lcd module can be initialized by pricelist

HD44780 based character LCDs require at least 6 I/O lines from microcontroller to display data. Therefore, they are not suitable for low-pin microcontrollers like PIC12F series microchips. In this project, I am going to show how to drive an HD44780 based LCD display with only 3 pins of a microcontroller. I am going to demonstrate it with PIC12F683 microchip. The character data and command from the microcontroller is transferred serially to a shift register (74HC595), and the parallel output from the shift register is fed to LCD pins.

The shift register and storage registers have separate clocks, SH_CP and ST_CP respectively. Data in the shift register is shifted on the positive-going transitions of SH_CP, and the content of shift register will be transferred to the storage register on a positive-going transition of the ST_CP. If we tie both the clocks together, the shift register will always be one clock ahead of the storage register. The 8-bit data of the storage register will appear at the parallel output (Q0-Q7) when the output enable (OE) is low.

In this project, SH_CP and ST_CP are tied together. So, if we want to receive a serially transferred 8-bit into parallel form at Q0-Q7, an extra clock pulse is required after transmitting the 8-th bit of serial data because the clocks are tied and the storage register is 1-clock behind the shift register.

All HD44780 based character LCD displays are connected using 14 wires: 8 data lines (D0-D7), 3 control lines (RS, E, R/W), and three power lines (Vdd, Vss, Vee). Some LCDs may have LED backlight and so they may have additional connections (usually two: LED+ and LED-).

Providing detail explanation of individual LCD pin doesn’t fall within the scope of this project. If you are a beginner with LCD, I recommend to read these two articles first from Everyday Practical Electronics magazine : How to use intelligent LCDs

The hardware part of this project is fairly simple. The challenging part is to write the driver software that is responsible for a proper sequence of operations required to serially transfer character data and command to 74HC595 serial-in parallel-out shift register. The shift register parallel output is then connected to LCD data lines (D4-D7) and RS control pin. This arrangement requires 3-pins of microcontroller to display character data on a parallel LCD display: 2 pins for providing Clock and Data to 74HC595, and 1 pin for enable control (E) pin of LCD module. Since the data transfer uses 4-bit mode, any 8-bit command or character data is sent in two steps: send the higher nibble first, and then the lower nibble. The R/W control pin is grounded, and therefore no data or status read from the LCD module is possible in this case.

The SH_CP (11) and ST_CP (12) clock inputs of 75HC595 are tied together, and will be driven by one microcontroller pin. Serial data from microcontroller is fed to the shift register through DS (14) pin. OE (13) pin is grounded and reset pin MR (10) is pulled high. Parallel outputs Q0-Q3 from 74HC595 are connected to D4-D7 pins of the LCD module. Similarly, Q4 output serves for RS control pin. If the LCD module comes with a built-in backlight LED, it can simply be turned ON or OFF through LED control pin shown above. Pulling the LED pin to logic high will turn the back light ON.

A first, a bit of data fed to DS pin of 74HC595 appears at Q0 output after 2 clocks (because SH_CP and ST_CP are tied). So, sending 4-bit data (D4-D7) and an RS signal require 6 clock pulses till they appear at Q0-Q4 outputs respectively. When the LCD module is turned ON, it is initialized in 8-bit mode. A number of initializing commands should be sent to operate the LCD module in 4-bit mode. All the driver routines that are discussed here are written in mikroC compiler. They work only for a 16×2 LCD module. User can modify the initialization operations inside the Initialize_LCD() routine to account for other LCD configurations. The driver routines and their functions are described below.

Write_LCD_Nibble() : Data or command byte is sent to the LCD module as two nibbles. So this function routine takes care for sending the nibble data to the LCD module.

At the beginning of your program, you need to define Data_Pin, Clk_Pin, and Enable_Pin to the chosen microcontroller ports. I am going to demonstrate here how to use these driver routines to display two blinking character strings, Message1 and Message2, at different locations. I am going to test our serial LCD module with PIC12F683 microcontroller. The test circuit is shown below.

In this guide we’re going to show you how you can use the 1.8 TFT display with the Arduino. You’ll learn how to wire the display, write text, draw shapes and display images on the screen.

