stack lcd display manufacturer

Our 7" LCD panel ensures easy visibility under all circumstances with unmatched brightness and an optically bonded lens for extreme glare suppression.

When you look at a display device – your phone, your TV, your smartwatch, the screen in your car – what do you see?  You see the image. A bright, vivid image on surfaces of all shapes and sizes. Flat, curved, flexible, thinner than ever before.

When you stop and think about what goes into displaying one of these amazing images, you might recognize most are protected by a glass cover. You might even be familiar with display types like LCD or OLED. Yet for many, the recognition stops there. You may see the image on the surface, but rarely think about what creates that image, how it achieves life-like, vibrant color, and the journey it makes to reach our eyes.

If we look deeper, beyond the surface and the cover glass of our devices, we would find one or more layers of ultra-thin, technical glass make such images possible. Each layer with a different purpose, all working together to deliver the beautiful, thin displays we use each and every day. Combined, these layers form what we at Corning call the “glass stack.”

It’s worth looking at the individual layers of the glass stack, since each layer is the result of breakthroughs in glass science, optical physics, and state of the art manufacturing. At the top of the stack, we have the protective cover glass of a mobile device that most consumers have heard of – Corning Gorilla Glass. This cover glass protects and maintains the appearance of the display, and also supports the use of front-facing cameras and various sensors. Often, the rear side of such devices is covered with a similar protective glass, which also allows for wireless charging.

A layer deeper, beneath the surface of the glass cover, are the substrates that serve very specific functions depending on the type of display being created.

Though each layer of the glass stack is formed with the same fusion manufacturing process, the compositions of the glass are different – allowing for different properties and benefits. LCD and OLED displays, whether on mobile devices with glass cover and back or otherwise, utilize different super-thin layers of glass specific to their applications:

The term “future-proof” is a dangerous one to throwaround for any modern technology. Many mobile device manufacturers regularly push out their latest hardware while deeming the previous generation outdated. You can’t go shopping for a laptop without the expectation that there will be a new model next year that is thinner, lighter and more powerful. Even automotive technologies follow this pattern, with engine management solutions and active suspension continually proving more effective than ever before with every update. In the cockpit, the motorsports industry pushes data acquisition technologies forward, making gigantic strides in the last decade. Despite the trend of continually evolving dashes and data acquisition systems, Stack introduces its ST9918 LCD Motorsport Display as a highly capable dashlogger that aims to be future-proof.

The Stack ST9918 LCD Motorsport Display is the manufacturer’s latest offering of a professional racing dash, following a long history of supplying racing teams with data logging solutions. The company’s involvement in motorsports data acquisition dates back to the mid-1980s, taking part in legendary racecars in Formula One and IndyCar, up to more recent prototype and rally cars. Despite the use of this hardware in top-tier racing series with big budget teams, Stack systems have been available to consumers for decades, allowing racers and teams to utilize the same technologies in their own projects. To the benefit of the smaller teams and independent car owners, many of the features that were once available only to those with deep pockets are more affordable and accessible than ever before.

Although Stack’s lineup of dashes and data loggers has generally increased in both functionality and affordability, the ST9918 is no entry-level consumer display. This full-color, customizable LCD dash and data logger serves as the manufacturer’s flagship product in the motorsports world. It carries the most features and highest performance, but these highlights add up to a $2,499.95 MSRP. To this end, this dash belongs in a racecar or at least in a performance track car. Roadcars would hardly take advantage of the ST9918’s broad range of functionality.

At first sight, the ST9918 display looks gigantic. The 7-inch TFT LCD screen is framed by an 8.28×5.16×1.35-inch carbon composite housing. This makes for a beautiful presentation of data on the screen, however, it may be a struggle to make it fit well in some vehicles. On the face of the dash, four buttons allow for display switching and menu navigation. 16 multicolor LED lights fill out the bezel to provide engine speed for shifting, as well as configurable alarms. On the back of the display, a single 37-pin connector simplifies wiring, and four 8-32 threaded brass inserts provide solid mounting points. The fit and finish of this ST9918 previews the quality of its construction, showcasing a robust form factor while still sporting an appealing look.

The Stack ST9918 LCD Motorsport Display is loaded with features and capabilities to keep its users informed with every aspect of a car’s performance. The unit houses a built-in 3-axis accelerometer and allows for the connection of an external GPS sensor. These items work together to provide data on acceleration, deceleration and cornering forces and speeds, as well as GPS-based lap timing and track mapping. The ST9918 features two configurable RS232 connections and two configurable CAN connections, adding to the amounts of data for logging and analysis. These communication mediums enable reading channels like GPS, ECU data, telemetry and additional sensors. With sample rates of up to 1,000 Hz recording onto 4 GB of internal memory, this dash logger can record accurate data for more laps than anyone can drive in one session.

