tft lcd to display picture id factory

I found the TFT screen and Uno on Banggood.com about a month ago and over the weekend I was messing with the pair and found the tftbmp draw code in the demo.. I extended it with the ability to read any bmp file on the SD card.. so all you do is put your bitmaps on the SD and plug it in.. Having to add/edit/recompile/reload the Uno everytime is BS... Here is my code:

We provide fantastic energy in top quality and advancement,merchandising,gross sales and marketing and operation for Tft Display, Tft Lcd Touch, Customize Bar Tft Lcd Module, Tft Lcd Display,Lcd Panel Tft. We take quality as the foundation of our success. Thus, we focus on the manufacture of the best quality products. A strict quality management system has been created to ensure the quality of the products. The product will supply to all over the world, such as Europe, America, Australia,Marseille, Hungary,Montreal, Salt Lake City.With the development and enlargement of mass clients abroad, now we"ve set up cooperative relationships with many major brands. We"ve our own factory and also have many reliable and well-cooperated factories in the field. Adhering to the "quality first, customer first, We are provideing high-quality, low-cost items and first-class service to customers. We sincerely hope to establish business relationship with customers from all over the world on the basis of quality, mutually benefit. We welcome OEM projects and designs.

GD24TWD-GTT24P123 VER:3.00 Color Digital TFT LCD Module is comprised by driver board GD24TWD VER:3.00 and TFT LCD Display GTT24P123. The LCD module supports CVBS signal input, NTSC and PAL formats which two formats applies to auto identification.

GD24TWD-GTT24P123 VER:3.00 Color Digital TFT LCD Module is comprised by driver board GD24TWD VER:3.00 and TFT LCD Display GTT24P123. The LCD module supports CVBS signal input, NTSC and PAL formats which two formats applies to auto identification. Button adjustment with OSD menu control. It is mainly used for video phones and other display electronic devices

5. Don’t touch pushbutton’s pin feet when you adjust potentiometers, due to person have resistance, you will effect pushbutton’s function when touch it.

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-Select-AlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijan RepublicBahrainBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBritish Virgin IslandsBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape Verde IslandsCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileColombiaComorosCook IslandsCosta RicaCyprusCzech RepublicCôte d"Ivoire (Ivory Coast)Democratic Republic of the CongoDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)FijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabon RepublicGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndonesiaIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRepublic of CroatiaRepublic of the CongoReunionRomaniaRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts-NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican City StateVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands (U.S.)Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaWestern SamoaYemenZambiaZimbabwe

With over 40 years of experience manufacturing innovative electrical and electronic interconnection products and systems, Neutrik has become a leader in designing and manufacturing of audio, coaxial, power and circular connectors by understanding future market needs before they become obvious and to accommodate demands before they occur.

Connect the screen to the network, a computer can manage all the screens, saving the traditional light box production costs, long replacement cycle, high labor costs difficult problems; DM5 digital encryption technology to make information release more secure.

According to the characteristics of the industry, the system built-in a variety of industry display templates, intelligent split screen technology to support the screen video, pictures, text and other forms of free arrangement of content.

The system supports multi-period program presets, different programs automatically switch seamlessly according to the time period, transition to no black field, automatic switchgear.

Responsible for performing installations and repairs (motors, starters, fuses, electrical power to machine etc.) for industrial equipment and machines in order to support the achievement of Nelson-Miller’s business goals and objectives:

• Perform highly diversified duties to install and maintain electrical apparatus on production machines and any other facility equipment (Screen Print, Punch Press, Steel Rule Die, Automated Machines, Turret, Laser Cutting Machines, etc.).

• Provide electrical emergency/unscheduled diagnostics, repairs of production equipment during production and performs scheduled electrical maintenance repairs of production equipment during machine service.

Let us start with the basics first; refresh the knowledge about TN and LCD displays in general, later we will talk about TFTs (Thin Film Transistors), how they differ from regular monochrome LCD displays. Then we will go on to the ghosting effect, so we will not only discuss the technology behind the construction of the TFT, but also some phenomena, like the ghosting effect, or grayscale inversion, that are important to understand when using an LCD TFT display.

Next, we will look at different technologies of the TFT LCD displays like TN, IPS, VA, and of course about transmissive and transflective LCD displays, because TFT displays also can be transmissive and transflective. In the last part we will talk about backlight.

Let us start with a short review of the most basic liquid crystal cell, which is the TN (twisted nematic) display. On the picture above, we can see that the light can be transmit through the cell or blocked by the liquid crystal cell using voltage. If you want to learn more about monochrome LCD displays and the basics of LCD displays, follow this link.