The 1.8 TFT is a colorful display with 128 x 160 color pixels. The display can load images from an SD card – it has an SD card slot at the back. The following figure shows the screen front and back view.

This module uses SPI communication – see the wiring below . To control the display we’ll use the TFT library, which is already included with Arduino IDE 1.0.5 and later.

The 1.8 TFT display can load images from the SD card. To read from the SD card you use the SD library, already included in the Arduino IDE software. Follow the next steps to display an image on the display:

Note: some people find issues with this display when trying to read from the SD card. We don’t know why that happens. In fact, we tested a couple of times and it worked well, and then, when we were about to record to show you the final result, the display didn’t recognized the SD card anymore – we’re not sure if it’s a problem with the SD card holder that doesn’t establish a proper connection with the SD card. However, we are sure these instructions work, because we’ve tested them.

In this guide we’ve shown you how to use the 1.8 TFT display with the Arduino: display text, draw shapes and display images. You can easily add a nice visual interface to your projects using this display.

Note: If your host application is part of Oracle Applications, then the integration with pricing and ATP is already defined. You only need to implement pricing and ATP for custom host applications. The CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES and CZ_ATP_REQUESTS tables must be populated for custom host applications to integrate with pricing and ATP.

How Oracle Configurator handles pricing and ATP (Available To Promise) data depends on the type of runtime Oracle Configurator you choose to use. A runtime Oracle Configurator can be called from a variety of different applications and requires an interface between the runtime Oracle Configurator and the host application’s pricing mechanism. For more information on advanced pricing, see Oracle Advanced Pricing User’s Guide.

When the host application is part of Oracle Applications, such as Order Management, pricing data comes from Oracle Advanced Pricing (QP). The QP interface is highly configurable. Depending on how it is configured, it may be necessary that appropriate data records are defined in the host application to determine pricing parameters. The host application must implement the Oracle Configurator pricing interface package, as described in Pricing Callback Interface. Likewise, when the host application is not an Oracle Applications product, it must implement the Oracle Configurator pricing interface package, so that the runtime Oracle Configurator knows how to determine prices.

Therefore, the host application must provide an interface PL/SQL package that interacts whenever pricing is requested between the runtime Oracle Configurator and the host application"s pricing engine. The runtime Oracle Configurator is displayed when the user clicks the Configure button in the host application. The runtime Oracle Configurator calls the pricing interface package to get:

The interface package temporarily writes the list and/or selling prices for the configuration components in the temporary CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES table so that they can be presented to the end user.

The CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES table does not support pricing rules based on the fact that items belong to the same instance. Pricing is done per component instance.

Runtime Oracle Configurator Pricing Architecture, illustrates this architecture. Illustrated steps 2 through 5 can be repeated many times. Note that in Runtime Oracle Configurator Pricing Architecture, all of the database symbols refer to the same instance of the CZ schema.

The Price Multiple Items procedure returns price information for a group of items. The Price Multiple Items Procedure Parameters table describes the parameters for this procedure.

The Price Multiple Items MLS procedure returns price information for a group of items. The Price Multiple Items MLS Procedure Parameters table describes the parameters for this procedure.

The parameters of the interface are passed by positional notation, so you can name the parameters as wanted, as long as you retain the positionality specified in Price Multiple Items Procedure Parameters and Price Multiple Items MLS Procedure Parameters.

When you specify the Price Multiple Items procedures, Oracle Configurator stores the list of items to be priced in the database table CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES. This columns in this table are described in CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES Interface Table.

Your pricing package must retrieve the items from this table and call the pricing engine, then capture all of the results and update the CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES table with list and/or selling prices, and any message text. Oracle Configurator retrieves the prices from the CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES table during the configuration session, so that they can be presented in the Oracle Configurator window. When the Oracle Configurator window exits, Oracle Configurator deletes the pricing records from the CZ_PRICING_STRUCTURES table.

The "Get ATP Dates" procedure returns availability dates for all PTO Models but only returns the date for the ATO top level Model. The table ATP Procedure Parameters describes the parameters for the Get ATP Dates procedure.

The parameters of the interface are passed by positional notation, so you can name the parameters whatever you want, as long as you retain the positionality specified in ATP Procedure Parameters.

