calibration photometer for lcd monitors free sample

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The Milwaukee PRO Photometer is ideal for users in envoironmental, food, water treatment and lab applications. This meter is also ideal for educators that want their students to learn the basics of water quality analysis to apply in the real world.

This rugged meter is designed to take knocks. It"s low maintenance design paired with easy to use reagents makes the MI406 ideal for everyone from educators and aquaculture, aquariums, environmental professionals to water treatment and food processing.

MI406 has a built in timer that ensures appropriate reaction time is used for the chemical reaction. At the end of the timer, the meter will automatically take the reading. This feature ensures consistency across multiple users.

The MI406 has a built in indexing indent on the meter - The meter has an indent that allows for a lock and key fit with the cuvette cap. This ensures that the cuvette is indexed consistently (same position) in order to maintain the same path length for accurate results.

The MI406 has a simple to use zero point calibration. Simply insert the unreacted sample cuvette into the chamber, index the cuvette and press the zero button. Your calibration is complete.

The Milwaukee PRO Photometer is ideal for users in pools, brewing, winemaking, and hydroponic applications. This meter is also ideal for educators that want their students to learn the basics of water quality analysis to apply in the real world.

This rugged meter is designed to take knocks. It"s low maintenance design paired with easy to use reagents makes the MI404 ideal for everyone from educators and pool professionals to brewers and growers.

MI404 has a built in timer that ensures appropriate reaction time is used for the chemical reaction. At the end of the timer, the meter will automatically take the reading. This feature ensures consistency across multiple users.

The MI404 has a built in indexing indent on the meter - The meter has an indent that allows for a lock and key fit with the cuvette cap. This ensures that the cuvette is indexed consistently (same position) in order to maintain the same path length for accurate results.

The MI404 has a simple to use zero point calibration. Simply insert the unreacted sample cuvette into the chamber, index the cuvette and press the zero button. Your calibration is complete.

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Sigrist-Photometer AG, Hofurlistrasse 1, 6373 Ennetbürgen, Switzerland (hereafter referred to as »Sigrist« or »we«) offer visitors browsing the Sigrist-Photometer AG website (www.sigrist.com, hereinafter referred to as »website«) a free subscription of the Sigrist newsletter (hereinafter referred to as »newsletter«).

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Image quality assurance has traditionally been a high priority in medical imaging departments. Recently, it has often been neglected with the transition from hard copy (film) to soft copy (computer) display systems, which could potentially result in difficulty in reading images or even misdiagnosis. This transition therefore requires careful management such that comparable image quality is achieved at a minimum. It is particularly difficult to maintain appropriate image quality in the clinical settings outside of medical imaging departments because of the volume of display systems and the financial restraints that prohibit the widespread use of dedicated computers and high-quality monitors. In this study, a protocol to test and calibrate display systems was developed and validated by using an inexpensive calibration tool. Using this protocol, monitors were identified in a hospital in which image quality was found to be inadequate for medical image viewing. It was also found that most monitors could achieve a substantial increase in image quality after calibration. For example, the 0 and 5% luminance difference was discernable on 30% of the piloted display systems before calibration, but it was discernable on 100% post calibration. In addition, about 50% of the piloted display systems did not have the maximum luminance (white level) suitably set, and 35% of them did not have the minimum luminance (dark level) suitably set. The results indicate that medical display systems must be carefully selected and strictly monitored, maintained, and calibrated to ensure adequate image quality.

Key words:Image quality, display system, calibration, quality control, quality assurance, monitor, medical imaging, softcopy, cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, DICOM 14, Grayscale Standard Display Function, SMPTE, luminance

Although the quality of medical images (digital or otherwise) is strictly controlled during acquisition, it is often poorly maintained for soft-copy image review. Image quality control of softcopy display systems is often neglected because it can be an expensive and complex process to ensure. Most health institutions cannot afford to standardize on high-end medical display systems, but instead have a mix of various types

This article discusses and demonstrates the importance of maintaining image quality of soft-copy display systems, the development of a calibration protocol, and recommendations on how to achieve image quality control.

Display systems should be cleaned regularly with monitor cleaner to remove fingerprints and other stains. There are many different types of commercial monitor cleaners, including sprays (to be sprayed on a soft cloth before application), individual wipes, and boxed wipes. Cleaning solutions can vary from being polymer-based to a solution of 50% water and 50% isopropyl. Care should be taken not to use alcohol-based or ammonia-based cleaners because it could permanently damage the screen surface (e.g., turning LCD screens yellow and brittle, or damaging CRT monitor antiglare coatings).