What is a TFT LCD display and how it is different from a monochrome LCD display? TFT is called an active display. Active, means we have one or more transistors in every cell, in every pixel and in every subpixel. TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor, transistors that are very small and very thin and are built into the pixel, so they are not somewhere outside in a controller, but they are in the pixel itself. For example, in a 55-inch TV set, the TFT display contains millions of transistors in the pixels. We do not see them, because they are very small and hidden, if we zoom in, however, we can see them in every corner of each pixel, like on the picture below.

On the picture above we can see subpixels, that are basic RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colors and a black part, with the transistors and electronic circuits. We just need to know that we have pixels, and subpixels, and each subpixel has transistors. This makes the display active, and thus is called  the TFT display. TFT displays are usually color displays, but there are also monochrome TFT displays, that are active, and have transistors, but have no colors. The colors in the TFT LCD display are typically added by color filters on each subpixel. Usually the filters are RGB, but we also have RGBW (Red, Green, Blue, White) LCD displays with added subpixels without the filter (White) to make the display brighter.

What is interesting, the white part of the RGB and RGBW screen will look exactly the same from a distance, because the lights are mixed and generate white light, but when we come closer to the screen, we will not see white light at all.

Going a little bit deeper, into the TFT cell, there is a part inside well known to us from the monochrome LCD display Riverdi University lecture. We have a cell, liquid crystal, polarizers, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) layer for the electrodes, and additionally an electronic circuit. Usually, the electronic circuit consists of one transistor and some capacitors to sustain the pixel state when we switch the pixel OFF and ON. In a TFT LCD display the pixels are much more complicated because apart from building the liquid crystal part, we also need to build an electronic part.

That is why TFT LCD display technologies are very expensive to manufacture. If you are familiar with electronics, you know that the transistor is a kind of switch, and it allows us to switch the pixel ON and OFF. Because it is built into the pixel itself, it can be done very quickly and be very well controlled. We can control the exact state of every pixel not only the ON and OFF states, but also all the states in between. We can switch the light of the cells ON and OFF in several steps. Usually for TFT LCD displays it will be 8-bit steps per color, so we have 256 steps of brightness for every color, and every subpixel. Because we have three subpixels, we have a 24-bit color range, that means over 16 million combinations, we can, at least theoretically, show on our TFT LCD display over 16 million distinct colors using RGB pixels.

Now that we know how the TFT LCD display works, we can now learn some practical things one of which is LCD TFT ghosting. We know how the image is created, but what happens when we have the image on the screen for a prolonged time, and how to prevent it. In LCD displays we have something called LCD ghosting. We do not see it very often, but in some displays this phenomenon still exists.

If some elements of the picture i.e., your company logo is in the same place of the screen for a long period of time, for couple of weeks, months or a year, the crystals will memorize the state and later, when we change the image, we may see some ghosting of those elements. It really depends on many conditions like temperature and even the screen image that we display on the screen for longer periods of time. When you build your application, you can use some techniques to avoid it, like very rapid contrast change and of course to avoid the positioning the same image in the same position for a longer time.

You may have seen this phenomenon already as it is common in every display technology, and even companies like Apple put information on their websites, that users may encounter this phenomenon and how to fix it. It is called image ghosting or image persistence, and even Retina displays are not free of it.

Another issue present in TFT displays, especially TN LCD displays, is grayscale inversion. This is a phenomenon that changes the colors of the screen according to the viewing angle, and it is only one-sided. When buying a TFT LCD display, first we need to check what kind of technology it is. If it is an IPS display, like the Riverdi IPS display line, then we do not need to worry about the grayscale inversion because all the viewing angles will be the same and all of them will be very high, like 80, 85, or 89 degrees. But if you buy a more common or older display technology type, like the TN (twisted nematic) display, you need to think where it will be used, because one viewing angle will be out. It may be sometimes confusing, and you need to be careful as most factories define viewing direction of the screen and mistake this with the greyscale inversion side.

On the picture above, you can see further explanation of the grayscale inversion from Wikipedia. It says that some early panels and also nowadays TN displays, have grayscale inversion not necessary up-down, but it can be any angle, you need to check in the datasheet. The reason technologies like IPS (In-Plane Switching), used in the latest Riverdi displays, or VA, were developed, was to avoid this phenomenon. Also, we do not want to brag, but the Wikipedia definition references our website.