Oracle Configurator retrieves the ATP dates from the CZ_ATP_REQUESTS table during the configuration session, so that they can be presented in the Oracle Configurator window. When the Oracle Configurator window exits, OC deletes the ATP dates from the CZ_ATP_REQUESTS table.

It is important to understand some aspects of pricing behavior in the runtime Oracle Configurator, as they can affect both performance and the responsibilities of the host application.

The runtime Oracle Configurator’s performance depends critically on the performance of the pricing interface package that you provide. List prices in particular must be returned very quickly, because they are demanded for every option that is displayed.

The runtime Oracle Configurator does not save computed prices. If, after the configuration session ends, the host application requires access to prices that were computed during the session, it is up to the host application’s interface package to save the computed prices. Prices should be saved together with enough information to allow them to be correlated with the components of the saved configuration.

If the runtime Oracle Configurator is initialized with a previously saved configuration, it is up to the host application to either return the saved list and selling prices or to call the pricing engine to get the current price. Direct or manual editing of prices, adjustments, discounts, and so on is the responsibility of the host application.

You can test the effect of pricing and ATP parameters when you test your Model in Oracle Configurator Developer, by entering the Pricing Package and ATP Package parameters in the in the Custom Initialization Parameters field of the Test Preferences page.

Note: The display and updating of pricing are controlled by the values of the database fields CZ_UI_DEFS.PRICE_DISPLAY and CZ_UI_DEFS.PRICE_UPDATE. If these fields are null, then the information is not displayed. For details on these tables, see the CZ eTRM on MetaLink, Oracle’s technical support Web site

Oracle Configurator works with Oracle Applications Release 12. To determine the database version supported by Oracle Applications, refer to the Certify and Availability tab on MetaLink, Oracle’s technical support Web site.

To obtain the final prices calculated by your pricing package and ATP package, you need to specify a value of full for the initialization parameter terminate_msg_behavior. When your configuration session terminates normally, Oracle Configurator returns the final prices in the termination message. Your host application can then save the prices as needed.

If you have defined the required profile options, you can control which types of prices and availability information is displayed and how they are updated in a generated User Interface. To do this, edit the UI Definition in Oracle Configurator Developer and modify the Price and Availability Display settings.

For example, you set CZ: Enable List Prices and CZ: Enable ATP to Yes. You can prevent list prices and ATP data from appearing in a UI by deselecting the List Prices and Availability settings in the UI Definition.

If pricing is enabled and the UI Definition’s pricing settings are set to display prices at runtime, the Recalculate Prices setting controls what action causes selling prices to be updated. You can set this to

If you offer special prices and line discounts for sales and purchases, Dynamics 365 Business Central can automatically calculate prices on sales and purchase documents, and on job and item journal lines. The price is the lowest permissible price with the highest permissible line discount on a given date. Dynamics 365 Business Central automatically calculates the price when it inserts the unit price and the line discount percentage for items on new document and journal lines. For more information, see Price Calculation.

This topic describes how price calculations are implemented in 2020 release wave 1 (referred to as "Business Central Version 16" in the illustrations), and provides comparisons with 2019 release wave 2 (referred to as Business Central Version 15 in the illustrations) to show what we have changed. It also provides some examples of how you can extend price calculations in 2020 release wave 1 and later.

The Price Calculation Setup table has the Code field as its primary key. The value of the field is calculated by combining the values in the Method, Type, Product Type, and Implementation fields. For example, it is [1-1-0]-7003 for the setup line when the following fields contain the following values:

You can have multiple setups with the same combination of method, type, and product type. The implementation should always be different though, because each implementation provides different calculations. The default implementation is defined by the Default field. For example, in 2020 release wave 1 the following setups are available:

By default, all sales lines use the Business Central (Version 15.0) implementation to calculate prices, unless the second line has a detailed setup that defines exceptions.

For a Business Central (Version 15.0) implementation, you can only edit the Default field. The records are inserted by the codeunits that subscribe to the OnFindSupportedSetup() event in the Price Calculation Mgt. codeunit. The two price calculation implementation codeunits add pairs of such records, one for the sale of products and another for purchases.

Each codeunit that implements the Price Calculation interface must subscribe to the OnFindSupportedSetup() event of the Price Calculation Mgt codeunit to fill the price calculation setup table with new options.