The minimum luminance (dark level) must first be properly set by changing the “brightness setting.” Ideally, monochrome CRT monitors can be set between 0.2 and 0.5 cd/m2. Monochrome LCD monitors can usually be set at about 1.0 cd/m2. The lower the dark level the better, but at the same time, the monitor must be able to provide a maximum luminance adequate for the particular application (e.g., 170 cd/m2 for most images displayed on color monitors, and 350 cd/m2 for most images displayed on monochrome monitors).

The maximum luminance should be set by changing the “contrast setting.” The optimal value for this setting will depend on several factors. If there is a high level of ambient lighting in the room, then a higher maximum luminance will be required to give the same image quality that is required in a darker area. If the maximum luminance, however, is set too high for a particular monitor, it will significantly shorten its useful life span. The ambient lighting should therefore be minimized if at all possible. For new monochrome monitors, the optimal scenario to prolong their useful life span would be to drive the monitor at 50% of its capable maximum luminance to achieve 300–350 cd/m2. New color monitors should be driven at about 70% of their capable maximum luminance (about 250 cd/m2) to achieve about 170 cd/m2.

To ensure that as much information as possible can be seen by the human eye, display systems should be set to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 14 Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF) (see Fig 1). This is necessary because the response of the human eye to light is not linear. This step is achieved by mapping bit values representing different gray levels to specific luminance values. The mapping is stored in look-up tables (LUT) on the graphics card or in the monitors.

DICOM 14 Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF). The Just Noticeable Difference (JND) index is the minimum amount that the luminance can be changed for the human eye to perceive a difference.

The final step is a visual check. There are several geometric patterns and patterns of varying luminosity that can be helpful. One that is often used is the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) pattern (see Fig 2). This pattern can be used to detect areas that are unfocused (horizontal and vertical thin lines that should be discernable) and to determine the proper contrast (especially the 0 to 5% luminance difference and the 95 to 100% luminance difference). The SMPTE pattern can also be used to align the window vertically and horizontally and to determine if there is skewing or bowing (pincushion effect). Other parameters to check include ghosting (i.e., when previous images linger), burn-in on CRT monitors, pixel dropout in LCD monitors, and nonuniformity of luminance (see Fig 3). Uniformity of luminance can be measured by placing the photometer on different quadrants of the monitor. Luminance nonuniformity is usually not a problem with LCD monitors, but can be a problem with CRT monitors. This can occur if the CRT phosphor coating is not applied evenly, if the phosphor on the edges of the screen gets less light than in the middle of screen due to the distorted electron beam, or if there is a misalignment in the CRT components. Nonuniformity is also prevalent in CRT monitors that are within a magnetic field.

A variety of clinical and radiological Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) workstations from a multisite teaching hospital were identified for use in a pilot study for the protocol. The purpose of the pilot study was (1) to determine the value of a monitor quality control program through an assessment of their current state and noting any improvements after application of the protocol, (2) to validate and if necessary, to modify the protocol, and (3) to determine the resource requirements to perform the quality control program.

Sixteen PACS workstations (11 dual-monitor systems and 5 single-monitor systems) were calibrated during the study. Three of the workstations were intentionally included for the pilot due to complaints of poor image quality, whereas the other workstations were randomly chosen out of approximately 1,000 workstations that are used for viewing medical images. They were selected from radiology reading rooms and clinics to represent a range of monitor types.

Four monitors out of the 27 monitors tested were found to be inadequate for medical image review even after calibration. The monitors were inadequate because either the maximum luminance for these monitors were about 90 cd/m2, which was much lower than the ideal maximum luminance of 170 cd/m2 for color monitors, or the monitors were visibly unfocused. In addition, the calibration photometer was not able to connect to two workstations, which had computers that were nonstandard to the hospital and were not supported by the hospital IT department. Both of the workstations had monitor quality deemed inadequate for image review and have been excluded from the following results summary.

Most monitors showed significant image quality improvements from calibration (Fig 4). Before calibration to the GSDF, on approximately 70% of the monitors, the difference between 0 and 5% luminance could not be seen on the SMPTE pattern. After calibration, this difference was discernible on all the monitors. The maximum luminance and dark levels were often adjusted to prolong longevity of the monitors while trying to optimize image quality. Other image-quality-degrading factors that were found include areas that are unfocused, phosphor burn-in from a static image (hospital logo used as the Windows desktop wallpaper) left on the monitor too long, incorrectly set aspect ratios, and dirty screens.