Stack engineered the ST9918 to stand as the framework for data displaying and logging for the future, which means compatibility and modularity are critical. In order to meet the needs of many types of platforms in different racing and performance environments, Stack offers a wide variety of add-ons and sensors. This includes optional hardware to measure temperatures, pressures, RPMs, speeds, lambda and displacement (potentiometers) all around the car.

The LCD Motorsport Display looks good on the outside and carries the latest hardware on the inside. All that’s left is making it work with your vehicle. With an Ethernet or USB connection, any PC running Windows XP or newer can communicate with the dash for configuration, firmware updates or data downloads. Once connected, Stack’s DataPro so ware opens the full list of features and customizability for the dash. From here, you can edit the various channels and calibrate them to your liking.The ST9918 allows for extensive customizability, which can be both good and tedious. The good part is that this dash is highly capable as an information display and a data logger. Using the DataPro so ware, users can configure the many different types of available sensors, and adjust how they display information on screen. This includes layout templates that can utilize a sweeping RPM bar, standard dial gauges, plain numerical readouts and illustrated graphical displays. Conditional alarm graphics and warning LEDs can even be set to deliver important messages to the driver. The list of features can go on seemingly forever, which is where the downside comes in. The near-limitless level of customization means that tuning this dash exactly to your liking could take a lot of time and tedious work. Although the DataPro so ware attempts to make the process a mostly drag-and-drop a air with pre-configured templates for many data channels, most users won’t get very far without closely studying the manual.

Once everything is set up, the ST9918 operates flawlessly. The display adjusts its brightness based on ambient light, dimming itself in low light conditions and brightening itself to be easily readable in direct sunlight. Information displayed on screen refreshes quickly and, with a track configured in the GPS settings, logs data automatically. If you want to take full advantage of the motorsports aspect of the ST9918, you can even purchase the Pro So ware Pack and a few hardware accessories from Stack to utilize the telemetry feature. This means that while you’re driving on track, your crew can monitor the data channels in real time from pit lane. For anyone who wants to review data a er a session on track, the DataPro so ware offers the ability to download sessions and view the properties of the various channels from each lap. The ability to synchronize the data with video and GPS position on the track only adds to the dash’s utility for drivers and engineers alike.

Stack offers one of today’s most capable and most versatile dash loggers in its ST9918 LCD Motorsport Display. Priced at $2,499.95, it sits at the higher end of the spectrum compared to most street dashes but is competitively affordable for the racing world. Its extensive list of features and capabilities makes it more attractive to racers and serious automotive enthusiasts. However, this is no “plug-and-play” piece of hardware. In order to unlock its full potential, most users will need to spend a lot of time and effort getting it set up just right. But with all the wiring and channel settings in order, the ST9918 will deliver most car owners, engineers and drivers everything they could ask for out of a dash logger and more.

The Stack Colour LCD Motorsport Display is the next evolution of driver communication and data acquisition. The carbon composite housing is IP65 sealed against water and dust intrusion and will easily withstand 20 g of continuous vibration and 50 g of shock. Our 7" LCD panel ensures easy visibility under all circumstances with unmatched brightness and an optically bonded lens for extreme glare suppression. The display layout is configurable to your individual specifications. The system will accommodate two programmable data bus channels (I CAN and I serial) in conjunction with discrete analog sensors and its integrated 3 Axis Accelerometer. Data collection can occur at up to 1,000 Hz and the internal memory allows for appropriate recording time. User definable warnings take advantage of super bright, multicolour LEDs placed around the perimeter of the chassis to alert the driver to critical on-screen information.

Display features perfectly rendered virtual analog needles, value display bands, digital value indicators for vehicle parameters and configurable full color text warning messages.

The Stack LCD Motorsport Display is an extremely capable, modern and flexible driver communication and data acquisition solution. The carbon composite housing is IP65 sealed against water and dust intrusion and will comfortably withstand 20 g of continuous vibration and 50 g of shock. The 7” LCD panel ensures easy visibility under all circumstances with unmatched brightness and an optically bonded lens provides extreme glare suppression and the display layout is fully user configurable. The system will accommodate four programmable data bus channels (2 CAN and 2 serial) in addition to discrete analogue sensors and its integrated 3 Axis Accelerometer. Data collection can occur at up to 1 kHz and the internal memory allows for practically infinite recording time. User definable warnings take advantage of super bright, multicolour LEDs placed around the perimeter of the chassis to alert the driver to critical onscreen information.