The value in the Product Type field is part of the composite key in the Price Calculation Setup table. If the only setup record contains Product Type - All, special price calculation implementations per product type are not needed. The default implementation will be used regardless of the product type in the document line. If you need different implementations, you must add a setup line with another product type. For example, the following table shows a Resource Pricing implementation with a resource asset type.

Because only one record has the combination of Lowest Price, Sale, and Resource it will be the default. If a sales line sells a resource, its price will be calculated by the Resource Pricing implementation. All other products will use the Business Central (Version 15.0) implementation.

The Sales & Receivable Setup table defines the default method, Lowest Price, for all sales prices. If you want to use a different method, you can specify it on a customer price group or a customer. You cannot edit the method on sales document headers or lines.

The Purchase & Payables Setup table also defines the default method for all purchase prices. You can redefine it for a certain vendor. You cannot edit the method on purchase document headers or lines.

Table 7001 "Price List Line" is compatible with all tables used by the Business Central (Version 15.0) calculation. It contains the set of CopyFrom() methods that convert the data from the tables to the Price List Line table.

If you extended the Business Central (Version 15.0) tables, you must also extend the Price List Line table and the CopyFrom() methods by subscribing to special events. The following example extends the Sales Price table with a Document No. field.

You can add a new implementation codeunit or reuse one as a starting point and rewrite it as needed. For the new codeunit, you must extend the Price Calculation Handler enum that implements Price Calculation interface and is used in the Price Calculation Setup table.

The following code in codeunit 7001 "Price Calculation Mgt." returns a Price Calculation interface that initialized with the instance of the Line With Price interface that depends on the setup record:

The SalesLinePrice codeunit is declared directly in the context of the sales line. The instance is initialized by the interface"s SetLine() method, and then passed to the GetHandler() method for PriceCalculation initialization because all Price Calculation implementation codeunits include an instance of the Line With Price interface, which stores data about document and journal lines. The following example shows how to declare the interface variable.

The Price Source interface defines methods for price sources, such as vendors or customers. The list of supported sources is defined by the Price Source Type enum. The interface is used in the Price Source table to validate the primary key fields and look up respective tables, as shown in the following table.

Because the source type Customer implementation is the "Price Source - Customer" codeunit, the interface calls its IsLookupOK() method and then opens the Customer List page.

You can extend price calculations, for example, to include other sources or use calculations that allow for combinations and dependencies. The following sections provide examples.

The prices, names, and combinations in this example are completely fictional and intended only to support the scenario described here. They do not reflect anything in the real-world.

The new price calculation capabilities are not available in the user interface. When a page does become available, either, from Microsoft or one that you develop yourself, you can use the following sample code to extend the page with a new control.

procedure FillBestLine(PriceCalculationBuffer: Record "Price Calculation Buffer"; AmountType: Enum "Price Amount Type"; var PriceListLine: Record "Price List Line")

The Sales Line table provides the OnBeforeUpdateUnitPrice event. This is where we"ll add a call that runs the calculation, because it does not happen for fixed assets in the sales line. See the method UpdateUnitPriceByField() below, that is the simplified version of the method UpdateUnitPriceByField() that runs the price calculation in the Sales Line table.

Codeunit "Sales Line - Price" provides the OnAfterGetAssetType event that must return a Price Asset Type value to be included in price calculations. If the sales line type is Fixed Asset, we return the Fixed Asset product type.

local procedure OnBeforeUpdateUnitPrice(var SalesLine: Record "Sales Line"; xSalesLine: Record "Sales Line"; CalledByFieldNo: Integer; CurrFieldNo: Integer; var Handled: Boolean);

local procedure UpdateUnitPriceByField(var SalesLine: Record "Sales Line"; xSalesLine: Record "Sales Line"; CalledByFieldNo: Integer; CurrFieldNo: Integer)

Now we can test the price calculation. In Dynamics 365 Business Central, open the Sales Price List and add a price line for the product with a minimum quantity of 0, and one with 5.

In this example, we will extend the Price Source Type enum to display the value in the sales price lists by also extending the Sales Price Source Type enum. For compatibility, the new value must have the same ID in both enums.