Image quality improvements through calibration. 1, Monitors able to discern between 0 and 5% luminance values; 2, monitors able to discern between 95 and 100% luminance values; 3, monitors with maximum luminance not optimally set (difference between calibrated and original values >10 cd/m2); 4, monitors with dark levels not optimally set (difference between calibrated and original values >0.2 cd/m2).

It took on average 30 min to calibrate a display system by a trained technician with limited experience performing the protocol. An experienced technician could calibrate a display system in about 15 min.

Initial calibration and periodic testing of PACS monitors are important for maintenance of image quality. A degradation of image quality over a long time is often difficult for clinicians to detect. This can result in a delay in reporting of problems until the viewing of the images is severely degraded by the display.

The frequency of calibration and testing can vary greatly. Hospitals have performed weekly, quarterly, or even daily monitor tests, whereas others do not calibrate monitors at all.

In addition to the methods described above, the following are other means to facilitate the maintenance of image quality:The use of a maintenance database to record calibration results, age, warranty, location, etc. of the PACS monitors would provide several benefits. For example, it would allow a convenient method of scheduling monitor maintenance.

Disabling user control of the display settings and training the users to modify window and leveling in the PACS viewer application instead of changing the monitor contrast and brightness will also help reduce the frequency of required calibration.

Procedures for escalation and maintenance of PACS display systems should be streamlined. This would include clarifying who is first-line support and having backup hardware on-site.

Environmental factors, such as ambient room lighting, glare, and placement of the monitor ateye level, should also be considered for optimizing medical image viewing.,

Precalibration, clinicians had complained about the inadequate image quality of some of the monitors that were calibrated for this study. After calibration or replacement of the monitors, the clinicians no longer complained about the image quality. This suggests that the clinicians did notice the postcalibration improvements. An in-depth investigation into the clinical perception of the image quality improvements from calibration was outside the scope of this study.

Adding to the complexity of ensuring adequate image quality is choosing the proper supporting hardware (monitors, computers, and graphics cards). Although standardizing on a single vendor of PACS hardware can assist in the maintenance of the equipment, it is often difficult to achieve in practice because of financial constraints and/or the need to select different monitors for different applications. Space requirements might dictate theuse of an LCD monitor instead of the larger CRT monitor. The once prohibitively high cost of high-bright grayscale LCD monitors is becoming less of a problem as the cost of LCD monitors continually drop, whereas concurrently, the advancements in LCD technology lead to increasingly better image quality.

CRT and LCD monitors have their own strengths and weaknesses, but more institutions are moving from using CRT monitors to LCD monitors. Table 1 summarizes their characteristics.

The type of images that will be viewed on the PACS workstation will also influence the monitor selection and computer configuration. Here are some questions that need to be asked when developing a display system.Are the images monochrome or in color? The trade-off of color monitors is that they cannot achieve the level of luminance of grayscale monitors.

Are the images high-resolution and high-contrast (e.g., computed radiography) or low-resolution and low-contrast (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging) images? This will determine the required monitor resolution and the suitability of using grayscale monitors.

Is the display system going to be used for primary diagnosis or for a clinical review? Are the structures that need to be identified gross structures (e.g., metal leads that were inserted into the body) or small, hard to discern structures (e.g., in mammography images)? This will influence several decisions regarding hardware selection, including the required bit depth of the graphics card. Most graphics cards are 8-bit digital to analog converters (DAC) allowing 256 levels of intensity for each red, green, and blue channel, but often higher-bit depth cards are preferable (10-bit cards) for monochrome monitors.

Will past and current images of the same patient need to be compared side by side? Will multiple views of the anatomy need to be viewed simultaneously? If so, then dual monitors will likely be required. In this case, care must be taken in choosing a graphics card that has two LUTs so that both monitors can be calibrated to the DICOM GSDF. Most graphics cards, especially the less expensive ones, do not have dual LUTs, which means that only one monitor can be calibrated.

It is also beneficial to obtain clinical feedback on the type of PACS workstation hardware that will be put into a particular unit. Unfortunately, this is often not done due to time constraints or lack of available hardware. Whenever possible, demo units should be trialed to obtain clinical feedback before the hardware is purchased. This should be done for several days to give all the staff adequate opportunity to use the equipment and to provide verbal or written feedback on a survey form.

