tft display technology pdf factory

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world"s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world"s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a voltage can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large display, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (pixels), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to transistor switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display"s image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a layer of insulating liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive ITO layers.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

Polycrystalline silicon is sometimes used in displays requiring higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are more costly and much more difficult to produce.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to Panasonic by Hitachi.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

Brody, T. Peter; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 20 (11): 995–1001. Bibcode:1973ITED...20..995B. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780. ISSN 0018-9383.

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.

Kim, Sae-Bom; Kim, Woong-Ki; Chounlamany, Vanseng; Seo, Jaehwan; Yoo, Jisu; Jo, Hun-Je; Jung, Jinho (15 August 2012). "Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater toward Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa". Journal of Hazardous Materials. Seoul, Korea; Laos, Lao. 227–228: 327–333. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059. PMID 22677053.

Manufacturer Certificated Product Specification Model: TTX156XHT -01 15.6″TFT Display Module (1920*1080) This module uses RoHS material Tailor Pixels Technology Co., Ltd. www.tailorpixels.com tailor@tailorpixels.com Ph: 86-755-8821 2653 Contents in this document are subject to change without notice. No part of this document can be reproduced or transmitted by any means for any purpose without the written permission of Tailor Pixels Technology Co., Ltd.

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD Document Name Document No. Made/Revised Date Factory Code _______________________________________________________________________ _ All rights strictly reserved reproduction or issue to third parties in any form what ever is not permitted without written authority from the proprietor.

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code General Descriptions 1.1 Introduction The M156FHND0-R0 is a color active matrix LCD module incorporation Oxide TFT. It is composed of a TFT LCD panel, a backlight, a timing controller, voltage reference, common voltage, column driver, and row driver circuit. This TFT LCD has a 15.6-inch diagonally measured active display area with resolution 1,920 horizontal by 1,080 vertical pixel array. 1.2 Features ■ 15.6” IPS TFT LCD Panel ■ Supported 1,920x1,080 Pixels Resolution ■ Compatible...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made/Revised Date Factory Code 1.4 Functional Block Diagram Figure 1 Shows the functional block diagram of the LCD panel. Figure 1 Block Diagram _______________________________________________________________________ _ All rights strictly reserved reproduction or issue to third parties in any form what ever is not permitted without written authority from the proprietor.

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code Absolute Maximum Ratings Table 1 Absolute Ratings of Enviroment Item Supply Voltage Input Signal Operating Temperature Operating Humidity Storage Temperature Storage Humidity (A)Maximum Wet-Bulb temperature should be 39℃ and no condensation of water. (B)When you apply the LCD module for OA system. Please make sure to keep the temperature of LCD module under 60℃. (C)Storage /Operating temperature & humidity： Figure 2 Absolute Ratings of Environment of the LCD Module...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code Pixel Format Image Figure 3 shows the relationship of the input signals and LCD pixels format image. Figure 3 Pixel Format _______________________________________________________________________ _ All rights strictly reserved reproduction or issue to third parties in any form what ever is not permitted without written authority from the proprietor.