The Price Source Type enum implements the Price Source and Price Source Group interfaces. We don"t need special source group handling here, and can reuse the existing implementation codeunit Price Source Group - Customer. For the Price Source interface, we must add a new implementation codeunit Price Source - Location. For examples, see the existing implementations of the Price Source interface.

To recalculate the price, we can subscribe to events that pass the sales line by reference. For example, the OnValidateLocationCodeOnAfterSetOutboundWhseHandlingTime event. We"ll call the UpdateUnitPriceByLocationCode() method, which is a simplified version of the UpdateUnitPriceByField() method that runs the price calculation on the Sales Line table.

To add the location in the source list for price calculations, we"ll subscribe to the OnAfterAddSources event of Codeunit "Sales Line - Price," and add the Location Code as a source of type Location.

Now we can test the price calculation. In this example, we have an East location where we keep item 1896-S, and the item has prices for all customers.

This example adds a new price calculation method that changes the existing implementation to prioritize a customer price over all other customer price, even if the price is higher. This requires a small adjustment to how the price source list is generated, because the source list includes levels to implement hierarchical calculations.

Adds setup for the new method. Codeunit Price Calculation Mgt. provides the OnFindSupportedSetup event that allows us to add Price Calculation Setup records. Subscribe to it, and add the default setup record for the new method, for the sale type, all product types, and Business Central (Version 16.0) implementation.

Modify the price source list that is generated by the Business Central (Version 16.0) implementation. Codeunit Sales Line - Price provides the OnAfterAddSources event and passes the price source list that can be overridden. Replace the incoming list with a new list that includes price sources at different levels, where a higher level means a higher priority.

Now we can set up a price calculation method and see how it works in a sales order. Let"s create a new price calculation method named Hierarchical with one implementation for the sales type, as shown in the following images.

Now we"ll create a sales order for customer 10000, and add a line for item 1900-S. The highest price is suggested for the line because it is specified for the customer. If we clear the Price Calculation Method field on the customer card, the lowest price will be suggested for the line if we create another order.

To me it seems that for some reason the LCD module is not initialized correctly as after the MCU and LCD have both been powered up I only see one (first) line full of full-dotted characters (0xFF) and second line is blank although the screen should be cleared during initialization and cursor should be visible.

Do you want your Arduino projects to display status messages or sensor readings? Then these LCD displays can be a perfect fit. They are extremely common and fast way to add a readable interface to your project.

This tutorial will help you get up and running with not only 16×2 Character LCD, but any Character LCD (16×4, 16×1, 20×4 etc.) that is based on Hitachi’s LCD Controller Chip – HD44780.

When current is applied to these crystals, they become opaque, blocking the backlight that resides behind the screen. As a result that particular area will be dark compared to the others. And this is how the characters are displayed on the screen.

True to their name, these LCDs are ideal for displaying only text/characters. A 16×2 character LCD, for example, has an LED backlight and can display 32 ASCII characters in two rows of 16 characters each.

If you look closely you can see tiny rectangles for each character on the display and the pixels that make up a character. Each of these rectangles is a grid of 5×8 pixels.

The good news is that all of these displays are ‘swappable’, which means if you build your project with one you can just unplug it and use another size/color LCD of your choice. Your code will have to change a bit but at least the wiring remains the same!

Vo (LCD Contrast) controls the contrast and brightness of the LCD. Using a simple voltage divider with a potentiometer, we can make fine adjustments to the contrast.

RS (Register Select) pin is set to LOW when sending commands to the LCD (such as setting the cursor to a specific location, clearing the display, etc.) and HIGH when sending data to the LCD. Basically this pin is used to separate the command from the data.

R/W (Read/Write) pin allows you to read data from the LCD or write data to the LCD. Since we are only using this LCD as an output device, we are going to set this pin LOW. This forces it into WRITE mode.

E (Enable) pin is used to enable the display. When this pin is set to LOW, the LCD does not care what is happening on the R/W, RS, and data bus lines. When this pin is set to HIGH, the LCD processes the incoming data.

Now we will power the LCD. The LCD has two separate power connections; One for the LCD (pin 1 and pin 2) and the other for the LCD backlight (pin 15 and pin 16). Connect pins 1 and 16 of the LCD to GND and 2 and 15 to 5V.

