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The purpose of an AAS Display Garden is to showcase the most recent AAS Winners, label them appropriately and educate the public about why they are top-performing varieties. AAS has several types of gardens that are defined here.2. What Do You look for in a Display Garden?

Staff and volunteers willing to learn the AAS Story and be able to teach and educate other garden workers as well as garden visitors. (We supply informational materials)

A garden that will designate each AAS Winner by variety name and showcase it as an AAS Winner, by using provided variety markers or using their own labels.

Once a garden determines they would like to be involved, they must decide whether they will grow AAS flowers and edibles, AAS flowers only, or AAS edibles only.

Ideally, the AAS Winners are planted in a highly visible, high-traffic location(s) as possible. A locally publicized event during the growing season adds to the attractiveness of a garden.

We encourage all gardens to continue in the AAS Display Garden program forever! We do require each garden to complete a yearly verification to commit to remaining in the program and ensuring we have correct and up-to-date information. Failure to complete the verification will remove the garden from the AAS Display Garden program.4. How much does it cost to become an AAS Display Garden?

There is no cost to become an AAS Display Garden.All-America Selections® provides the seed of Winners that are propagated from seed and plants of Winners from the Vegetative and Herbaceous Perennial trials. We provide a complimentaryDisplay Garden sign to be placed in the garden near the AAS Winner display (or where the majority of AAS Winners are planted). The required variety markers are also provided at no cost to the Display Garden unless they choose to create their own. We do not compensate any Display Gardens as it is assumed most Display Gardens have landscape programs and that the AAS Winners can be incorporated into the landscape design.5. Do I need to evaluate the AAS Winners?

No, AAS Winners have already been evaluated by a panel of unbiased, professional horticulturists and deemed AAS Winners. As an AAS Display Garden your role is to grow these winners in an attractive design and introduce them to the public.6. Do I have to plant every AAS Winner I receive?

No, you do not need to plant every AAS Winner you receive. We ask that you plant as many of the winners as feasible in your garden, making sure each is labeled as an AAS Winner with either a variety sign provided by AAS or one of your own creation.7. Do I need to plant all the AAS Winners together?

No, you do not need to plant all the AAS Winners in one spot. Many gardens choose to create one display featuring all AAS Winners, while other gardens like to spread the AAS Winners throughout their grounds. We only ask that each AAS Winner is labeled with the variety name and note that it is an AAS Winner.8. What about Display Garden signage and variety markers?

A weatherproof sign is sent to each garden to clearly identify each garden as an official All-America Selections® Display Garden. We ask that the sign is placed in the bed where the majority of the AAS Winners are on display. If your garden requires consistent brand signage and chooses to create their own, we ask that you use our color logo whenever possible. Variety markers accompany the AAS Winners. Although you may choose not to use AAS variety markers, we do require each All-America Selections® Winner to be clearly identified by a label that includes the variety name and designation as an AAS Winner and our color logo if possible. You can find additional informational signs on the AAS Website that are free to download and print.9. Can I donate or sell my AAS Edibles?

Yes, you are welcome to donate, or sell, leftover seed or transplants of your AAS Winners. You can also donate or sell the produce grown from AAS Edible Winners.10. Do I have to label each AAS Winner?

Yes, the primary purpose of the AAS Display Gardens is to help educate garden visitors on which plants are worthy of the AAS Winner designation. A garden can choose to use our free variety markers or print their own, as long as the label includes the variety name and the words “AAS Winner”. We prefer that you also include the appropriate regional or national  AAS Winner logo.

While there are many different manufacturers of LCD monitors, the panels themselves are actually only manufactured by a relatively small selection of companies. The three main manufacturers tend to be Samsung, AU Optronics and LG.Display (previously LG.Philips), but there are also a range of other companies like Innolux and CPT which are used widely in the market. Below is a database of all the current panel modules manufactured in each size. These show the module number along with important information including panel technology and a detailed spec. This should provide a detailed list of panels used, and can give you some insight into what is used in any given LCD display.

