autostereoscopic display screens in stock

Using the latest generation of auto-stereoscopic (or ‘lenticular’) LCD technology, Magnetic Enabl3D screens allow incredible resolution and outstanding 3D large format displays without the need for any special 3D glasses, 3D eyewear, 3D headgear or 3D projectors.

Providing the ultimate in eye-catching, crowd-stopping 3D displays, with 3D media and 3D digital signage; 3D video images and content appear to fly out of the screen and float in mid air!

•Glasses-free 3D screen technology•Auto-stereoscopic, Full-HD 1080p LCD screens•9-point multi-viewing 3D zones•176° ultra-wide viewing angle•50,000 hours viewing time•Durable and discreet design and build•IRFM technology helps prevent ‘screen burn’•Configurable Inputs/Outputs•Active ambient light sensor for energy saving control

Using the latest generation of auto-stereoscopic (or ‘lenticular’) LCD technology, Magnetic Enabl3D screens allow incredible resolution and outstanding 3D large format displays without the need for any special glasses, eyewear, headgear or projectors.

Providing the ultimate in eye-catching, crowd-stopping displays, media and digital signage; video images and content appear to fly out of the screen and float in mid air!

•Glasses-free 3D screen technology•Auto-stereoscopic, Full-HD 1080p LCD screens•9-point multi-viewing 3D zones•176° ultra-wide viewing angle•50,000 hours viewing time•Durable and discreet design and build•IRFM technology helps prevent ‘screen burn’•Configurable Inputs/Outputs•Active ambient light sensor for energy saving control

In addition, the next generation of 3D technology with improved features is already in the development pipeline. 3D Global products are state-of-the-art autostereoscopic 3D displays that provide a unique, direct experience of true 3D viewing or mixed 2D/3D viewing without glasses or other devices.

In this paper, an autostereoscopic display system based on a time-multiplexed directional backlight using a large aperture Fresnel lens is proposed. High-resolution stereoscopy for multiple viewers positioned at different distances from the screen is achieved in the proposed system by layering polymer dispersed liquid crystal screens behind the Fresnel lens. The screens with segmented electrodes are electrically controlled to change the position of light diffusion, while the time-multiplexed backlight is projected by a digital mirror device projector at a high refresh rate. The light is diffused at the conjugate focal points of the observers’ eyes to deliver directional light to each eye. The right-eye image and the left-eye image are alternated on the LCD panel in front of the lens to synchronize with the backlight.

The autostereoscopic display is a promising way towards three-dimensional-display technology since it allows humans to perceive stereoscopic images with naked eyes. However, it faces great challenges from low resolution, narrow viewing angle, ghost images, eye strain, and fatigue. Nowadays, the prevalent liquid crystal display (LCD), the organic light-emitting diode (OLED), and the emerging micro light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) offer more powerful tools to tackle these challenges. First, we comprehensively review various implementations of autostereoscopic displays. Second, based on LCD, OLED, and Micro-LED, their pros and cons for the implementation of autostereoscopic displays are compared. Lastly, several novel implementations of autostereoscopic displays with Micro-LED are proposed: a Micro-LED light-stripe backlight with an LCD, a high-resolution Micro-LED display with a micro-lens array or a high-speed scanning barrier/deflector, and a transparent floating display. This work could be a guidance for Micro-LED applications on autostereoscopic displays.

Human eyes are capable of perceiving three-dimensional (3D) scenes and sensing the depth of objects, but the present two-dimensional (2D) displays are unable to show the depth perception, so people are pursuing more advanced 3D displays to make images closer to the reality. In physiology, depth cues include many agents; here, we focus on the physiological cues used in 3D displays: accommodation, convergence, binocular parallax, and motion parallax [1,2].

Accommodation refers to the adjustment of focal length of eyes on the watched object; convergence refers to the rotation of eyeballs to converge on the perceived point; binocular parallax, or binocular disparity, refers to the slightly different perceived images from left and right eyes, and the brain merges the two images into a stereoscopic image. It is the most important depth cue utilized in 3D displays. The last, motion parallax, refers to the relative location change of objects when moving our viewing position.

In these cues, binocular parallax gives rise to a strong depth sensation. Based on binocular parallax, many types of 3D displays were invented. In general, they can be classified into stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, respectively. Stereoscopic displays require audience wearing specialized glasses to perceive 3D images, but autostereoscopic displays permit watching 3D images with naked eyes. The very first autostereoscopic display was invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1830s using two tilted mirrors with 90 between them. Here, we focus on autostereoscopic displays because it is much closer to our natural visual experience. Moreover, in this article, the term “3D displays” is limited to “autostereoscopic displays”.