Chinese panel manufacturerBOEplans to mass produce a two-layer "dual-stack tandem" OLED display by stacking light-emitting layers. Dual-stack series connections can reduce power consumption by about 30%, and Chinese smartphone manufacturers have shown strong interest in the technology. BOE’s ultimate goal is to accumulate the technology needed to supply OLED screens for use in Apple’s IT products.

According to a report published on March 8 by the Korean media firm, TheElec, BOE plans to begin mass production of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panels with a "dual-stack series" structure for smartphones in the second half of this year.

Compared with the "single-stack" method, in which the light-emitting layer is contained in a single layer, the additional emission later in dual-stackOLED screensserves to increase screen brightness two-fold and lifespan four-fold. Dual-stack tandem technology has recently become the focus of the industry"s attention as news has spread of Apple"s intention to utilize dual-stack tandem OLED screens in its first OLED iPad, which will be launched in 2024. Up to now, the only product series that has utilized dual-stack series connections in mass-produced OLEDs is the car displays made by LG Display. If BOE is able to mass produce dual-stack tandem OLEDs for smartphones in the second half of this year, it will be an industry first.

It has been reported that BOE intends to begin to supply Honor with dual-stack tandem OLED displays in the second half of this year, and that these displays will be produced through the third-phase production line of its B7 factory in Chengdu, Sichuan. The B7 plant has produced OLED screens for Apple"s iPhone in the past. With the normal operation of the production line in Mianyang,Sichuan, which was originally planned by BOE as a dedicated production line for Apple, the capacity utilization rate of B7 is currently in a state of decline.

The production capacity of the B7 plant’s third-phase production line is around 16,000 sixth-generation OLED glass substrates (1500x1850mm) per month. If dual-stack tandem OLED screens were to be produced on this production line, which was specifically designed for single-stack production, it can be expected that production capacity would drop to just over half the current level of 16,000 units per month.

Planar® CarbonLight™ VX Series is comprised of carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility, available in 1.9 and 2.6mm pixel pitch (wall) and 2.6mm (floor).

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe MicroLED Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. HDR support and superior dynamic range create vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge MicroLED technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior décor.

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. These professional-grade displays provide vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior decor.

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe MicroLED Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. HDR support and superior dynamic range create vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge MicroLED technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior décor.

Planar® CarbonLight™ VX Series is comprised of carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility, available in 1.9 and 2.6mm pixel pitch (wall) and 2.6mm (floor).

Carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility for various installations including virtual production and extended reality.

a line of extreme and ultra-narrow bezel LCD displays that provides a video wall solution for demanding requirements of 24x7 mission-critical applications and high ambient light environments

Since 1983, Planar display solutions have benefitted countless organizations in every application. Planar displays are usually front and center, dutifully delivering the visual experiences and critical information customers need, with proven technology that is built to withstand the rigors of constant use.

Unit LCD is a 1.14 inch color LCD expansion screen unit. It adopts ST7789V2 drive scheme, the resolution is 135*240, and it supports RGB666 display (262,144 colors). The internal integration of ESP32-PICO control core (built-in firmware, display development is more convenient), support through I2C (addr: 0x3E) communication interface for control and firmware upgrades. The back of the screen is integrated with a magnetic design, which can easily adsorb the metal surface for fixing. The LCD screen extension is suitable for embedding in various instruments or control devices that need to display simple content as a display panel.

Leading screen manufacturers like Samsung have turned to nanotechnology that, ironically, can’t even be seen by the naked eye but produces jaw-droppingly rich, vibrant displays. An emerging technology called Quantum Dot enhances flat-panel LED displays, commercial TVs and curved widescreen monitors, revealing many more colors and adding the necessary brightness to take full advantage of technologies like High Dynamic Range (HDR).

Quantum Dots are essentially nanoparticles that manufacturers add to the layers of films, filters, glass and electronics — sometimes called the sandwich — that comprise a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). When these Quantum Dots are illuminated, they re-emit light of a certain color. Developing the technology for the primary QLED colors (red, blue and green) has been a technological feat, and one Samsung has overcome with its R&D hub Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT). The team successfully developed blue QLED technology in 2020.

Because of its investment in R&D, Samsung is, by far, the market leader in Quantum Dots development and display products, with a category it calls Quantum LED (QLED). Other display manufacturers using Quantum Dots technology often include “Q” or “Quantum” in product names to make the distinction from conventional LCDs.

Quantum Dots-enhanced displays compare favorably with super-premium Organic LED displays (OLEDs), but usually at less cost, and with none of the technical issues and limitations that OLED introduces (more on that later). Quantum Dots technology first found its way into the premium TV market, and is now increasingly being used by image-sensitive brands for commercial applications such as digital signage, where the depth and accuracy of color is critically important.