Several medical display manufacturers are starting to develop methods to help achieve and maintain stable image quality. Many high-end monitors are now strictly factory-calibrated for medical viewing. There are also LCD monitors available that do periodic self-calibration with an internal backlight sensor or with a permanent photometer on the corner of the monitor. Unfortunately, these are usually very expensive high-end monitors.

Remote calibration is also emerging as an option, whereby PACS workstations are connected to a main administrative computer. The main administrative computer receives alerts of monitor drift that cannot be compensated, and it can trigger the computers to do self-calibrations. Remote calibration, however, has some of the same problems as the self-calibration monitors. Presently, remote calibration requires all of the monitors to be of a single brand. Standardizing onto a single high-end monitor brand would be prohibitively costly and impractical for most institutions.

The proliferation of PACS has permitted the softcopy review of medical images outside, as well as within, the radiology department. Although the selection of proper display system hardware will vary depending on the application and the environment, maintaining proper image quality should always be a consideration for the system"s ongoing use. This is often a difficult program to establish and maintain due to limited human and financial resources, the large number of display systems that are often nondedicated standard desktop computers and monitors, and the lack of comprehensive standards.

It has been shown through the pilot of a monitor quality assurance protocol that a proactive calibration program can ensure adequate image quality. An inexpensive method of monitor calibration has been described that can be applied to any type of monitor. Substantial image quality improvements were seen postcalibration, and monitors that were no longer adequate for medical image display were identified and replaced. The use of an image quality maintenance protocol will lead to more efficient image review and more accurate diagnoses.

7. Wang J, Peng Q. An interactive method of assessing the characteristics of softcopy display using observer performance tests. J Digit Imaging.2002;15(Suppl 1):216–218. doi: 10.1007/s10278-002-5003-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

8. Wang J, Compton K, Peng Q. Proposal of a quality-index or metric for soft copy display systems: contrast sensitivity study. J Digit Imaging.2003;16(2):185–202. doi: 10.1007/s10278-003-1657-8. PubMed] [CrossRef]

9. American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), Task Group 18. Assessment of Display Performance for Medical Imaging Systems: Pre-final Draft (Version 8.1), February 2002

10. Gray JE, Lisk KG, Haddick DH, Harshbarger JH, Oosterhof A, Schwenker R. Test pattern for video displays and hard-copy cameras. Radiology.1985;154:519–527. [PubMed]

12. Parsons DM, Kim Y, Haynor DR. Quality control of cathode-ray tube monitors for medical imaging using a simple photometer. J Digit Imaging.1995;8(1):10–20. [PubMed]

13. Chakrabarti K, Kaczmarek RV, Thomas JA, Romanyukha A. Effect of room illuminance on monitor black level luminance and monitor calibration. J Digit Imaging.2003;16(4):350–355. doi: 10.1007/s10278-003-1720-5. PubMed] [CrossRef]

14. Ratib O, Amato C, Balbona JA, Boots K, McCoy JM. Design and implementation of a multi-task radiology workstation ergonomically tailored for fully digital reading rooms. Proc SPIE.2001;4323:93–96. doi: 10.1117/12.435461. [CrossRef]

15. Blume H, Ho AMK, Stevens F, Steven PM. Practical aspects of greyscale calibration of display systems. Proc SPIE.2001;4323:28–41. doi: 10.1117/12.435509. [CrossRef]

The HI97701 has an innovative optical system that offers superior performance in accuracy, repeatability, and the short amount of time it takes to perform a measurement. This compact, waterproof meter is extremely user friendly with a tutorial mode that walks the user graphically, step by step, in performing a measurement. The use of a backlit dot matrix LED allows the use of virtual keys which makes the operation of the meter very intuitive including selecting different methods, reviewing GLP data, recalling the last 50 measurements, and customizing the meter to user preferences.

HI97701 is completely waterproof including the cuvette holder that is designed with ridges to protect the optical path from getting scratched by the cuvette and a gasketed battery compartment that holds three common AA batteries. The compact design fits comfortable in the hand for use in the field or on a table for benchtop use. The LCD is 71 mm (2.75") by 37 mm (1.6") and is backlit for easy viewing under all conditions.

The internal reference system of the HI97701 photometer compensates for any drifts due to power fluctuations or ambient temperature changes. With a stable source of light the readings are fast and stable between your blank (zero) measurement and sample measurement..