Autostereoscopic displays of interest to the market, and there are several commercial products which employ them, such as Nintendo 3DS, HTC EVO 3D, Sony Spatial Reality Display, and Google Starline. It shows that many corporations are striving to promote autostereoscopic displays to consumers. However, they still face challenges such as image blur, low resolution, narrow viewing angular range, limited viewing distance, eye strain, and fatigue [3,4].

For autostereoscopic displays, the “light field” is a pivotal concept that must be mentioned. The term “light field” was coined by Andrey Gershun [5] in 1936. It illustrates the light intensity at a given position (x, y, z) and direction (θ, ϕ), and it is a 5D plenoptic function [6]. Furthermore, in 1996, Marc Levoy and Pat Hanrahan [7] proposed that the 5D function can be reduced to a 4D function as L(x, y, θ, ϕ) since the light ray remains unchanged along its propagation in free space. It implies that we can use a display that emits 2D spatial and 2D directional light rays to reproduce the light field including the depth information as shown in Figure 1a. Therefore, it fundamentally guarantees that 3D displays are feasible in principle, rather than a science fiction. However, the 4D function still carries too much information than the present technology can handle; to further reduce the information quantity, the vertical parallax depending on ϕ is dropped, since human perceives depth mainly based on horizontal binocular parallax of θ. Thus, the 4D function is reduced to a 3D function of (x, y, θ) as shown in Figure 1b. In general, 2D panels encode only the 2D spatial light intensity information but lack the light-ray directional information. However, it is possible to modify a 2D panel into a light-field display with light-directional-control elements, such as a parallax barrier [8,9], lenticular lens [10,11], and micro-lens array [12,13], etc.

Since the binocular parallax gives rise to a strong depth cue, people start to think how to make two eyes catch different perspective images. A parallax barrier or a lenticular sheet can achieve this. These methods usually redistribute the pixels evenly into two eyes, and this is called spatial multiplex. It is compatible with the modern liquid crystal display (LCD) or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, but the drawback is that it reduces the resolution and luminance of the display. Commonly, spatial-multiplex displays are designed as two-view or multiple-view displays and multiple images share all the pixels evenly, so the spatial resolution of a single view is only 1/N, where N is the number of views. The problem can be resolved by the time-multiplex method, which is introduced in Section 4.

In 1896, Auguste Berthier [14] proposed a “parallax barrier” to create an auto-stereogram. Its mechanism is described in Figure 2, showing that the parallax barrier is (a) in front of the display panel or (b) behind the display panel. The parallax barrier is an interlace of transparent and opaque stripes. For the left eye, only the pixels labeled as L are perceived, and the pixels labeled as R are blocked. In the same way, only pixels labeled as R are perceived by the right eye. Thus, the left and right eyes watch different images, and it generates binocular parallax. In Figure 2b, the parallax barrier is inserted between the display panel and the backlight to make the barrier invisible, so people would not be aware of the existence of black strips. The details of the optical design can be found in Huang’s article [15].

For practical use, this type of 3D display is usually designed as a 2D/3D switchable display. In real life, we have a bunch of 2D content such as texts, 2D images and videos, and watching 2D content with a parallax barrier makes the images fragmented, so switching back to the conventional 2D display is more suitable. The Nintendo 3DS [16] is a popular commercial product with a switchable parallax barrier. It used the configuration of Figure 2b and replaced the parallax barrier with a switchable liquid crystal (LC) shutter array, and it produced a two-view 3D image with 400 × 240 pixels for each eye. Sharp Inc. [17] also developed a 2D/3D switchable display with a switchable binary liquid crystal panel in front of a LCD; it is similar to the Nintendo 3DS but with a configuration shown in Figure 2a. Meanwhile, Samsung Inc. [18] and LG Inc. [19] have published a similar work with a switching LCD barrier inserted between the LCD and its backlight. Sanyo Inc. [20] used polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) as a transparent/diffuse switchable film. With an applied electric field, the transparent mode makes the parallax barrier effective as a 3D mode; on the contrary, the diffuse mode disturbs the direction of light and makes the barrier ineffective as a 2D mode. It is worth mentioning that the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) [21] developed a localized 2D/3D switchable display and won the R&D100 award in 2010. It stacked two same-resolution LCDs and a micro-retarder film to form a localized parallax barrier, so the 2D content and 3D content were shown at the same time.