We know already that TN (twisted nematic) displays, suffer from grayscale inversion, which means the display has one viewing side, where the image color suddenly changes. It is tricky, and you need to be careful. On the picture above there is a part of the LCD TFT specification of a TN (twisted nematic) display, that has grayscale inversion, and if we go to this table, we can see the viewing angles. They are defined at 70, 70, 60 and 70 degrees, that is the maximum viewing angle, at which the user can see the image. Normally we may think that 70 degrees is better, so we will choose left and right side to be 70 degrees, and then up and down, and if we do not know the grayscale inversion phenomena, we may put our user on the bottom side which is also 70 degrees. The viewing direction will be then like a 6 o’clock direction, so we call it a 6 o’clock display. But you need to be careful! Looking at the specification, we can see that this display was defined as a 12 o’clock display, so it is best for it to be seen from a 12 o’clock direction. But we can find that the 12 o’clock has a lower viewing angle – 60 degrees. What does it mean? It means that on this side there will be no grayscale inversion. If we go to 40, 50, 60 degrees and even a little bit more, probably we will still see the image properly. Maybe with lower contrast, but the colors will not change. If we go from the bottom, from a 6 o’clock direction where we have the grayscale inversion, after 70 degrees or lower we will see a sudden color change, and of course this is something we want to avoid.

To summarize, when you buy older technology like TN and displays, which are still very popular, and Riverdi is selling them as well, you need to be careful where you put your display. If it is a handheld device, you will see the display from the bottom, but if you put it on a wall, you will see the display from the top, so you need to define it during the design phase, because later it is usually impossible or expensive to change the direction.

We will talk now about the other TFT technologies, that allow us to have wider viewing angles and more vivid colors. The most basic technology for monochrome and TFT LCD displays is twisted nematic (TN). As we already know, this kind of displays have a problem with grayscale inversion. On one side we have a higher retardation and will not get a clear image. That is why we have other technologies like VA (Vertical Alignment), where the liquid crystal is differently organized, and another variation of the TFT technology – IPS which is In-Plane Switching. The VA and IPS LCD displays do not have a problem with the viewing angles, you can see a clear image from all sides.

Nowadays all TV sets, tablets and of course mobile phones are IPS or VA. You can turn them around and see the image clear from all sides. But, for monitor applications the TN technology is still widely used, because the monitor usually is in front of you and most of the time you look directly at it, from top, left or right side, but very rarely from the bottom, so the grayscale inversion viewing angle can be placed there. This technology still is very practical because it is affordable and has some advantages for gamers because it is very fast.

Apart from the different organization of the liquid crystals, we also organize subpixels a little bit differently in a VA and IPS LCD displays. When we look closer at the TN display, we will just see the subpixels with color filters. If we look at the VA or IPS display they will have subpixels of subpixels. The subpixels are divided into smaller parts. In this way we can achieve even wider viewing angles and better colors for the user, but of course, it is more complicated and more expensive to do.

The picture above presents the TN display and grayscale inversion. For IPS or VA technology there is no such effect. The picture will be the same from all the sides we look so these technologies are popular where we need wide viewing angles, and TN is popular where we don’t need that, like in monitors. Other advantages of IPS LCD displays are they give accurate colors, and wide viewing angles. What is also important in practice, in our projects, is that the IPS LCD displays are less susceptible to mechanical force. When we apply mechanical force to the screen, and have an optically bonded touch screen, we push the display as well as squeeze the cells. When we have a TN display, every push on the cell changes the image suddenly, with the IPS LCD displays with in-plane switching, different liquid crystals organization, this effect is lesser. It is not completely removed but it is much less distinct. That is another reason IPS displays are very popular for smartphones, tablets, when we have the touchscreens usually optically bonded.

If we wanted to talk about disadvantages, there is a question mark over it, as some of them may be true, some of them do not rely on real cases, what kind of display, what kind of technology is it. Sometimes the IPS displays can have higher power consumption than others, in many cases however, not. They can be more expensive, but not necessarily. The new IPS panels can cost like TN panels, but IPS panels definitely have a longer response time. Again, it is not a rule, you can make IPS panels that are very fast, faster than TN panels, but if you want the fastest possible display, probably the TN panel will be the fastest. That is why the TN technology is still popular on the gaming market. Of course, you can find a lot of discussions on the internet, which technology is better, but it really depends on what you want to achieve.

Now, let us look at the backlight types. As we see here, on the picture above, we have four distinct types of backlight possible. The most common, 95 or 99 per cent of the TFT LCD displays on the market are the transmissive LCD display type, where we need the backlight from the back. If you remember from our Monochrome LCD Displays lecture, for transmissive LCD displays you need the backlight to be always on. If you switch the backlight off, you will not see anything. The same as for monochrome LCD displays, but less popular for TFT displays, we have the transflective LCD display type. They are not popular because usually for transflective TFT displays, the colors lack in brightness, and the displays are not very practical to use. You can see the screen, but the application is limited. Some transflective LCD displays are used by military, in applications where power consumption is paramount; where you can switch the backlight off and you agree to have lower image quality but still see the image. Power consumption and saving energy is most important in some kind of applications and you can use transflective LCD displays there. The reflective type of LCD displays are almost never used in TFT. There is one technology called Low Power Reflective Displays (LPRD) that is used in TFT but it is not popular. Lastly, we have a variation of reflective displays with frontlight, where we add frontlight to the reflective display and have the image even without external light.

