exposure, development and so on and so on, all have very strict technical details and requirements, so as to produce qualified eyes panel, interested friends can consult relevant technical information by a search engine.

LCD (LC) is a kind of LCD, which has the properties of light transmission and refraction of solid Crystal, as well as the flow property of Liquid. It is because of this property that it will be applied to the display field.

However, LCD does not emit light autonomously, so the display equipment using LCD as the display medium needs to be equipped with another backlight system.

First, a backplate is needed as the carrier of the light source. The common light source for LCD display equipment is CCFL cold cathode backlight, but it has started to switch to an LED backlight, but either one needs a backplate as the carrier.

CCFL backlight has been with LCD for a long time. Compared with LED backlight, CCFL backlight has many defects. However, it has gradually evolved to save 50% of the lamp and enhance the transmittance of the LCD panel, so as to achieve the purpose of energy-saving.

With the rapid development of LED in the field of lighting, the cost has been greatly reduced.LCD panels have also started to use LED as the backlight on a large scale. Currently, in order to control costs, an LED backlight is placed on the side rather than on the backplate, which can reduce the number of LED grains.

However, no matter CCFL backlight or LED backlight is placed in various ways, the nature of the backlight source cannot be a surface light source, but a linear light source or point light source. Therefore, other components are needed to evenly distribute the light to the whole surface. This task is accomplished by the diffuser plate and diffuser plate.

On the transparent diffuser plate, point-like printing can block part of the light. The LED backlight on the side drives the light from the side of the diffuser plate, and the light reflects and refracts back and forth in the diffuser plate, distributing the light evenly to the whole surface. Point-like printing blocks part of the light, screening the light evenly like a sieve.

At the top of the diffusion plate, there will be 3~4 diffuser pieces, constantly uniform light to the whole surface, improve the uniformity of light, which is directly related to the LCD panel display effect. Professional LCD in order to better control the brightness uniformity of the screen, panel procurement, the later backlight control circuit, will make great efforts to ensure the quality of the panel.

The backlight system also includes a backlight module laminator, located behind the backplane. In the CCFL backlight era, you can often see the long strip laminator like the one above, with each coil responsible for a set of tubes.

However, it is much simpler to use a side white LED as a backlight. The small circuit board on the far left of the figure above is the backlight of the LED.

Since the LCD substrate and the backlight system are not fixed by bonding, a metal or rubber frame is needed to be added to the outer layer to fix the LCD substrate and the backlight system.

After the period of the Module, the process is completed in LCM (LCDModule) factory, the core of this part of the basic does not involve the use of LCD manufacturing technology, mainly is some assembly work, so some machine panel factories such as chi mei, Korea department such as Samsung panel factory, all set with LCM factories in mainland China, Duan Mo group after the LCD panel assembly, so that we can convenient mainland area each big monitor procurement contract with LCD TV manufacturers, can reduce the human in the whole manufacturing and transportation costs.

However, neither Taiwan nor Korea has any intention to set up factories in mainland China for the LCD panel front and middle manufacturing process involving core technologies. Therefore, there is still a long way to go for China to have its own LCD panel industry.

LG is one of the largest TV manufacturers in the world, and they"re one of the few companies that make both OLED and LED-backlit TVs. Their OLED TVs offer the best value and performance compared to other brands, with an amazing selection of streaming features and fantastic picture quality. LG TVs run their proprietary webOS smart interface, which is well-organized and easy to use and has a great selection of streaming apps. LG also has a unique remote called the Magic Remote that has a point-and-press feature, making it easy to navigate through the menus. LG also leads the industry in terms of gaming features. They were one of the first brands to adopt HDMI 2.1 bandwidth on their TVs, and most of their lineup, including their LED models, support advanced gaming features like G-SYNC variable refresh rate technology. On the other hand, their LED models deliver poor picture quality, especially for dark room viewing, as most use IPS panels with a very low contrast ratio and poor uniformity.