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code Optical Characteristics The optical characteristics are measured under stable conditions at 25℃ (Room Temperature) : Table 2 Optical Characteristics Specification Item Horizontal Viewing Angle [degrees] Contrast Ratio Rising +Falling Color /Chromaticity Panel Transmittance [%] Note: A. Measurement Setup The LCD module should be stabilized at 25℃ for 15 minutes to avoid abrupt temperature change during measuring. In order to stabilize the luminance, the measurement should be...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made/Revised Date Factory Code Figure 4 Measurement Setup B. The LED input parameter setting as: V_LED: 12V (±0.1V) PWM_LED: duty 100 % C. Definition of Viewing Angle Viewing angle is the measurement of contrast ratio ≧10, at the screen center, over a 180° horizontal an 180°vertical range (off-normal viewing angles). The 180°viewing angle range is broken down as follows; 90° horizontal left and right and 90°(ψ) vertical, high (up) and (θ) low (down). The measurement direction is typically perpendicular to the display surface with...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made/Revised Date Factory Code D. Definition Of Contrast Ratio (CR) The contrast ratio can be calculated by the following expression Contrast Ratio (CR) = L63 / L0 L63: Luminance of gray level 63, L0: Luminance of gray level 0 E. Definition Of Response Time (Tr ,Tf) The output signals of DMS 1140 or equivalent are measured when the input signals are changed from “Black” to “White” (falling time) and from “White” to “Black” (rising time), respectively. The response time interval between the 10% and 90% of amplitudes. Figure 6...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code Backlight Characteristics(Reference) Table 3 Backlight Characteristics Symbol VLED Voltage Output PWM frequency Note A Hours Ta=25[deg C] Note C - Voltage PWM Duty ratio Note A: Calculator value for LED chip specification. Note B: The LED life time define as the estimated time to 50% degradation of initial luminous. Note C: ILED=20 mA (Per LED) _______________________________________________________________________ _ All rights strictly reserved reproduction or issue to third...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made By Made/Revised Date Department Factory Code Interface Connector Table 4 Signal Connector Name / Designation Type / Part Number Mating Receptacle/Part Number Table 5 Signal Connector Pin Assignment Pin Signal Name Complement Signal Link Lane 1 True Signal Line 1 Complement Signal Link Lane 0 True Signal Line 0 True Signal Auxiliary Ch. Complement Signal Auxiliary Ch. LCD Logic and Driver Power LCD Logic and Driver Power Backlight On/Off System PWM Signal Input for Dimming...

TAILOR PIXELS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Document Name Document No. Made/Revised Date Backlight Power Backlight Power Backlight Power Backlight Power Factory Code Note: All input signals shall be low or Hi-Z state when VDD is off. _______________________________________________________________________ _ All rights strictly reserved reproduction or issue to third parties in any form what ever is not permitted without written authority from the proprietor.

A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special type of field-effect transistor (FET) where the transistor is thin relative to the plane of the device.substrate. A common substrate is glass, because the traditional application of TFTs is in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). This differs from the conventional bulk metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET), where the semiconductor material typically is the substrate, such as a silicon wafer.

TFTs can be fabricated with a wide variety of semiconductor materials. Because it is naturally abundant and well understood, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon was historically used as the semiconductor layer. However, because of the low mobility of amorphous siliconcadmium selenide,metal oxides such as indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) or zinc oxide,organic semiconductors,carbon nanotubes,metal halide perovskites.

Because TFTs are grown on inert substrates, rather than on wafers, the semiconductor must be deposited in a dedicated process. A variety of techniques are used to deposit semiconductors in TFTs. These include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and sputtering. The semiconductor can also be deposited from solution,printing

Some wide band gap semiconductors, most notable metal oxides, are optically transparent.electrodes, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), some TFT devices can be designed to be completely optically transparent.head-up displays (such as on a car windshield).The first solution-processed TTFTs, based on zinc oxide, were reported in 2003 by researchers at Oregon State University.Universidade Nova de Lisboa has produced the world"s first completely transparent TFT at room temperature.

The best known application of thin-film transistors is in TFT LCDs, an implementation of liquid-crystal display technology. Transistors are embedded within the panel itself, reducing crosstalk between pixels and improving image stability.

As of 2008LCD TVs and monitors use this technology. TFT panels are frequently used in digital radiography applications in general radiography. A TFT is used in both direct and indirect capturemedical radiography.