Just a few words about Low Power Reflective Displays (LPRD). This kind of display uses environmental light, ambient light to reflect, and produce some colors. The colors are not perfect, not perfectly clear, but this technology is becoming increasingly popular because it allows to have color displays in battery powered applications. For example, a smartwatch would be a case for that technology, or an electrical bike or scooter, where we can not only have a standard monochrome LCD display but also a TFT LCD color display without the backlight; we can see the image even in

strong sunlight and not need backlight at all. So, this kind of TFL LCD display technology is getting more and more popular when we have outdoor LCD displays and need a low power consumption.

On the picture above, we have some examples of how transmissive and reflective LCD displays work in the sunlight. If we have a simple image, like a black and white pattern, then on a transmissive LCD display, even with 1000 candela brightness, the image probably will be lower quality than for a reflective LCD display; if we have sunlight, we have very strong light reflections on the surface of the screen. We have talked about contrast in more detail in the lecture Sunlight Readable Displays. So, reflective LCD displays are a better solution for outdoor applications than transmissive LCD displays, where you need a really strong backlight, 1000 candela or more, to be really seen outdoors.

To show you how the backlight of LCD displays is built, we took the picture above. You can see the edge backlight there, where we have LEDs here on the small PCB on the edge, and we have a diffuser that distributes the light to the whole surface of LCD screen.

In addition to the backlight, we have something that is called a frontlight. It is similar to backlight, it also uses the LEDs to put the light into it, but the frontlight needs to be transparent as we have the display behind. On the example on the picture above we can see an e-paper display. The e-paper display is also a TFT display variation, but it is not LCD (liquid crystal), it is a different technology, but the back of the display is the same and it is reflective. The example you see is the Kindle 4 eBook reader. It uses an e-paper display and a frontlight as well, so you can read eBooks even during the night.

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A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

In-plane switching was developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

It achieved pixel response which was fast for its time, wide viewing angles, and high contrast at the cost of brightness and color reproduction.Response Time Compensation) technologies.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

When the field is on, the liquid crystal molecules start to tilt towards the center of the sub-pixels because of the electric field; as a result, a continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) is formed; the azimuthal angle rotates 360 degrees continuously resulting in an excellent viewing angle. The ASV mode is also called CPA mode.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

Backlight intensity is usually controlled by varying a few volts DC, or generating a PWM signal, or adjusting a potentiometer or simply fixed. This in turn controls a high-voltage (1.3 kV) DC-AC inverter or a matrix of LEDs. The method to control the intensity of LED is to pulse them with PWM which can be source of harmonic flicker.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

The statements are applicable to Merck KGaA as well as its competitors JNC Corporation (formerly Chisso Corporation) and DIC (formerly Dainippon Ink & Chemicals). All three manufacturers have agreed not to introduce any acutely toxic or mutagenic liquid crystals to the market. They cover more than 90 percent of the global liquid crystal market. The remaining market share of liquid crystals, produced primarily in China, consists of older, patent-free substances from the three leading world producers and have already been tested for toxicity by them. As a result, they can also be considered non-toxic.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

Brody, T. Peter; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 20 (11): 995–1001. Bibcode:1973ITED...20..995B. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780. ISSN 0018-9383.

Richard Ahrons (2012). "Industrial Research in Microcircuitry at RCA: The Early Years, 1953–1963". 12 (1). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: 60–73. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.

Kim, Sae-Bom; Kim, Woong-Ki; Chounlamany, Vanseng; Seo, Jaehwan; Yoo, Jisu; Jo, Hun-Je; Jung, Jinho (15 August 2012). "Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater toward Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa". Journal of Hazardous Materials. Seoul, Korea; Laos, Lao. 227–228: 327–333. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059. PMID 22677053.

Over the past decade the TFT-LCD has been a popular flat panel display choice. With the increase in demand, the sizes of the TFT-LCDs have been getting larger. To make large-sized TFT-LCDs, the original manufacturing process needs to be changed to meet the requirements. Such a change usually results in various defects, which decrease the yield rate significantly, therefore, defect inspection plays a key role in TFT-LCD manufacture. However, in current practice, this task still relies heavily on human observers, which is not only time consuming, but also prompt to be unreliable. Accordingly, automatic optical inspection (AOI) has been suggested as the most efficient way to detect defects.