Nowadays, many companies have developed lenticular 2D/3D switchable displays. Philips Inc. [23] developed LC switchable lenticular lenses that consist of a hollow lenticular shell filled LC in the hollow part. It is the 3D mode if the electric field is off, and 2D mode if the electric field is on. Given the mismatch of refractive index of LC and the material of lenticular shell, it behaves as a lens; on the contrary, with an electric field, the refractive index of LC would be the same as the lenticular shell, and the lens effect would vanish. Ocuity Inc. [24] developed another type of lenticular 2D/3D switchable display. The switchable lenticular lenses are comprised of a birefringent surface relief and a second layer made of isotropic material. It is polarization-sensitive, so a polarization rotator used to switch the polarization of light activates the function of lenticular lens in 3D mode. LG Inc. [25] adopted electric-field driven LC lenses as the switchable lenticular lenses. By controlling the distribution of the electric field, the LC has various rotation angles over the LC cell and forms a refractive index profile, equivalent to a convex lens. Without applying an electric field, it is nothing but a uniform-refractive-index plate, and behaves as a 2D mode. Chang et al. developed another configuration of rotatable 2D/3D display using an LC lens array with a gradient electric field to watch 3D content in landscape/portrait mode [26]. Lastly, ITRI demonstrated a lenticular sheet and a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) inserted between an LCD panel and its collimated backlight. When PDLC is in clear mode, the lenticular sheet directs the light into viewing zones as the 3D mode; when the PDLC is in diffusing mode, the collimated backlight is diffused and behaves as the 2D mode [27].

Besides the multiview displays, a “super-multiview display” means a very high dense of view number that allows at least two views impinging into a single eye. Two or more views represent two or more rays entering the pupil of eyes such that eyes can focus on the intersection of two or more rays [28]. Researchers have demonstrated 64-, 72-, 128-, and 256-view systems with a micro-lens array [29,30,31,32,33,34]. The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) [35] developed a super-multiview display with 57 units of projectors, and a viewing angle of 13. ITRI [36] also demonstrated a multiple projector systems involving 60 views and a 32-inch lenticular screen. Takaki et al. [37] proposed a tabletop 360 system with high-speed projectors and a rotating transmissive screen. However, super-multiview suffers a huge loss of resolution, so introducing a head-tracking system is an effective manner to keep the resolution from dropping too much. Sony Inc. [38] has developed a 15.6″ 4 K light-field display with lenticules and a head-tracking system to avoid the pseudoscopic image and to reduce the resolution loss, but it is designed for a single user only.

The main shortcoming of the spatial multiplex is the severe drop in resolution, especially for multiview displays. To overcome the problem, “time multiplex” was proposed to solve it. The idea is multiplying the refresh rate by the number of views and reusing each pixel multiple times to compensate for the loss of resolution. This method projects each view time-sequentially. As an example of a two-view display, the refresh rate needs to be 60 Hz × 2 = 120 Hz to ensure that both eyes perceive images without flickers. Nonetheless, achieving an even higher refresh rate is not easy for common LCDs and the directional device, and it is also one of the major barriers to pursuing multiviews in time multiplex.

This type of scanning parallax barrier can be realized with an electro-controllable LC shutter array. So far, most time-multiplex displays are two-view displays owing to the slow scanning rate of LC. Samsung Inc. [39,40] has developed a fast-scanning parallax barrier with an optical compensated bend (OCB) display mode to achieve a 5 ms response time, and an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display was adopted because of its high refresh rate. Overall, a 2.2-inch, full resolution 240 × 320, two-view time-multiplex display was demonstrated. PolarScreens Inc. [41] demonstrated a 120Hz 3D LCD panel, a vertical patterned active shutter panel and a head tracking system to achieve a full resolution autostereoscopic display.

In Figure 8, the scanning prism is configured with an isotropic prism with refractive index n and a LC-filled prism whose refractive index is determined by the orientation of LC. Without applying an electric field, the LC direction is parallel to the polarization of light, and it behaves as refractive index of ne; by applying an electric field, the LC direction is perpendicular to the polarization of light, and it behaves as a refractive index of no. If ne>n>no, then the light is bent to left without applying an electric field and bent to right with applying an electric field. Thus, the direction of light is controlled by the applying electric field. By scanning the light direction, time-multiplex multiview display was realized.

Integral imaging (InIm) was invented by the Nobel laureate in physics, Gabriel Lippmann in 1908, and he coined this technique as “integral photography” [46]. Figure 9 shows the idea behind InIm: A voxel [2] is formed by intersecting rays being emitted from the 2D display and being directed to the position of voxel by the 2D micro-lens array. In other words, the multiple perspectives of a voxel are recorded by the 2D micro-lens array and reconstructed by the reversed way, and it presents a full parallax. If the ray density is high enough to allow at least two rays into a single eye, then it shows the accommodation effect [47] that resolves the accommodation-convergence conflict [6]. Hence, it mitigates the fatigue problem. The range of pupil diameter is 4–6 mm [48], indicating the ray separation is 2–3 mm when arriving at the eyes, so hundreds of rays in horizontal and vertical directions are required to cover a head movement in hundreds of millimeters, and the overall ray number could be tens of thousands; thus, the native display resolution must be tens of thousands-fold the perceived resolution, so an extremely-high-resolution display is required.