The best LG TV we"ve tested is the LG G2 OLED. It offers similar performance to LG"s cheaper models like the LG C2 OLED, but it features a new-and-improved OLED panel that allows it to display brighter whites than previous generations. It"s a decidedly premium TV with a unique design, as it comes with a special wall mount that allows it to sit flush against the wall. On the other hand, it doesn"t include a traditional stand, so if you"re not planning on wall mounting it, the LG C2 OLED is also a fantastic choice. The C2 and G2 both offer an impressive selection of additional features, including amazing gaming features like FreeSync and G-SYNC variable refresh rate, low input lag, and HDMI 2.1 bandwidth on all four HDMI ports.

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or organic LED), also known as organic electroluminescent (organic EL) diode,light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) which has a slightly different mode of operation. An OLED display can be driven with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control scheme. In the PMOLED scheme, each row and line in the display is controlled sequentially, one by one,thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane to directly access and switch each individual pixel on or off, allowing for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

OLED is fundamentally different from LED which is based on a p-n diode structure. In LEDs doping is used to create p- and n- regions by changing the conductivity of the host semiconductor. OLEDs do not employ a p-n structure. Doping of OLEDs is used to increase radiative efficiency by direct modification of the quantum-mechanical optical recombination rate. Doping is additionally used to determine the wavelength of photon emission.

An OLED display works without a backlight because it emits its own visible light. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions (such as a dark room), an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, regardless of whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or an LED backlight. OLED displays are made in the same way as LCDs, but after TFT (for active matrix displays), addressable grid (for passive matrix displays) or indium-tin oxide (ITO) segment (for segment displays) formation, the display is coated with hole injection, transport and blocking layers, as well with electroluminescent material after the first 2 layers, after which ITO or metal may be applied again as a cathode and later the entire stack of materials is encapsulated. The TFT layer, addressable grid or ITO segments serve as or are connected to the anode, which may be made of ITO or metal.transparent displays being used in smartphones with optical fingerprint scanners and flexible displays being used in foldable smartphones.

André Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université in France made the first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s. They applied high alternating voltages in air to materials such as acridine orange dye, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons.

In 1960, Martin Pope and some of his co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals.work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices. Pope"s group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a single pure crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963volts. The proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of molecular fluorescence.

Pope"s group reported in 1965exciton energy level. Also in 1965, Wolfgang Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes,Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high-voltage (500–1500 V) AC-driven (100–3000Hz) electrically insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder.

The first Polymer LED (PLED) to be created was by Roger Partridge at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. It used a film of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) up to 2.2 micrometers thick located between two charge-injecting electrodes. The light generated was readily visible in normal lighting conditions though the polymer used had 2 limitations; low conductivity and the difficulty of injecting electrons.

Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990, with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, UK, reporting a high-efficiency green light-emitting polymer-based device using 100nm thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).plastic electronics and OLED research and device production grew rapidly.et al. at Yamagata University, Japan in 1995, achieved the commercialization of OLED-backlit displays and lighting.

Manufacturing of small molecule OLEDs was started in 1997 by Pioneer Corporation, followed by TDK in 2001 and Samsung-NEC Mobile Display (SNMD), which later became one of the world"s largest OLED display manufacturers - Samsung Display, in 2002.

The Sony XEL-1, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.Universal Display Corporation, one of the OLED materials companies, holds a number of patents concerning the commercialization of OLEDs that are used by major OLED manufacturers around the world.

On 5 December 2017, JOLED, the successor of Sony and Panasonic"s printable OLED business units, began the world"s first commercial shipment of inkjet-printed OLED panels.

A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over part or all of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors.

Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer. One example was the first light-emitting device synthesised by J. H. Burroughes et al., which involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). However multilayer OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more layers in order to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, different materials may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile,quantum efficiency (up to 19%) by using a graded heterojunction.

During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Anodes are picked based upon the quality of their optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability.electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the HOMO at the anode. This latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens closer to the electron-transport layer part of the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than electrons. The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the material, in this case the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO.

As electrons and holes are fermions with half integer spin, an exciton may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state depending on how the spins of the electron and hole have been combined. Statistically three triplet excitons will be formed for each singlet exciton. Decay from triplet states (phosphorescence) is spin forbidden, increasing the timescale of the transition and limiting the internal efficiency of fluorescent devices. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes make use of spin–orbit interactions to facilitate intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states, thus obtaining emission from both singlet and triplet states and improving the internal efficiency.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the HOMO level of the organic layer. A second conductive (injection) layer is typically added, which may consist of PEDOT:PSS,barium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the LUMO of the organic layer.aluminium to avoid degradation. Two secondary benefits of the aluminum capping layer include robustness to electrical contacts and the back reflection of emitted light out to the transparent ITO layer.