TFT-LCD manufacture consists of three processes, namely the TFT array process, the cell process, and the module assembly process. In recent years, there has been a large body of work regarding the so-called mura-defect detection, e.g., [1–4]. Mura is a serious kind of defect and needs to be detected in the cell process. Once a mura defect is found in a panel, this panel must be discarded if not repairable, which raises the production costs greatly. In fact, most mura defects are caused by the inline defects of the TFT array process. The inline defects vary greatly, and their sizes are too small to be observed, making the problem of inline defect inspection intractable.

Inline defect inspection involves three sub-tasks: defect detection, target defect identification, and classification. Defect detection refers to judging whether an image contains a defect or not, and target defect identification means determining whether the defect detected is crucial to the product yield. Defect classification plays a critical role in production-equipment diagnosis because different defects have different causes. Liu et al. [5] have recently proposed a system to deal with the problem of inline defect detection, which was developed based on the locally linear embedding (LLE) method [6] and the support vector data description (SVDD) [7]. LLE is a manifold learning method to extract nonlinear features from a pattern. However, it suffers from the out-of-sample problem [8,9]. SVDD is essentially a one-class classifier. Although it is efficient for anomaly detection, it cannot be applied in a multi-class classification problem. For inline defect classification, the SVDD is not a good candidate. Liu et al. [10] have also proposed a target defect identification system. In their work the SVDD was extended to an SVDD ensemble for modeling the target defects. If a test pattern is accepted by the SVDD ensemble, the pattern belongs to the target class. In TFT array process, the target defects would cause serious damages to the LCD panels.

According to the above analysis, it is known that the third sub-task is still an issue to be solved. In this paper we present a new inline-defect inspection scheme that not only possesses the functions of defect detection and target defect identification, but can also simultaneously accomplish the task of defect classification.

Inline defect classification is typically a pattern recognition problem. In particular, inline defect patterns suffer from large variations in shape, color, texture, and size. Therefore the two issues, how to provide an effective representation method and how to design a classifier with high generalization performance, are the keys to acheiving high defect detection accuracy.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular subspace analysis method for pattern representation and reconstruction. However, due to its linear nature [11], its performance is sometimes limited. Recently, a nonlinear version of PCA has been proposed, called kernel PCA (KPCA) [12]. KPCA first maps the input data into a higher dimensional feature space via a nonlinear mapping, then performs the linear PCA in that space to find a set of eigenvectors that are nonlinearly related to the input data. Thus, KPCA can capture the nonlinear relationships between pixels in an image, and extract more discriminating features from an image and reduce the dimensionality of the input image. In face recognition studies, e.g., [13], KPCA has shown to have better performance than PCA in terms of feature extraction. To enhance the LCD defect detection/classification rate, in this paper we adopt the powerful KPCA as the feature extractor.

Aside from feature extraction, classifier design is also crucial to defect inspection. In the fields of pattern recognition and machine learning, support vector machine (SVM) has received much attention over the past decade. The learning strategy of SVM is based on the principle of structural risk minimization [14], so SVM has better generalization ability than other traditional learning machines that are based on the learning principle of empirical risk minimization, such as multi-layer neural networks trained by error back-propagation algorithm [15,16]. Thus, the SVM is a good candidate for our work. However, in practice, using the SVM as the defect classifier may not achieve the optimum classification performance due to the nature of the problem, explained as follows.

In TFT array process, various kinds of inline defects would occur. Their occurrence frequencies are different. For example, “particle” is the most commonly-seen defect while the defect “abnormal photo-resist coating” seldom appears. It implies that the available training samples for each defect would be different, leading to a very imbalanced training dataset. In SVM, the error penalties for positive and negative classes are the same. This will make the learned optimal separating hyperplane (OSH) move toward the smaller class. More precisely, if the positive class is smaller than the negative class, then the OSH will move toward the positive class, which will further result in numerous false negative errors. We call this phenomenon the “class-boundary-skew (CBS) problem”. Due to this problem, the success of using SVM in defect detection and classification is limited. Therefore, how to solve the CBS problem when applying SVM to defect inspection becomes a very critical studying issue.

Several works have proposed ways to solve the CBS problem [17–22]. The methods of [20,21] use different sampling techniques to the training data before data enter the classifier. The different error cost (DEC) algorithm of [17,19] is embedded into the formulation of SVM such that the skew phenomenon of the OSH can be corrected. This method does not change the information of the data structure beforehand. The SDC method [18] combines the SMOTE [22] and the different error cost algorithm [17]. For LCD defect inspection, since every defect image stands for one particular defect information, we do not intend to use any pre-sampling techniques like those fall into the first category that may change the data structure. Therefore, the DEC algorithm [17] is adopted in this paper to deal with the CBS problem due to the imbalanced defect training dataset. By introducing the DEC algorithm to SVM, the imbalanced SVM (ISVM), a variant of SVM is proposed. In fact, the concept of ISVM is similar to that of adaptive SVM proposed in [23]. However, in their work only 1-norm soft margin is considered. In this paper, we reformulate the ISVM with 2-norm soft margin, and provide the corresponding KKT conditions. Results will show that the proposed version of 2-norm soft margin ISVM achieves better defect classification performance.