Note:These are taken from manufacturer product documentation and panel resource websites. Specs are up to date to the best of our knowledge, and new panels will be added as and when they are produced. Where gaps are present, the detail is unknown or not listed in documentation. The colour depth specs are taken from the manufacturer, and so where they specify FRC and 8-bit etc, this is their listing. Absence of such in the table below does not necessarily mean they aren’t using FRC etc, just that this is how the manufacturer lists the spec on their site.

DOWNERS GROVE, IL – All-America Selections’ 2022 Landscape Design Challenge certainly struck a chord with this year’s theme. AAS asked their Display Gardens to use their AAS Winning flowers and plants in and around a theme of “Games in the Garden” and the gardens certainly produced! The excitement was palpable as each garden described how they came up with their ideas and how they executed them for their garden visitors. As several gardens stated, “This was the best theme ever!”

For the challenge, AAS provided the gardens with recent AAS Winner seeds and plants. The gardens had the option to also incorporate older AAS Winners in their design to illustrate the theme. Gardens were encouraged to generate publicity and hold events to share the story of All-America Selections and AAS Winners.

As always, Boerner’s excitement for the AAS Display Garden Challenge shows through their design process and resulting ideas. To demonstrate this year’s theme of “Games in the Garden” they made dominoes with the ‘spots’ being an AAS Winner plant (seen in photo above). This vision was achieved by taking old cabinet doors and painting them, drilling holes in them, and placing a single plant of Zinnia Profusion Red/Yellow Bicolor in them. It is a visitor favorite! The other games were a chess board made by using Gypsophila Gypsy White and Dianthus Ideal Violet. By visiting the garden’s prop closet, they found giant dice, Pokémon balls, a Jenga stack, Monopoly board pieces, Scrabble tiles and a Game of Life Spinner to finish off the games collection. Vertical elements were added by using a trellis where Bean Seychelles grew. Finally, 12 x 12-inch pieces of plywood were painted in primary colors to create steppingstones that appeared to look like a standard game board. A total of 36 different AAS Winners were showcased within the games and beds.

Domaine Joly’s horticulture staff wanted to find a way children could play in the garden while also learning about plants. Taking inspiration from the talking flowers in the original Alice in Wonderland, they created a plan. First, they created a “family portrait” of the AAS Winners all together. Then they created a child’s coloring page based on that portrait. Garden staff wrote a short story about a clumsy gardener who mixed up all the AAS Winner seeds when sowing them then asked the children to help find the Winners in the garden. Each AAS Winner was represented as a person describing itself so the child could easily learn, identify and remember them. Each description included the flower color and stated, “I’m a Winner!” All the children who visited the garden were given a copy of the story and coloring page so they could play the game and leave with their own piece of artwork. Both children and adults were spotted playing the game and loving the experience.

Purdue Extension Master Gardener volunteers worked with the local Purdue University Extension office to execute this year’s theme. A variety of games and other challenges were positioned throughout the garden and along garden pathways. AAS Winners were directly incorporated into the games with some of the most popular games being: Spin the Wheel, Dart ball, Tic-tac-toe, Checkers and Kerplunk. The “Spin the Wheel” games were used to help visitors find some of the new AAS Winners in the garden. Eleven new Winners were featured, each had a photo with a brief description on the wheel. Dart ball used a target and plastic golf balls that were covered with strips of hook and loop. The target was placed in the middle of the vertical garden where Petunia Evening Scentsation and Ornamental Pepper NuMex Easter were planted as shown in the photo above. Other games included Tic-tac-toe and checkers where AAS Winning tomatoes were used as game pieces! One adult remarked while playing checkers, “This is a lot more fun than I thought it would be.”

Let the “Games” begin! This year’s challenge brought people together to have fun, enjoy one another’s company and enjoy game-inspired landscapes featuring AAS Winning plants. The student landscapes had two distinct groups of game-themes: Classics and Contemporary.