LED light sources offer superior performance compared to tungsten lamps. LEDs have a much higher luminous efficiency, providing more light while using less power. They also produce little heat, which could otherwise affect electronic stability.

A focusing lens collects all of the light that exits the cuvette, eliminating errors from imperfections and scratches that may be present in the glass. The use of the convex lens reduces the need for indexing cuvettes..

Hanna’s exclusive CAL Check feature allows for performance verification and calibration of the meter using NIST traceable standards. Our CAL Check standard vials are developed to simulate a specific absorbance value at each wavelength to verify the accuracy of subsequent readings.

Waiting the proper reaction time is of key importance when performing colorimetric measurements. The countdown timer displays the time remaining until a measurement will be taken, ensuring consistent results between sample measurements and users.

The HI97701 is designed with a backlit, graphic LCD. With virtual keys, a battery status indicator, and error messages. Users will find the meter interface intuitive and easy to read. A dedicated help key provides information relating to the current meter operation, and can be used at any stage in the setup or measurement process to show contextual help.

The meter uses three common AA batteries that allow for about 800 measurements to be taken. The auto-off feature automatically shuts off the meter after 15 minutes of inactivity in order conserve battery life.

Let your photometer guide you through setup, calibration, and testing with on-screen tutorials and animations so you always know the next step. Simply access Tutorial Mode at any stage in the setup or measurement process with the dedicated help key. The auto-off feature prolongs battery life for peace-of-mind and energy savings if the meter is accidentally left on. When the battery level is below 10%, a warning symbol will blink to indicate low battery condition. When low battery power may affect your results, the meter will shut down to avoid erroneous readings caused by low battery level.

Missed a measurement? No need to worry because your photometer will automatically log the last 50 measurements. The results can be viewed instantly using the Log Recall Menu.

Hanna’s exclusive CAL Check feature provides a stress-free, straightforward way to ensure your photometer is working properly. Simply insert the certified CAL Check standards and let your meter guide you through validation. If your photometer is out of specification for any reason, simply calibrate to your standard.

Designed to withstand the knocks, drops, and spills of real life, the new IP67 body ensures top performance in any environment. Internal optics are sealed from outside dust, dirt, and water. In addition, it floats, just in case you drop your meter in water. This photometer uses an exclusive positive‑locking system to ensure that the cuvettes are placed into the holder in the same position for accurate readings every time.

Made to fit comfortably in your hand for on-the-go testing or sit on a table for benchtop use, a backlit LCD display provides at-a-glance readings from any angle, day or night. The supplied AA batteries provide life for more than 800 measurements.

Leading the industry in real-time dust monitoring, the DustTrak™ DRX Aerosol Monitor 8533 can simultaneously measure both mass and size fraction. The DustTrak DRX desktop monitor is a multi-channel, battery-operated, data-logging, light-scattering laser photometer that gives you real-time aerosol mass readings and collects a gravimetric sample. It uses a sheath air system that isolates the aerosol in the optics chamber to keep the optics clean for improved reliability and low maintenance.

It is suitable for clean office settings as well as harsh industrial workplaces, construction and environmental sites, and other outdoor applications. The DustTrak DRX monitor measures aerosol contaminants such as dust, smoke, fumes and mists.

The 900 colorimeter is a rugged, waterproof, single parameter instrument for the measurement of Total chlorine or Free chlorine. Whether you need to measure chlorine in wastewater, chlorine in groundwater, or in pools, this chlorine tester is waterproof with an easy to read display and will provide readings in minutes.

The instrument features a real time clock, automatic data logging as well as the ability to export data to a PC or printer using the 900 Series Data Hub for infrared data transfer.

Designed to withstand the knocks, drops, and spills of real life, the new IP67 body ensures top performance in any environment. Internal optics are sealed from outside dust, dirt, and water. In addition, it floats, just in case you drop your meter in water. This photometer uses an exclusive positive‑locking system to ensure that the cuvettes are placed into the holder in the same position for accurate readings every time.

Made to fit comfortably in your hand for on-the-go testing or sit on a table for benchtop use, a backlit LCD display provides at-a-glance readings from any angle, day or night. The supplied AA batteries provide life for more than 800 measurements.

Missed a measurement? There"s no need to worry because your photometer will automatically log the last 50 measurements. The results can be viewed instantly using the Log Recall Menu.

Let your photometer guide you through setup, calibration, and testing with on-screen tutorials and animations so you always know the next step. Simply access Tutorial Mode at any stage in the setup or measurement process with the dedicated help key.