Defect pattern detection and classification are challenging for thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD) manufacturing. Limitations of the existing solutions for automatic optical inspection can be traced in part to the lack of a framework within which different existing and new defect patterns can be analyzed, while integrating domain knowledge and effective technologies. This study aims to develop a framework for image-based defect classification that employs the convolution neural networks without using complex and time-consuming image-processing processes in advance. An empirical study was conducted in a leading TFT-LCD manufacturing in Taiwan for validation. The results have shown that the defect patterns can be effectively classified by the proposed convolutional neural networks that outperform the existing approaches such as Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. The developed solution is implemented to effectively support the engineers.

This document goes through various features of the current Nextion Editor. The Nextion Editor is used to rapidly create Human Machine Interface GUIs for Nextion HMI devices. As such the GUI can be created within Hours instead of Weeks, and Days instead of Months. So while we won’t be covering basics such as opening a file, we will point out somethings that might prove helpful to know, or reminders need be made.

Note: Nextion Editor has indeed evolved since its early beginnings, so I would like to take a moment for a quick review. As time has passed, many additional features and bug fixes were incorporated. The Nextion Editor is not expected to retain every previous behaviours between versions exactly. With the new, then there are indeed new behaviours and new possibilities.

The pandemic had created global supply shortages and to meet these challenges while keeping with Nextion quality then second source components/ICs were indeed needed. This said, while elder devices only require firmware level code to communicate with primary sources ICs, the newer devices with secondary source ICs (visually identified with QR codes on the microSD slot) indeed require more recent versions of the Nextion Editor (v1.63.3 and later recommended) for the firmware to communicate with the secondary source ICs. As such, newer devices with secondary source ICs can not make use of elder versions of the Nextion Editor (such as v0.38, or LTS) before such firmware level code was incorporated into the Nextion Editor version firmware.

Since 2020, the newer Nextion devices may give a Data Error when trying to attempt loading a *.TFT file that was created with an Editor version prior to version 1.63.3 that does not have the ability to communicate with second source ICs. One would need to compile their project with a version 1.63.3 or later and use that *.TFT file to upload their project to the newer Nextion device.

Now mostly Historical, those original Nextion devices from 2015/2016 with the Itead logo on the PCB may require an intermediary upgrade only if all the Legacy conditions are met (see the Legacy FAQ, v0.42 intermediary TFTs are supplied in FAQ), otherwise when every condition is not met then such an intermediary is not required. Devices that were upgraded to a version of the Nextion Editor v0.29 and later can not return to an earlier version (v0.28 and before). Devices that were upgraded to a version of the Nextion Editor v0.38 and later can not return to an earlier version (v0.37 and before). Enhanced Series models require v0.33 or later, when Enhanced models were introduced. Intelligent Series models require v0.58 or later, when Intelligent models were introduced. Discovery Series models require v1.62.2 and later, when Discovery models were introduced. The Nextion Editor LTS Edition (Long Term Support) can only be used with elder Basic and Enhanced devices without second sources ICs. And of course, any newer devices with the QR code on the microSD card slot requires v1.63.3 or later.

This Editor Guide will refer exclusively to the new and current Nextion Editor. Where an item within the guide may be specific to a particular Nextion series, the following icons will be used to represent the series: For the Basic T Series

Requirements* Windows Operating System (XP or higher). Users must know and be able to use their Windows OS. Windows OS support is beyond the scope of Nextion, so while Microsoft discontinues there support of earlier OSes, the current Nextion Editor does run on XP with the x86 .NET 3.5 and x86 2015 VC++ Redistributable. Users are expected to know their own development environment. Note: Installations on VMware and other Operating Systems may have been accomplished successfully, but is not officially supported and beyond the scope of any manual.

* As stated in the Note above, use of Nextion Editor v1.63.3 or later is required for newer Nextion devices with second source ICs, or a Data Error may occur when the *.tft file firmware can not communicate with the second source ICs

* A reasonable sized monitor for the model’s resolution you are designing for is only good sense. When designing for a 320×240 or 240×320 model then a standard monitor size is probably sufficient. However, if one is designing for 1024×600 or 600×1024 resolutions, then it would stand to good reason not to expect best ease from using an 800×600 monitor resolution. For comfort, then it is senseful to use a large enough monitor resolution so that your design canvas, tool panes, menus, and event panes fit for your designing comfort. And in the reverse, a large enough screen for for your development comfort when designing for the smallest of Nextion devices. It is not appropriate to blame the Editor software for your too small monitor when you really know you need more screen real estate.