Quantum Dots are usually applied to a sheet of film that sits as a layer in that “sandwich” in front of the LED backlight that’s used to illuminate an LCD. The light passes through the LCD display stack, with the Quantum Dot color filter layer enhancing and enabling the LCD to reveal a wider and more saturated range of colors than would otherwise be possible.

Many consumer and B2B brands place heavy importance on how their products look to the marketplace. Their brands’ colors are not just blue and red — they are very specific blues and reds. Brand owners often have rigorous guidelines that mandate how these colors are reproduced, and in the case of digital displays, Quantum Dots technology provides the level of accuracy they want. Samsung’s QLED displays, for example, enable more than a billion colors.

By one estimate, Quantum Dots increase the color gamut on LCD displays by up to 50 percent. That broad range of colors also enables more saturated colors — the vivid, intense color levels that “pop” on screens and draw viewer attention.

Using Quantum Dots means the range of colors and their accuracy is maintained even at peak brightness, while other display technologies like OLED might wash out colors when scenes require full brightness. The result with QLED is accurate, rich and detailed colors on displays, in any light.

Quantum Dots LCD displays are often compared to OLED flat panel displays, with both billed as premium visual experiences. To a casual observer, they can look very similar, but there are distinct differences.

In pure technical terms, they’re different in that LCDs are illuminated by integrated but distinct LED lighting arrays, whereas OLEDs are self-emissive — each pixel is its own light.

Both technologies offer a huge range of colors, delivering eye-popping visuals. But while Quantum Dots can reproduce that full range of colors even at peak brightness, when the image on an OLED display becomes too bright, its color capabilities are compromised, and diminishing the available spectrum. Samsung QLEDs have peak brightness levels as high as 4,000 nits, which is brighter than what’s needed for outdoor displays to overpower the glare of direct sunlight.

When flat panel displays first came into the marketplace, much of the marketing story and buyer interest focused on their shape and scale. Then the focus turned to resolution, shifting from 720p to 1080p HD and then to 4K and even 8K.

Size and pixel counts are important, but in many respects the real determining factors for brands and business users is visual quality. The real benefits of Full HD, Ultra HD and beyond come when a display can deliver that volume of detail with an exceptional depth of color, no matter the visuals. Samsung’s QLED technology is supported by AI-powered machine learning, which can scale 4K UHD and Full HD content to 8K resolution without compromising quality.

Quantum Dots may seem like a term that could only excite nerds, but one look at a QLED display will generate admiration even from people who don’t want to know all the technical details.

Explore Samsung’s full lineup ofQLED displays, designed deliver realistic detail and vibrant color to showcase your business in the best light. Looking for more buying advice? You can find everything you need to know about choosing your LED displays for optimal viewing indoors and out in thisfree, comprehensive guide.

Displays and touch panels are at their best when they perform with highly transparent, low-haze, and UV-resistant features. Adding an optically clear adhesive to your LCD’s stack up promotes these features. Liquid optical bond can prove to be expensive. OCA bonding is considered a safe and effective alternative to the liquid optical bond method. Like liquid clear adhesives, OCA reduces the reflection layers in a panel. There are various advantages to choosing OCA bonding as your preferred integration method. OCA bonding is clean, which eliminates the need to clean up residuals after the bonding process is complete. The process produces high yield and is repairable.

OCA bonding is thin, making it an ideal choice for rigid bonding and small LCD frames. Our OCA adhesives are precisely adjusted to fit LCD panels 12” or smaller. The material is considered a dry film, its pressure-sensitive application allows for precise and unique processing in which it fits into your industrial LCD. Although thin, bonding protects the LCD against environmental factors as well as foreign contaminants and abrasive material. Applications include laminating films to rigid or flexible substrates; laminating together two rigid substrates; bonding touch panels and cover lenses; bonding displays to cover lenses or touch panels.

Our experienced team services each industrial panel model individually to diagnose cover glass irregularities. After ensuring repairability, our professional team uses an advanced optically clear adhesive to fuse the LCD and new cover glass, creating a blemish and scratch-free surface. Our advanced OCA prevents and protects end-user’s industrial panels from further damage due to natural wear and tear.

Lowered optical clarity due to increase in glare layers: the addition of a single piece of glass will create two additional reflective surfaces which trap glare, not only from ambient light but can even produce glare from the actual LCD. Adding an AR film does not match the level of clarity and visibility achieved with OCA bond.