Most LCDs have a built-in series resistor for the LED backlight. You’ll find this near pin 15 on the back of the LCD. If your LCD does not include such a resistor or you are not sure if your LCD has one, you will need to add one between 5V and pin 15. It is safe to use a 220 ohm resistor, although a value this high may make the backlight a bit dim. For better results you can check the datasheet for maximum backlight current and select a suitable resistor value.

Next we will make the connection for pin 3 on the LCD which controls the contrast and brightness of the display. To adjust the contrast we will connect a 10K potentiometer between 5V and GND and connect the potentiometer’s center pin (wiper) to pin 3 on the LCD.

That’s it. Now turn on the Arduino. You will see the backlight lit up. Now as you turn the knob on the potentiometer, you will start to see the first row of rectangles. If that happens, Congratulations! Your LCD is working fine.

Let’s finish connecting the LCD to the Arduino. We have already made the connections to power the LCD, now all we have to do is make the necessary connections for communication.

We know that there are 8 data pins that carry data to the display. However, HD44780 based LCDs are designed in such a way that we can communicate with the LCD using only 4 data pins (4-bit mode) instead of 8 (8-bit mode). This saves us 4 pins!

8-bit mode is much faster than 4-bit mode because it takes half the time. In 8-bit mode you write the data in one go. Whereas in 4-bit mode you have to split a byte into 2 nibbles and perform two write operations.

4-bit mode is often used to save I/O pins. However, 8-bit mode is best used when speed is required in an application and there are at least 10 I/O pins available.

The sketch begins by including the LiquidCrystal library. The Arduino community has a library called LiquidCrystal which makes programming of LCD modules less difficult. You can find more information about the library on Arduino’s official website.

First we create a LiquidCrystal object. This object uses 6 parameters and specifies which Arduino pins are connected to the LCD’s RS, EN, and four data pins.

In the ‘setup’ we call two functions. The first function is begin(). It is used to specify the dimensions (number of columns and rows) of the display. If you are using a 16×2 character LCD, pass the 16 and 2; If you’re using a 20×4 LCD, pass 20 and 4. You got the point!

After that we set the cursor position to the second row by calling the function setCursor(). The cursor position specifies the location where you want the new text to be displayed on the LCD. The upper left corner is assumed to be col=0, row=0.

There are some useful functions you can use with LiquidCrystal objects. Some of them are listed below:lcd.home() function is used to position the cursor in the upper-left of the LCD without clearing the display.

lcd.scrollDisplayRight() function scrolls the contents of the display one space to the right. If you want the text to scroll continuously, you have to use this function inside a for loop.

lcd.scrollDisplayLeft() function scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left. Similar to above function, use this inside a for loop for continuous scrolling.

If you find the characters on the display dull and boring, you can create your own custom characters (glyphs) and symbols for your LCD. They are extremely useful when you want to display a character that is not part of the standard ASCII character set.

As discussed earlier in this tutorial a character is made up of a 5×8 pixel matrix, so you need to define your custom character within that matrix. You can use the createChar() function to define a character.

To use createChar() you first set up an array of 8 bytes. Each byte in the array represents a row of characters in a 5×8 matrix. Whereas, 0 and 1 in a byte indicate which pixel in the row should be ON and which should be OFF.

CGROM is used to store all permanent fonts that are displayed using their ASCII codes. For example, if we send 0x41 to the LCD, the letter ‘A’ will be printed on the display.

CGRAM is another memory used to store user defined characters. This RAM is limited to 64 bytes. For a 5×8 pixel based LCD, only 8 user-defined characters can be stored in CGRAM. And for 5×10 pixel based LCD only 4 user-defined characters can be stored.

Creating custom characters has never been easier! We have created a small application called Custom Character Generator. Can you see the blue grid below? You can click on any 5×8 pixel to set/clear that particular pixel. And as you click, the code for the character is generated next to the grid. This code can be used directly in your Arduino sketch.

Your imagination is limitless. The only limitation is that the LiquidCrystal library only supports eight custom characters. But don’t be discouraged, look at the bright side, at least we have eight characters.

In setup we need to create custom character using createChar() function. This function takes two parameters. The first parameter is a number between 0 and 7 to reserve one of the 8 supported custom characters. The second is the name of the array.