Weston Garden Center’s approach to the challenge was to create 7 different stations, each with a different Game theme and applicable AAS Winners. They encouraged visitors to read the plant tags then, using the clues given, asked them to guess the game. This helped teach visitors about the plants and their English and Latin names in a fun way. Although someone called it a collection of bad “Dad jokes” it successfully met the mission.

Station 5 – “Pickle Ball” used three varieties of AAS winning cucumbers (Green Light, Parisian and Diva) up the side of a Gazebo with some Pickle Balls hanging among the fruits.

Participation in the AAS Display Garden Challenge is a highlight of the year for the dedicated volunteers at this garden. In planning, they decided to include a diverse mix of games as well as both old and new AAS Winners planted in a myriad of ways. Since June is the peak for both color and performance in South Mississippi, they planned June as the month to feature all the Games in the Garden. The games were positioned to bring visitors to the main display garden to see the AAS trials. From there, visitors saw the first game (Ring Toss) that played homage to AAS winning vegetables. Nearby, American Dream corn made the perfect ‘corny’ backdrop for their Corn Hole game. Next to that was a tic-tac-toe game using pool noodles for the game matrix and labeled frisbees: a Master Gardener logo (for the X’s) and an AAS Winner logo (for the O’s).

An AAS trivia game was extremely popular with all visitors who were given a card with questions related to the AAS Display Garden. For example, “Which AAS rudbeckia was a 1961 winner?” (Answer: Gloriosa Double Daisy) In order to determine the answer, visitors would have to find these plants in the garden and scan the QR code found on each label. Each QR Code goes to that AAS Winner’s webpage. As an added bonus, visitors who turned in a completed trivia card were presented with an AAS plant to take home. These free plants included Mega Bloom Pink Halo and Mega Bloom Polka Dot, among others. All in, they incorporated 26 ornamental and 18 vegetable varieties as part of the challenge.

When the AAS landscape design challenge theme was announced, the MGA of Tippecanoe began designing their games. At the garden entrance, star-shaped beds took on the life of a Chinese Checkers game. The raised six-pointed beds had each point of the star planted with an AAS Winner representing one color of the Chinese checker marbles: Viking XL Red on Chocolate begonia for red; Evening Sensation petunia for the blue; Sweet Daisy Birdy leucanthemum for the white; Delizz strawberry for the green; Chef Choice Black tomato for the black and Big Duck marigolds and Chef Choice Yellow tomato for the yellow.

Another area hosted the AAS Tomato Scavenger Hunt. Thirteen tomato varieties were used. A mailbox housed clipboards with a list of questions. Hunters used the AAS variety signs to identify the varieties. A sample question: “Which AAS tomato variety would you give to your sweetheart?” (Valentine) This really made garden visitors focus on the signs plus, hunters sampled the varieties as they searched.

There was also a cornhole match located near the American Dream corn patch and a tongue twister competition with the recitation of “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers” located in the AAS pepper patch. In all, 67 varieties were planted, and hundreds of visitors were educated about AAS varieties. Surplus vegetables were donated to local food pantries and a homeless shelter.

Absorbance, A, can also be used to describe the attenuation of electromagnetic radiation as it passes through a sample. Absorbance is a more common unit of measurement for AAS because of its linearity to analyte concentration with respect to Beer’s Law.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy requires the conversion of the sample to gaseous atoms, which absorb radiation. In AAS the sample is most commonly introduced as a solution. The solution is drawn in through a small tube and taken to the nebulizer where the solution is broken up into a fine mist (this is similar to an aerosol can). The fine mist is carried to the atomizer, such as a flame, by a carrier gas. When the mist reaches the flame, the intense heat breaks up the sample into its individual atoms.  This final process is called atomization.

There are two main types of atomizers: discrete and continuous. Continuous atomizers introduce the analyte in a steady manner whereas discrete atomizers introduce the analyte discontinuously. The most common continuous atomizer in AAS is a flame, and the most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer. Sample atomization limits the accuracy, precision, and limit of detection of the analytical instrument. The purpose of the atomization step is to convert the analyte to a reproducible amount of gaseous atoms that appropriately represents the sample.