Optical bonding is the process of adjoining the LCD and touchscreen or cover glass together to create a single optical index. Put simply, the air gap between the LCD and the cover glass is eliminated, therefore benefiting the LCD’s optical functionality and reducing the number of reflection points. Creating this singular optical index adds clarity and viewability to the display’s screen. Our bonding is performed with a proprietary adhesive, which is solidified with a quick but reliable curing method.

Why add an optical bond to your display? Besides creating a single optical index, there are other benefits to adding an optical bond to your LCD. Most LCDs have plastic surfaces that are not vandal or weatherproof. This component is called a cover lens. The material does not hold up well against scratches or damages, leaving your LCD with large vulnerabilities. To protect your LCD display, you will need to install a cover glass or other strengthened polycarbonate material to the LCD for protection. Adding this hardened substrate will require a bond. Adding an optical bond improves resistance against shock and vibration, which benefits those using their display in a volatile or rugged environment. Lastly, eliminating the gap prevents dust, moisture and condensation ingression, keeping your LCD readability and clarity at superior levels.

Our optical bonding service is the most robust ruggedized bonding service AGDisplays has to offer. Augmented optical performance including increased luminance, increased contrast, and reduced internal reflections. Optical bonding creates superior LCD strength and prevents a shattering screen and less vulnerable to contamination and moisture. Increase the quality and lifespan of your LCD while keeping replacement costs low with this service. AGDisplays is capable of low and high volume production. Full lamination may include outer substrates consisting of adhesive and elements such as mesh and other optical films.

Our optical bonding method is performed in-house by a skilled technician on any sized LCD. Each LCD is carefully handled throughout the technical process. Quality assurance measures and testing are performed on each LCD to guarantee your specifications are met. We strive to meet the needs of medical, military and other specialty markets and ensure that each product maintains high quality standards.

When optical bonding is not practical for your LCD, AGDisplays offers tape, or perimeter, bonding. Perimeter bonding helps your company save on costs while still ruggedizing your panels sufficiently. Our tape bond services provide a secure bond that increases productivity, long-term durability and improved appearance. The adhesive offers a wide temperature specification, allowing durable placement of the touch screen to the LCD in various environments.

Our technical experts use a class 1000 clean room to manually perform each bond with precision. Manufacturing yield for perimeter bond is high and is a cost-effective & common solution. AGDisplays offers tape perimeter touch screen and shield front perimeter bonding. Consult AGDisplays today to speak with a representative about which option is best for your project. AGDisplays supports virtually any manufacturer of LCD and touchscreen. For cover glass shield protection, AGDisplays can work with your requirements to offer products and glass materials to achieve your exact requirement.

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or organic LED), also known as organic electroluminescent (organic EL) diode,light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) which has a slightly different mode of operation. An OLED display can be driven with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control scheme. In the PMOLED scheme, each row and line in the display is controlled sequentially, one by one,thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane to directly access and switch each individual pixel on or off, allowing for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

An OLED display works without a backlight because it emits its own visible light. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions (such as a dark room), an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, regardless of whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or an LED backlight. OLED displays are made in the same way as LCDs, but after TFT (for active matrix displays), addressable grid (for passive matrix displays) or indium-tin oxide (ITO) segment (for segment displays) formation, the display is coated with hole injection, transport and blocking layers, as well with electroluminescent material after the first 2 layers, after which ITO or metal may be applied again as a cathode and later the entire stack of materials is encapsulated. The TFT layer, addressable grid or ITO segments serve as or are connected to the anode, which may be made of ITO or metal.transparent displays being used in smartphones with optical fingerprint scanners and flexible displays being used in foldable smartphones.

Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990, with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, UK, reporting a high-efficiency green light-emitting polymer-based device using 100nm thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).plastic electronics and OLED research and device production grew rapidly.et al. at Yamagata University, Japan in 1995, achieved the commercialization of OLED-backlit displays and lighting.

In 1999, Kodak and Sanyo had entered into a partnership to jointly research, develop, and produce OLED displays. They announced the world"s first 2.4-inch active-matrix, full-color OLED display in September the same year.

Manufacturing of small molecule OLEDs was started in 1997 by Pioneer Corporation, followed by TDK in 2001 and Samsung-NEC Mobile Display (SNMD), which later became one of the world"s largest OLED display manufacturers - Samsung Display, in 2002.

The Sony XEL-1, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.Universal Display Corporation, one of the OLED materials companies, holds a number of patents concerning the commercialization of OLEDs that are used by major OLED manufacturers around the world.

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED, P-OLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to an external voltage. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays. Polymer OLEDs are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced.

Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted lightring opening metathesis polymerization.