Experimental research has proven that the properties of the anode, specifically the anode/hole transport layer (HTL) interface topography plays a major role in the efficiency, performance, and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes. Imperfections in the surface of the anode decrease anode-organic film interface adhesion, increase electrical resistance, and allow for more frequent formation of non-emissive dark spots in the OLED material adversely affecting lifetime. Mechanisms to decrease anode roughness for ITO/glass substrates include the use of thin films and self-assembled monolayers. Also, alternative substrates and anode materials are being considered to increase OLED performance and lifetime. Possible examples include single crystal sapphire substrates treated with gold (Au) film anodes yielding lower work functions, operating voltages, electrical resistance values, and increasing lifetime of OLEDs.

Single carrier devices are typically used to study the kinetics and charge transport mechanisms of an organic material and can be useful when trying to study energy transfer processes. As current through the device is composed of only one type of charge carrier, either electrons or holes, recombination does not occur and no light is emitted. For example, electron only devices can be obtained by replacing ITO with a lower work function metal which increases the energy barrier of hole injection. Similarly, hole only devices can be made by using a cathode made solely of aluminium, resulting in an energy barrier too large for efficient electron injection.

Balanced charge injection and transfer are required to get high internal efficiency, pure emission of luminance layer without contaminated emission from charge transporting layers, and high stability. A common way to balance charge is optimizing the thickness of the charge transporting layers but is hard to control. Another way is using the exciplex. Exciplex formed between hole-transporting (p-type) and electron-transporting (n-type) side chains to localize electron-hole pairs. Energy is then transferred to luminophore and provide high efficiency. An example of using exciplex is grafting Oxadiazole and carbazole side units in red diketopyrrolopyrrole-doped Copolymer main chain shows improved external quantum efficiency and color purity in no optimized OLED.

Organic small-molecule electroluminescent materials have the advantages of a wide variety, easy to purify, and strong chemical modifications. In order to make the luminescent materials to emit light as required, some chromophores or unsaturated groups such as alkene bonds and benzene rings will usually be introduced in the molecular structure design to change the size of the conjugation range of the material, so that the photophysical properties of the material changes. In general, the larger the range of π-electron conjugation system, the longer the wavelength of light emitted by the material. For instance, with the increase of the number of benzene rings, the fluorescence emission peak of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene,anthracenes, biphenyl acetylene aryl derivatives, coumarin derivatives,Ching W. Tang et al.Eastman Kodak. The term OLED traditionally refers specifically to this type of device, though the term SM-OLED is also in use.

Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organometallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the organic light-emitting device reported by Tang et al.), fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated dendrimers. A number of materials are used for their charge transport properties, for example triphenylamine and derivatives are commonly used as materials for hole transport layers.perylene, rubrene and quinacridone derivatives are often used.3 has been used as a green emitter, electron transport material and as a host for yellow and red emitting dyes.

Because of the structural flexibility of small-molecule electroluminescent materials, thin films can be prepared by vacuum vapor deposition, which is more expensive and of limited use for large-area devices. The vacuum coating system, however, can make the entire process from film growth to OLED device preparation in a controlled and complete operating environment, helping to obtain uniform and stable films, thus ensuring the final fabrication of high-performance OLED devices.However, small molecule organic dyes are prone to fluorescence quenching

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED, P-OLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to an external voltage. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays. Polymer OLEDs are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced.

Vacuum deposition is not a suitable method for forming thin films of polymers. If the polymeric OLED films are made by vacuum vapor deposition, the chain elements will be cut off and the original photophysical properties will be compromised. However, polymers can be processed in solution, and spin coating is a common method of depositing thin polymer films. This method is more suited to forming large-area films than thermal evaporation. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can also be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing.Langmuir-Blodgett film.

Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted lightring opening metathesis polymerization.

Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes use the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner,

The heavy metal atom at the centre of these complexes exhibits strong spin-orbit coupling, facilitating intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states. By using these phosphorescent materials, both singlet and triplet excitons will be able to decay radiatively, hence improving the internal quantum efficiency of the device compared to a standard OLED where only the singlet states will contribute to emission of light.

Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high as 10,000cd/m2.

a) Bottom-emitting and b) top-emitting OLED structures; c,d) Schematic diagrams based on bottom-emitting and top-emitting OLEDs with low and high contrast ratio, respectively.

The bottom-emission organic light-emitting diode (BE-OLED) is the architecture that was used in the early-stage AMOLED displays. It had a transparent anode fabricated on a glass substrate, and a shiny reflective cathode. Light is emitted from the transparent anode direction. To reflect all the light towards the anode direction, a relatively thick metal cathode such as aluminum is used. For the anode, high-transparency indium tin oxide (ITO) was a typical choice to emit as much light as possible.thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, and the area from which light can be extracted is limited and the light emission efficiency is reduced.

An alternative configuration is to switch the mode of emission. A reflective anode, and a transparent (or more often semi-transparent) cathode are used so that the light emits from the cathode side, and this configuration is called top-emission OLED (TE-OLED). Unlike BEOLEDs where the anode is made of transparent conductive ITO, this time the cathode needs to be transparent, and the ITO material is not an ideal choice for the cathode because of a damage issue due to the sputtering process.transmittance and high conductivity.

When light waves meet while traveling along the same medium, wave interference occurs. This interference can be constructive or destructive. It is sometimes desirable for several waves of the same frequency to sum up into a wave with higher amplitudes.

Since both electrodes are reflective in TEOLED, light reflections can happen within the diode, and they cause more complex interferences than those in BEOLEDs. In addition to the two-beam interference, there exists a multi-resonance interference between two electrodes. Because the structure of TEOLEDs is similar to that of the Fabry-Perot resonator or laser resonator, which contains two parallel mirrors comparable to the two reflective electrodes),

In the case of OLED, that means the cavity in a TEOLED could be especially designed to enhance the light output intensity and color purity with a narrow band of wavelengths, without consuming more power. In TEOLEDs, the microcavity effect commonly occurs, and when and how to restrain or make use of this effect is indispensable for device design. To match the conditions of constructive interference, different layer thicknesses are applied according to the resonance wavelength of that specific color. The thickness conditions are carefully designed and engineered according to the peak resonance emitting wavelengths of the blue (460 nm), green (530 nm), and red (610 nm) color LEDs. This technology greatly improves the light-emission efficiency of OLEDs, and are able to achieve a wider color gamut due to high color purity.

In "white + color filter method," red, green, and blue emissions are obtained from the same white-light LEDs using different color filters.uneven degradation rate of blue pixels vs. red and green pixels. Disadvantages of this method are low color purity and contrast. Also, the filters absorb most of the light waves emitted, requiring the background white light to be relatively strong to compensate for the drop in brightness, and thus the power consumption for such displays can be higher.

Color filters can also be implemented into bottom- and top-emission OLEDs. By adding the corresponding RGB color filters after the semi-transparent cathode, even purer wavelengths of light can be obtained. The use of a microcavity in top-emission OLEDs with color filters also contributes to an increase in the contrast ratio by reducing the reflection of incident ambient light.

Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight.Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications.

Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth,

In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.

The most commonly used patterning method for organic light-emitting displays is shadow masking during film deposition,photochemical machining, reminiscent of old CRT shadow masks, are used in this process. The dot density of the mask will determine the pixel density of the finished display.−5Pa. An oxygen meter ensures that no oxygen enters the chamber as it could damage (through oxidation) the electroluminescent material, which is in powder form. The mask is aligned with the mother substrate before every use, and it is placed just below the substrate. The substrate and mask assembly are placed at the top of the deposition chamber.virtual reality headsets.

Although the shadow-mask patterning method is a mature technology used from the first OLED manufacturing, it causes many issues like dark spot formation due to mask-substrate contact or misalignment of the pattern due to the deformation of shadow mask. Such defect formation can be regarded as trivial when the display size is small, however it causes serious issues when a large display is manufactured, which brings significant production yield lo