* Basic programming skills are prerequisite. The Nextion Instruction Set is made up of ASCII text based commands inbound, and significant first byte binary Return Data. A component’s Touch Event “Send Component ID” can be used to defer programming tasks to the user’s MCU.

* As such, quickly creating an HMI GUI for Nextion does not demand extreme skills – but basic programming skill are expected. When programming logic Nextion side, then users should have a foundation in programming.

* Over 68,000 MCUs (any MCU with an internal UART module or two digital pins to bit-bang a Software Serial) can be used with Nextion in over 130 programing languages. MCU side programming is beyond the scope of Nextion and remains within the user’s domain and duty to know and understand their chosen MCU and chosen MCU side programming languages.

* Uploading your completed Nextion HMI project can be accomplished either by microSD card or over TTL Serial. As there are dozens of manufactures for each of these, it is the user’s domain and duty to know their device installation, configuration and operation.

The latest version of the Nextion Editor can be downloaded from [here]. Earlier versions of the Nextion Editor can be downloaded from the Nextion Editors and Change Logs thread in the Announcement Forum (Register for the forum, confirm and then Login to use).

There are typically two versions of the nextion-setup available for download.1) The EXE version is installed through the Windows MSI for a more automated installation. Only one version of the Nextion Editor may be registered at a time via the EXE version. When updating within the Nextion Editor, Auto Update will install the EXE version

2) The ZIP version can be unzipped into a user chosen folder and run directly from that folder. For maintaining multiple versions of the Nextion Editor, the ZIP version is recommended. When updating within the Nextion Editor, Manual Update will launch your web browser to the download page so you may download the ZIP version

Many of the panes can be adjusted on both size and their location. To resize, drag the splitter between panes and move to resize the panes. To move a pane to a more convenient location, drag the title of the pane and release on your preferred drop point. Panes can also be pinned to retain a fixed position or unpinned to collapse to an edge when not in focus. When needed, you can reset these and any Pane settings by selecting the Reset layoutunder the Settingmenu.

Other settings in the Nextion Editor can be configured in Configuration under the Settings menu. The default font of the Nextion Editor can now be changed to suit your taste. The default timeout of 100ms for the Debug Simulator can be adjusted from 20ms to 5000ms. Code hints, highlighting, description, tooltips and auto-complete can be set individually for the Editor and the Debug Simulator. Default path for eeprom and sd files can be customized to suit your taste. When needed, you can reset these settings by selecting the Reset layout under the Settings menu.

In the Display Tab of the Nextion Editor on starting the Editor, there is a section for listing the most Recent Projects. The number of recent projects tracked is by default 10, and can be increased. Right-clicking a project allows you to select from the following:* Open the file: if the project file exists, then opens in the Editor

The Title Bar contains the path and filename of the HMI project file when an HMI project is loaded. When an HMI project is not currently loaded, you can:* Open an existing HMI file using the Open toolbar button.

Here, Users can create a New project, Open an existing project, Save the current project, Save as to rename and save the currently loaded project, Close Project to close their current project, and Exit the Nextion Editor. Import Project will append an existing project into the current project – usually with resulting naming and renumbering issues. As such, it is recommended to either: a) load your project, adjust your device settings, and Save as under your new project name, or limit importing to individual pages if importing is required.

Clear Recent Projects used to clear the Project filenames in the Recent projects pane has been removed and is now accomplished in the Recent projects pane with context click and selecting Delete all records, or by managing the recent projects with more selectiveness.

With the new TFT File Output, users can select where the TFT file should be placed (which folder, sd card drive, other). A valid HMI without compile errors is required to generate a valid TFT output file. The option to open the output folder location in Windows Explorer can be made by clicking only open the output folder link. The old folder location C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Nextion Editor\bianyi will still contain previously compiled TFTs from elder Editor versions, and only if this is used as the TFT File Output location, will the new TFT for the current project be added to that folder.

The Backup Directory has been renamed to Version backup folder only keeps a copy of an older HMI project opened with a new version of the Nextion Editor launches Windows Explorer to the C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Nextion Editor\backup folder.

The Virtual EEPROM Folder located C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Nextion Editor\eeprom contains the eeprom.bin for the Enhanced/Intelligent series models. The default folder can be customized in Settings > Configuration.