The bottom-emission organic light-emitting diode (BE-OLED) is the architecture that was used in the early-stage AMOLED displays. It had a transparent anode fabricated on a glass substrate, and a shiny reflective cathode. Light is emitted from the transparent anode direction. To reflect all the light towards the anode direction, a relatively thick metal cathode such as aluminum is used. For the anode, high-transparency indium tin oxide (ITO) was a typical choice to emit as much light as possible.thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, and the area from which light can be extracted is limited and the light emission efficiency is reduced.

In "white + color filter method," red, green, and blue emissions are obtained from the same white-light LEDs using different color filters.uneven degradation rate of blue pixels vs. red and green pixels. Disadvantages of this method are low color purity and contrast. Also, the filters absorb most of the light waves emitted, requiring the background white light to be relatively strong to compensate for the drop in brightness, and thus the power consumption for such displays can be higher.

Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight.Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications.

Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth,

In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.

The most commonly used patterning method for organic light-emitting displays is shadow masking during film deposition,photochemical machining, reminiscent of old CRT shadow masks, are used in this process. The dot density of the mask will determine the pixel density of the finished display.−5Pa. An oxygen meter ensures that no oxygen enters the chamber as it could damage (through oxidation) the electroluminescent material, which is in powder form. The mask is aligned with the mother substrate before every use, and it is placed just below the substrate. The substrate and mask assembly are placed at the top of the deposition chamber.virtual reality headsets.

Although the shadow-mask patterning method is a mature technology used from the first OLED manufacturing, it causes many issues like dark spot formation due to mask-substrate contact or misalignment of the pattern due to the deformation of shadow mask. Such defect formation can be regarded as trivial when the display size is small, however it causes serious issues when a large display is manufactured, which brings significant production yield loss. To circumvent such issues, white emission devices with 4-sub-pixel color filters (white, red, green and blue) have been used for large televisions. In spite of the light absorption by the color filter, state-of-the-art OLED televisions can reproduce color very well, such as 100% NTSC, and consume little power at the same time. This is done by using an emission spectrum with high human-eye sensitivity, special color filters with a low spectrum overlap, and performance tuning with color statistics into consideration.

Transfer-printing is an emerging technology to assemble large numbers of parallel OLED and AMOLED devices efficiently. It takes advantage of standard metal deposition, photolithography, and etching to create alignment marks commonly on glass or other device substrates. Thin polymer adhesive layers are applied to enhance resistance to particles and surface defects. Microscale ICs are transfer-printed onto the adhesive surface and then baked to fully cure adhesive layers. An additional photosensitive polymer layer is applied to the substrate to account for the topography caused by the printed ICs, reintroducing a flat surface. Photolithography and etching removes some polymer layers to uncover conductive pads on the ICs. Afterwards, the anode layer is applied to the device backplane to form the bottom electrode. OLED layers are applied to the anode layer with conventional vapor deposition, and covered with a conductive metal electrode layer. As of 2011mm × 400mm. This size limit needs to expand for transfer-printing to become a common process for the fabrication of large OLED/AMOLED displays.

Experimental OLED displays using conventional photolithography techniques instead of FMMs have been demonstrated, allowing for large substrate sizes (as it eliminates the need for a mask that needs to be as large as the substrate) and good yield control.

For a high resolution display like a TV, a thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. As of 2019, low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS)– TFT is widely used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported.excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) backplane can also be used.

OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen printing,plasma displays. However, fabrication of the OLED substrate as of 2018 is costlier than that for TFT LCDs.registration — lining up the different printed layers to the required degree of accuracy.

OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates, leading to the possible fabrication of flexible organic light-emitting diodes for other new applications, such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. If a substrate like polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

OLEDs enable a greater contrast ratio and wider viewing angle compared to LCDs, because OLED pixels emit light directly. This also provides a deeper black level, since a black OLED display emits no light. Furthermore, OLED pixel colors appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90° from the normal.

LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through. Thus, they cannot show true black. However, an inactive OLED element does not produce light or consume power, allowing true blacks.nm. The refractive value and the matching of the optical IMLs property, including the device structure parameters, also enhance the emission intensity at these thicknesses.

OLEDs also have a much faster response time than an LCD. Using response time compensation technologies, the fastest modern LCDs can reach response times as low as 1ms for their fastest color transition, and are capable of refresh frequencies as high as 240Hz. According to LG, OLED response times are up to 1,000 times faster than LCD,μs (0.01ms), which could theoretically accommodate refresh frequencies approaching 100kHz (100,000Hz). Due to their extremely fast response time, OLED displays can also be easily designed to be strobed, creating an effect similar to CRT flicker in order to avoid the sample-and-hold behavior seen on both LCDs and some OLED displays, which creates the perception of motion blur.