The most beneficial aspect of TFT technology is its use of a separate transistor for each pixel on the display. Because each transistor is small, the amount of charge needed to control it is also small. This allows for very fast re-drawing of the display.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET in which germanium monoxide was used as a gate dielectric. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. In 1966, T.P. Brody and H.E. Kunig at Westinghouse Electric fabricated indium arsenide (InAs) MOS TFTs in both depletion and enhancement modes.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard J. Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs, as TFT performance was not adequate at the time.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).electroluminescence (EL) in 1973, using CdSe.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

A breakthrough in TFT research came with the development of the amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT by P.G. le Comber, W.E. Spear and A. Ghaith at the University of Dundee in 1979. They reported the first functional TFT made from hydrogenated a-Si with a silicon nitride gate dielectric layer.research and development (R&D) of AM LCD panels based on a-Si TFTs in Japan.

By 1982, Pocket TVs based on AM LCD technology were developed in Japan.Fujitsu"s S. Kawai fabricated an a-Si dot-matrix display, and Canon"s Y. Okubo fabricated a-Si twisted nematic (TN) and guest-host LCD panels. In 1983, Toshiba"s K. Suzuki produced a-Si TFT arrays compatible with CMOS integrated circuits (ICs), Canon"s M. Sugata fabricated an a-Si color LCD panel, and a joint Sanyo and Sanritsu team including Mitsuhiro Yamasaki, S. Suhibuchi and Y. Sasaki fabricated a 3-inch a-SI color LCD TV.

The first commercial TFT-based AM LCD product was the 2.1-inch Epson ET-10Hitachi research team led by Akio Mimura demonstrated a low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) process for fabricating n-channel TFTs on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI), at a relatively low temperature of 200°C.Hosiden research team led by T. Sunata in 1986 used a-Si TFTs to develop a 7-inch color AM LCD panel,Apple Computers.Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu used hydrogenated a-Si TFTs to demonstrate a 14-inch full-color LCD display,electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace cathode-ray tube (CRT) as the standard television display technology.notebook PCs.IBM Japan introduced a 12.1-inch color SVGA panel for the first commercial color laptop by IBM.

TFTs can also be made out of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). TFT-LCDs with IGZO transistors first showed up in 2012, and were first manufactured by Sharp Corporation. IGZO allows for higher refresh rates and lower power consumption.polyimide substrate.

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal". Journal of Display Technology. 8 (1): 3–4. Bibcode:2012JDisT...8....3K. doi:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740. ISSN 1551-319X.

Brody, T. Peter; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 20 (11): 995–1001. Bibcode:1973ITED...20..995B. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780. ISSN 0018-9383.

Mimura, Akio; Oohayashi, M.; Ohue, M.; Ohwada, J.; Hosokawa, Y. (1986). "SOI TFT"s with directly contacted ITO". IEEE Electron Device Letters. 7 (2): 134–6. Bibcode:1986IEDL....7..134M. doi:10.1109/EDL.1986.26319. ISSN 0741-3106. S2CID 36089445.

Sunata, T.; Yukawa, T.; Miyake, K.; Matsushita, Y.; Murakami, Y.; Ugai, Y.; Tamamura, J.; Aoki, S. (1986). "A large-area high-resolution active-matrix color LCD addressed by a-Si TFT"s". 33 (8): 1212–1217. Bibcode:1986ITED...33.1212S. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1986.22644. ISSN 0018-9383. S2CID 44190988.

Sunata, T.; Miyake, K.; Yasui, M.; Murakami, Y.; Ugai, Y.; Tamamura, J.; Aoki, S. (1986). "A 640 × 400 pixel active-matrix LCD using a-Si TFT"s". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 33 (8): 1218–21. Bibcode:1986ITED...33.1218S. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1986.22645. ISSN 0018-9383. S2CID 6356531.

Nagayasu, T.; Oketani, T.; Hirobe, T.; Kato, H.; Mizushima, S.; Take, H.; Yano, K.; Hijikigawa, M.; Washizuka, I. (October 1988). "A 14-in.-diagonal full-color a-Si TFT LCD". Conference Record of the 1988 International Display Research Conference: 56–58. doi:10.1109/DISPL.1988.11274. S2CID 20817375.