You are launching the new version of your mobile app, which you have heavily marketed. You expect a spike in demand during launch day, from noon to 8 p.m. You want your mobile app to be responsive even while demand scales up and down quickly, so you enable Provisioned Concurrency on your Lambda functions. You set Provisioned Concurrency to 100.

We come across Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators, television sets, mobile phones, and digital watches use some kind of display to display the time.

An LCD screen is an electronic display module that uses liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The 16×2 translates a display of 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD, each character is displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.

Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use a variable resistor such as a potentiometer. The output of the potentiometer is connected to this pin. Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backward to adjust the LCD contrast.

A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The register select is used to switch from one register to other. RS=0 for the command register, whereas RS=1 for the data register.

Command Register: The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to an LCD to do a predefined task. Examples like:

Data Register: The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we send data to LCD, it goes to the data register and is processed there. When RS=1, the data register is selected.

Generating custom characters on LCD is not very hard. It requires knowledge about the custom-generated random access memory (CG-RAM) of the LCD and the LCD chip controller. Most LCDs contain a Hitachi HD4478 controller.

CG-RAM is the main component in making custom characters. It stores the custom characters once declared in the code. CG-RAM size is 64 bytes providing the option of creating eight characters at a time. Each character is eight bytes in size.

CG-RAM address starts from 0x40 (Hexadecimal) or 64 in decimal. We can generate custom characters at these addresses. Once we generate our characters at these addresses, we can print them by just sending commands to the LCD. Character addresses and printing commands are below.

LCD modules are very important in many Arduino-based embedded system designs to improve the user interface of the system. Interfacing with Arduino gives the programmer more freedom to customize the code easily. Any cost-effective Arduino board, a 16X2 character LCD display, jumper wires, and a breadboard are sufficient enough to build the circuit. The interfacing of Arduino to LCD display is below.

The combination of an LCD and Arduino yields several projects, the most simple one being LCD to display the LED brightness. All we need for this circuit is an LCD, Arduino, breadboard, a resistor, potentiometer, LED, and some jumper cables. The circuit connections are below.

Second Breakfast PricesEnter the price of breakfast for all categories of patrons. You can charge patrons receiving free or reduced meals the full meal price in Quicksale mode when they purchase a second meal. Additionally, this will put these second meals under the paid heading on the Meal Count Listing report. It is not necessary to enter a dollar sign when entering the price.

Second Lunch PricesEnter the price of lunch for all categories of patrons. You can charge patrons receiving free or reduced meals the full meal price in Quicksale mode when they purchase a second meal. Additionally, this will put these second meals under the paid heading on the Meal Count Listing report. It is not necessary to enter a dollar sign when entering the price.

Show student photo on screenSelect the checkbox to display the patron"s photo on the page (optional). This option is only available if student photos have been imported into PowerSchool.

Don"t use false balance for free lunch studentsSelect the checkbox if you do not use false balances for free lunch students. This allows the student"s free or reduced lunch price to appear on the page. This also allows low-balance messages to appear. Selecting the checkbox can create confidentiality issues if others view the page.

Disable student allergy alertBy default, the student allergy alert is enabled. If a student has an allergy, an alert appears on the Record Lunch Sale page.

Set up warning messages that appear when a student"s account balance gets low or becomes deficit. Also, set up a message to tell the cashier if a student is eating a second meal for the day. If you do not want a message for a specific event, leave that field blank when setting up messages.On the start page, choose PowerLunch under Applications in the main menu.

When account balance drops below this level...Enter the dollar amount of the cut-off to display a message when the patron"s account balance drops below this level. This selection applies to your school only.

When there is not enough money in the account, display this message…To be warned when there is not enough money in the patron"s account to pay for the meal, enter the message to appear on the page. This selection applies to all schools on your PowerSchool system.

When patron is purchasing a 2nd meal, display this message…To be warned when a patron is purchasing a second meal for the day, enter the message to appear on the page. This is especially important when the student purchasing the extra meal receives free or reduced lunches. This selection applies to all schools on your PowerSchool system.

Assign numbers to a group of students or to an individual student. Lunch ID numbers may or may not be the same numbers as the student ID numbers. They are linked to the price that students pay for their meals and are used to keep track of students" meal account balances. PowerSchool administrators can assign lunch IDs at some schools.On the start page, search for and select a group of students.