The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials. One 2008 technical report on an OLED TV panel found that after 1,000hours, the blue luminance degraded by 12%, the red by 7% and the green by 8%.hours to half original brightness (five years at eight hours per day) when used for flat-panel displays. This is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technology; each rated for about 25,000–40,000hours to half brightness, depending on manufacturer and model. One major challenge for OLED displays is the formation of dark spots due to the ingress of oxygen and moisture, which degrades the organic material over time whether or not the display is powered.

However, some manufacturers" displays aim to increase the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by improving light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current.cd/m2 of luminance for over 198,000hours for green OLEDs and 62,000hours for blue OLEDs.hours for red, 1,450,000hours for yellow and 400,000hours for green at an initial luminance of 1,000cd/m2.

Degradation occurs three orders of magnitude faster when exposed to moisture than when exposed to oxygen. Encapsulation can be performed by applying an epoxy adhesive with dessicant,Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The encapsulation process is carried out under a nitrogen environment, using UV-curable LOCA glue and the electroluminescent and electrode material deposition processes are carried out under a high vacuum. The encapsulation and material deposition processes are carried out by a single machine, after the Thin-film transistors have been applied. The transistors are applied in a process that is the same for LCDs. The electroluminescent materials can also be applied using inkjet printing.

The OLED material used to produce blue light degrades much more rapidly than the materials used to produce other colors; in other words, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This variation in the differential color output will change the color balance of the display, and is much more noticeable than a uniform decrease in overall luminance.

Improvements to the efficiency and lifetime of blue OLEDs is vital to the success of OLEDs as replacements for LCD technology. Considerable research has been invested in developing blue OLEDs with high external quantum efficiency, as well as a deeper blue color.

Blue TADF emitters are expected to market by 2020WOLED displays with phosphorescent color filters, as well as blue OLED displays with ink-printed QD color filters.

Water can instantly damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage especially may limit the longevity of more flexible displays.

As an emissive display technology, OLEDs rely completely upon converting electricity to light, unlike most LCDs which are to some extent reflective. E-paper leads the way in efficiency with ~ 33% ambient light reflectivity, enabling the display to be used without any internal light source. The metallic cathode in an OLED acts as a mirror, with reflectance approaching 80%, leading to poor readability in bright ambient light such as outdoors. However, with the proper application of a circular polarizer and antireflective coatings, the diffuse reflectance can be reduced to less than 0.1%. With 10,000 fc incident illumination (typical test condition for simulating outdoor illumination), that yields an approximate photopic contrast of 5:1. Advances in OLED technologies, however, enable OLEDs to become actually better than LCDs in bright sunlight. The AMOLED display in the Galaxy S5, for example, was found to outperform all LCD displays on the market in terms of power usage, brightness and reflectance.

While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image that is primarily black, for the majority of images it will consume 60–80% of the power of an LCD. However, an OLED can use more than 300% power to display an image with a white background, such as a document or web site.

OLEDs use pulse width modulation to show colour/brightness gradations, so even if the display is at 100% brightness, any pixel that"s, for example, 50% grey will be off for 50% of the time, making for a subtle strobe effect. The alternative way to decrease brightness would be to decrease the constant power to the OLEDs, which would result in no screen flicker, but a noticeable change in colour balance, getting worse as brightness decreases.

Almost all OLED manufacturers rely on material deposition equipment that is only made by a handful of companies,Canon Tokki, a unit of Canon Inc. Canon Tokki is reported to have a near-monopoly of the giant OLED-manufacturing vacuum machines, notable for their 100-metre (330 ft) size.Apple has relied solely on Canon Tokki in its bid to introduce its own OLED displays for the iPhones released in 2017.

OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and portable digital media players, car radios and digital cameras among others, as well as lighting.Philips Lighting has made OLED lighting samples under the brand name "Lumiblade" available onlineNovaled AG based in Dresden, Germany, introduced a line of OLED desk lamps called "Victory" in September, 2011.

Nokia introduced OLED mobile phones including the N85 and the N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display. OLEDs have also been used in most Motorola and Samsung color cell phones, as well as some HTC, LG and Sony Ericsson models.ZEN V, the iriver clix, the Zune HD and the Sony Walkman X Series.

The Google and HTC Nexus One smartphone includes an AMOLED screen, as does HTC"s own Desire and Legend phones. However, due to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays, certain HTC models will use Sony"s SLCD displays in the future,Nexus S smartphone will use "Super Clear LCD" instead in some countries.