The Virtual SD Card Folder located C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Nextion Editor\sdcard0 allows users of the Intelligent series models to copy project files here that will eventually be on their Nextion microSD card, allowing users to test their project in the Debug Simulator. The default folder can be customized in Settings > Configuration.

Under the Tools menu, users can access the external tools Font Generator, GmovMaker, VideoBox and PictureBox. These are covered individually in Section 5 of this Guide.

In the Configuration menuitem, the user can choose for the Nextion Editor and the Debug Simulator if code should be highlighted or not, if Auto-Complete should be on, if the descriptions for instruction parameters should be on or not, if the tooltips should be shown when the mouse is over the toolbar buttons.

For serial data in the Debug Simulator, the timeout can be adjusted from its 100ms default value to a user selected value within the range from 20ms to 5 seconds.

For the new Intelligent Series, the user can choose if there should be a 3 second delay at screen edge before allowing the component position to escape to the outside of the canvas area. This is useful to be on, especially in the Basic, Discovery and Enhanced models as out of bounds positioning is not permitted and will cause the project to not compile.

For the eeprom/sd folder, the user can choose to use the default path, or can set their own custom path that is more suited to their system and workflow.

Transparent color replacement value defaults to the 565 color 0 (BLACK), and is useful when importing images into the Picture Pane to convert the transparent pixels to a desired color when transparency is not supported (ie: Basic, Enhanced and Discovery Series models).

Finally, the default Font used for the Nextion Editor can be changed to suit the users taste. Currently, this default font effects both Editor wide as well as the Event code font. Resetting the font to the default Microsoft Sans Serif will return the Editor to its normal traditionally used font.

Reset layout will reset the Nextion Editor default panes back to their original positions. This is a useful starting point if you have somehow misplaced your pane or positioned it in some obscure unreachable position.

Selecting About Nextion Editor menuitem in the About menu will show the about box with the version of the Nextion Editor. Clicking the link will take you to the Nextion website where you can access the forums and other documentation.

Selecting Check for new version menuitem in the About Menu will show the Update dialog when a new version is available (see Downloading the Nextion Editor at the beginning of this Guide), or a dialog informing that you have the most recent version.

Pay attention to any warnings as these will mean your project may not run as you expect. Pay attention to any error messages as they will need to be corrected before continuing. Error messages are descriptive, and if it is a code error then the user can click to jump directly to the coding error location.

A TFT file is no longer built and placed in the bianyi folder on Compile. To generate a TFT file, one has to use the TFT file output menuitem located under the File menu

The Nextion Editor contains a built-in Simulator that can be accessed via the toolbar Debug. To be clear this is not a precision emulator and is intended to be sufficient to assist in debugging a users project. It in no way is meant to replicate the Nextion device exactly. (Any Windows OS is already sufficient to make such precision unattainable). The Debug Simulator will be covered in more detail in Section 3 of this Guide.

If a project is not currently loaded in the Nextion Editor, Debug will open a dialog to open a compiled *.TFT file directly. This is handy for loading demos or sharing ideas without surrendering your original source code. Although the Debug Simulator can run a *.TFT file from any Nextion Series or model supported by the version of the Nextion Editor, it is important that the same version of Nextion Editor and *.TFT file is used to successfully simulate. (ie: an older v0.36 project TFT file can not be used with the current version of the Nextion Editor.)

Selecting Upload will launch an Open dialog to select a *.TFT file before the Upload to Nextion Device dialog. Ensure the Nextion is connected via serial (typically via USB to TTL adapter) before upload or the Port may not be available to select. Auto search feature will look for your Nextion’s reply to the connect instruction, but realize that data is being sent on all serial ports that are searched (and may interfere with the other connected serial devices). A better choice is to select the correct Port and Baud Rate. Proper configuration of Serial adapters, Windows drivers, device conflicts, etc is beyond the scope of Nextion support and remains the domain of user responsibility to know their used Operating System and devices.

Once Nextion has responded to the connect instruction, the upload process will begin. Do not interrupt this process until completed. If the process has been interrupted, resetting the serial port may be required. When a partial *.TFT file has been uploaded and uploading over serial is no longer an option, then the user will need to upload via the microSD method. Refer to Section 4 of this guide.

Users can select components or multiple components and then Copy, Cut, Paste or Delete as required. Paste contains a drop down option to in place paste which will copy without any vertical or horizontal offsets.

For Renumbering components: Bring Top (Arrow Up) will take the selected component(s) and renumber to the highest .id on the page. Bring Bottom (Arrow Down) will take the selected component(s) and renumber to the lowest .id starting at 1 (page component is always 0) on the page.

For Aligning components: Align Left, Align Right, Align Top and Align Bottom will take a group of selected components (green ID labels) and bring the a