Note: Alternatively, if you have a current selection of students, you can choose Special Functions under Functions in the main menu and then click Groups Functions.

To assign lunch IDs to staff, you must assign them one at a time by going through the Staff page: select the teacher, click Edit Information, enter the lunch ID, and click Submit. This works well for an individual teacher, but sometimes you want to export a list of several teachers, such as during the PowerSchool setup. When you export the staff list to your spreadsheet application, it will be easier to assign lunch ID numbers to each teacher and import that list back into PowerSchool.

Once everything else is set up and everyone has a lunch ID, you can start collecting lunch money. Most schools that use PowerSchool allow students to deposit money into their accounts so that they do not have to pay cash every day. This is advantageous for the schools because there are minimal cash transactions. The following instructions explain how to enter the first deposit into an individual student"s account and subsequent deposits outside of those occurring as students pass through the lunch line. For instructions on how to handle deposits at the lunch line, seeDaily Activitiesand Maintenance Activities.

Note: If you are setting up PowerLunch or if you are entering the beginning balance for several students, you can enter the data in a spreadsheet application and import it to PowerSchool. Contact your PowerSchool administrator for more information.

Enter the first deposit into an individual staff member"s account and subsequent deposits outside of those occurring as they pass through the lunch line.

Note: If you are setting up PowerLunch or if you are entering the beginning balance for several staff members, you can enter the data in a spreadsheet application and import it to PowerSchool. Contact your PowerSchool administrator for more information.On the start page, search for and select a staff member.

Q3. You must ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data in your database. You assign some constraints to limit the type of data that can go into a table. What type of constraints are you assigning?

Q11. MySQL server can operate in different SQL modes, depending on the value of the sql_mode system variable. Which mode changes syntax and behavior to conform more closely to standard SQL?

Q31. MySQL option files provide a way to specify commonly used options so that they need not be entered on the command line each time you run a program. What is another name for the option files?

Q36. Each time MySQL is upgraded, it is best to execute mysql_upgrade, which looks for incompatibilities with the upgraded MySQL server. What does this command do, upon finding a table with a possible incompatibility?

Note that the question is about getting the data and not about the duplicating operation itself. And actually there is no need to run SHOW CREATE TABLE at all. To duplicate the table structure you can CREATE TABLE new_table LIKE original_table;.

Q54. Management has requested that you build an employee database. You need to include each employee"s current position and salary, as well as all prior positions and salaries with the company. You decide to use a one-to-many structure: an employee table with the main information such as name and address, and an employment table with position and salary history. You can use the employeeID field to connect them. What is employment.employeeID an example of?

Note: "to make the system faster" can also be correct. For example we can calculate some heavy query in advance and store its result in some column (use it as a cache). So if "system" means "application which uses mysql" then it"s correct too.

Q60. You are working with the tables as shown in this diagram. You need to get the number of cars sold per the home state of each customer"s residence. How can you accomplish this?

Explanation: THe difference between 2 and 3 is that LEFT JOIN will return 1 row per customer before grouping. If replaced with RIGHT JOIN it would return the correct info.

Q82. A stored routine is a set of SQL statements stored on the server and takes form as either a procedure or a function. Which statement cannot be used inside stored routines?

Q83. When a new student is added to a new database, you want new records to be created in the related tables such as Exam, Score and Attendance. How would you accomplish this?

Q96. You are working with the tables shown below. You need to generate the list of all cars, whether or not they had been sold. Which statement accomplishes that?

Q101. A table Item has a Boolean field endOfLife and a field makeYear of type YEAR(4). How can you set the Boolean to true for all Items that have been made before 2019?

Q114. With MySQL, how do you select all the records from a table named "Persons" where the "LastName" is alphabetically between (and including) "Hansen" and "Pettersen"?

Q116. You are working with an UPDATE trigger on the employee table in this diagram. How can you access the new value for the address inside the trigger?

Q117. You are working with the tables shown below. You need to make sure that any record added to the purchases table consists of a customerlD, which already exists in the customers table, and a carlD, which already exists in the cars table. You decide to use a trigger to do the validation. Which one do you use?