Electrothermal atomizers provide enhanced sensitivity because samples are atomized quickly and have a longer residence time compared to flame AAS systems, which means more of the sample is analyzed at once. This method can also be used for quantitative determinations based on signal peak height and area. Electrothermal atomization also offers the advantage of smaller sample size and reduced spectral interferences because of the high temperature of the graphite furnace. However, electrothermal atomizers have disadvantages including slow measurement time because of the heating and cooling required of the system and a limited analytical range. Additionally, analyte and matrix diffuse into the graphite tube, and over time, the tube needs replacing, increasing maintenance and cost associated with electrothermal atomization.

The table shown lists the most common fuels and oxidants used to produce flames for AAS.  A mixture of different oxidants and fuels can be used to achieve a specific temperature range. Because dissociation and breaking molecules down to atoms is easier with more heat present, oxygen is the most common oxidant used in flame atomization. To control the flow rate of an oxidant and fuel a rotameter is used, this is a vertically placed tapered tube. With the smallest end placed down, a float which is located inside the tube determines the flow rate. Close control is vital because the flame is very unstable outside of its specific flow rate range. If the flow rate is not greater than the burning velocity indicated, the flame will experience flashback and propagate back to the burner. If the flow rate is too high, the flame will blow off the burner. When the flow rate and burning velocity are equal, the flame is stable. Usually the flame consists of an excess of fuel to prevent oxides forming with the molecules of the sample.

A variety of means are used to create the vapor of atoms from the sample that will be analyzed by the AAS. In addition to the methods previously discussed, glow-discharge atomization, hydride atomization, and cold-vapor atomization are techniques that can be very useful for AAS.

In a general glow-discharge atomization system, the sample is placed on a cathode. Argon gas is ionized by an applied voltage on the cell, causing the argon ions to accelerate to the cathode where they interact with the sample and eject atoms. This process is called sputtering, the ejection of atoms from a sample as a result of bombardment by energetic species. Samples must either have conducting qualities or be mixed with conducting materials like graphite or copper. The sputtered atoms are then introduced to the path of radiation for analysis by a vacuum; this is so outside air will not be analyzed only the analyte of interest will be analyzed. This atomization technique can be used in conjunction with a flame AAS system, and can be used for bulk analysis and depth profiling of solids.

A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technologyactive matrix LCD, in contrast to passive matrix LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.

In February 1957, John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented Wallmark"s ideas and developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide. The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories developed a CdSe (cadmium selenide) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.

The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on a glass panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the PECVD process.

The twisted nematic display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of LCD display technologies available. TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology"s shortcomings, such as RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology.

Most TN panels can represent colors using only six bits per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called Frame Rate Control (FRC), which cycles between different shades with each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some.gamut (often referred to as a percentage of the NTSC 1953 color gamut) are also due to backlighting technology. It is not uncommon for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference quite perceivable by the human eye.

The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.

In-plane switching was developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time.

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan"s Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.

Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and FRC, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.BRAVIA LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.

A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.

Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major OEM panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:

External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more analog VGA, DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using color mapping and image scaling usually employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to convert any video source like CVBS, VGA, DVI, HDMI, etc. into digital RGB at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the backlight is usually included on the same controller board.

The low level interface of STN, DSTN, or TFT display panels use either single ended TTL 5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock, horizontal sync, vertical sync, digital red, digital green, digital blue in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature input/display enable, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.

New and large (>15") TFT displays often use LVDS signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and RGB bits into a number of serial transmission lines synchronized to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only directly support 18 bits per pixel. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (truecolor) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.

The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).

With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed analog to digital conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution doesn"t match the display panel resolution.

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K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. AIP. 37 (1): 1079–82. doi:10.1889/1.2433159. S2CID 129569963.