OLED displays were used in watches made by Fossil (JR-9465) and Diesel (DZ-7086). Other manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited (Hong Kong),AU Optronics (Taiwan),Chimei Innolux Corporation (Taiwan),LG (Korea),

The use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Universal Display Corporation, Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, numerous universities and others.

Flexible OLED displays have been used by manufacturers to create curved displays such as the Galaxy S7 Edge but they were not in devices that can be flexed by the users.

On 31 October 2018, Royole, a Chinese electronics company, unveiled the world"s first foldable screen phone featuring a flexible OLED display.Samsung announced the Samsung Galaxy Fold with a foldable OLED display from Samsung Display, its majority-owned subsidiary.MWC 2019 on 25 February 2019, Huawei announced the Huawei Mate X featuring a foldable OLED display from BOE.

The 2010s also saw the wide adoption of tracking gate-line in pixel (TGP), which moves the driving circuitry from the borders of the display to in between the display"s pixels, allowing for narrow bezels.

The number of automakers using OLEDs is still rare and limited to the high-end of the market. For example, the 2010 Lexus RX features an OLED display instead of a thin film transistor (TFT-LCD) display.

A Japanese manufacturer Pioneer Electronic Corporation produced the first car stereos with a monochrome OLED display, which was also the world"s first OLED product.Yazaki,Hyundai Sonata and Kia Soul EV use a 3.5-inch white PMOLED display.

By 2004, Samsung Display, a subsidiary of South Korea"s largest conglomerate and a former Samsung-NEC joint venture, was the world"s largest OLED manufacturer, producing 40% of the OLED displays made in the world,AMOLED market.million out of the total $475million revenues in the global OLED market in 2006.

In October 2008, Samsung showcased the world"s thinnest OLED display, also the first to be "flappable" and bendable.mm (thinner than paper), yet a Samsung staff member said that it is "technically possible to make the panel thinner".cd/m2. The colour reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard.

At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large, transparent OLED display featuring up to 40% transparency

Samsung"s 2010 AMOLED smartphones used their Super AMOLED trademark, with the Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in June 2010. In January 2011, Samsung announced their Super AMOLED Plus displays, which offer several advances over the older Super AMOLED displays: real stripe matrix (50% more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18% reduction in energy consumption.

In May 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch (6.4 cm) flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.mm thick 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) display with a resolution of 320×200 pixels and a 0.3mm thick 11-inch (28 cm) display with 960×540 pixels resolution, one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1.

In July 2008, a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. NEDO said the project was aimed at developing a core technology to mass-produce 40inch or larger OLED displays in the late 2010s.

In October 2008, Sony published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid LCDs and plasma screens. Eventually, bendable, see-through displays could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products.

In January 2015, LG Display signed a long-term agreement with Universal Display Corporation for the supply of OLED materials and the right to use their patented OLED emitters.

On 6 January 2011, Los Angeles-based technology company Recom Group introduced the first small screen consumer application of the OLED at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. This was a 2.8" (7cm) OLED display being used as a wearable video name tag.cm) OLED displays on a standard broadcaster"s mic flag. The video mic flag allowed video content and advertising to be shown on a broadcasters standard mic flag.

On 6 January 2016, Dell announced the Ultrasharp UP3017Q OLED monitor at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.Hz refresh rate, 0.1 millisecond response time, and a contrast ratio of 400,000:1. The monitor was set to sell at a price of $4,999 and release in March, 2016, just a few months later. As the end of March rolled around, the monitor was not released to the market and Dell did not speak on reasons for the delay. Reports suggested that Dell canceled the monitor as the company was unhappy with the image quality of the OLED panel, especially the amount of color drift that it displayed when you viewed the monitor from the sides.Hz refresh rate and a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1. As of June, 2017, the monitor is no longer available to purchase from Dell"s website.

Apple began using OLED panels in its watches in 2015 and in its laptops in 2016 with the introduction of an OLED touchbar to the MacBook Pro.iPhone X with their own optimized OLED display licensed from Universal Display Corporation.iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, and iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max.

A third model of Nintendo"s Switch, a hybrid gaming system, features an OLED panel in place of the original model"s LCD panel. Announced in the summer of 2021, it was released on 8 October 2021.

On 18 October 2018, Samsung showed of their research roadmap at their 2018 Samsung OLED Forum. This included Fingerprint on Display (FoD), Under Panel Sensor (UPS), Haptic on Display (HoD) and Sound on Display (SoD).

Various venders are also researching cameras under OLEDs (Under Display Cameras). According to IHS Markit Huawei has partnered with BOE, Oppo with China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSOT), Xiaomi with Visionox.

In 2020, researchers at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) proposed using human hair which is a source of carbon and nitrogen to create OLED displays.

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