The principle behind integral imaging: The light field is reconstructed by the rays from the 2D display, which are directed to the voxel’s position by the micro-lens 2D array and intersect with a voxel.

A large-screen InIm of 87 inch and a 360 light-field display with a holographic functional film was demonstrated [49,50]. In addition, a floating 96 × 96 view-point system was demonstrated at a 45 viewing angle [51]. Another interesting application of InIm is tabletop displays. A 360 interactive tabletop display comprised of an 8K LCD, lens array, optical diffuser film, and a hand-tracking device has been demonstrated [52].

Holography was invented by the Nobel laureate, Dennis Gabor [53] in 1947. It records all the information of the light field, consisting of its amplitude and phase. In a reversed manner, the light field is reconstructed as a 3D image. Since holography does not mimic 3D with 2D images, it builds the authentic 3D wavefront instead; hence, holography is regarded as the ultimate 3D display. The formation of holography, in Figure 10, is that the object beam interferes with the reference beam coherently and the interference fringe is recorded on a photo film. Since the fringe carries the phase and amplitude information of the object beam, we can reconstruct the wavefront of object beam in reversal by illuminating the hologram with the original reference beam, so eyes perceive not only the amplitude but also the phase that produces the sensation of depth.

Electronic holography is an ideal solution for autostereoscopic display; however, it faces some large challenges. First, an ultrahigh resolution spatial light modulator (SLM) is required. The fringe width could be one half the wavelength, so it can go down to 200 nm based on 400 nm blue light; then, a 127,000-ppi SLM with 200-nm pixel size is needed to display such a narrow fringe. So far, the commercial SLM can achieve only 7000 ppi [54], so it needs a huge jump in pixel density. Second, to compute, restore, and display such a high resolution image, a huge computing power, transfer rate, and memory are required [55].

The Media Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed an electronic holographic display, Mark III [56]. It utilized a lithium niobate guided-wave acousto-optic device as an SLM that provides 200 MHz bandwidth to create the fringe pattern, which can display a 24 viewing angle, an 80 mm × 60 mm × 80 mm viewing volume with a 532 nm laser source. University of Arizona developed a updatable holographic display with a photorefractive polymer as an SLM, which exhibits a viewing angle of 45, 4 inches; the downside is that it takes two seconds to refresh a frame [57,58]. ITRI proposed another configuration of a head-mounted holographic display that reduces the required pixel density to the level of presentation of the SLM [59,60]. For this head-mounted configuration, the holography display only needs to generate a small viewing angle around 4 to cover a single eye; thus, the fringe width is around a few microns, which can be displayed in the present SLM.

Nowadays, LCD and OLED dominate the display market, and the micro-light emitting diode (Micro-LED) is the next emerging display technology. All of them can be used to implement 3D displays based on different scenarios. LCD requires a backlight to light the display on, so it has an extra flexibility to implement the light-directional-control elements within the backlight, such as the parallax barrier in Figure 1b, directional backlight [61,62], or a light-bar method introduced in Section 8. However, LCD has a slow response time around few ms [63,64], so it is hard to achieve a high refresh rate. On the contrary, OLED and Micro-LED both achieve fast response times of the order of µs and ns, respectively [65]. Hence, they are beneficial to time-multiplex. Another drawback of LCD is that it is less power efficient than OLED and Micro-LED; using a parallax-barrier setup would further deteriorate the power efficiency.

On the other hand, OLED usually has a pentile-pixel arrangement (Figure 12), which is more sophisticated than LCD’s RGB arrangement, and it requires a special pattern design for the parallax barrier. Lee and Kim have shown how to design the parallax barriers in their work [67,68]. In our group, we also developed a slanted-barrier autostereoscopic display with OLED, whose slanted angle is arctan(1/4), owning a 12-view, 166-ppi, viewing angle up to 50, because we removed the cover glass and took the advantage of the thin encapsulation of OLED. The left, middle, and right perspectives are shown in Figure 13, and it shows the horizontal parallax that the relative positions of petals and trunk change over views.

The pentile-pixel-arrangement image captured from an OLED display, showing a more sophisticated pattern than the RGB pattern of LCD, such that it is trickier to design the parallax barrier or lenticular pattern.

We have implemented an autostereoscopic display with an OLED smartphone. Comparing the (a) left, (b) middle, and (c) right views, the relative positions of petals and trunk (in the red circle) are different, and it shows a horizontal parallax.

TypePros for 3D DisplayCons for 3D DisplayLCD1. LCD is more flexible regarding installation of the light-directional-control element cooperating with the backlight or in front of the color filter.1. Slow response time (∼ms), unsuitable for time multiplex.

Micro-LED is an emerging technology that potentially drives the realization of 3D displays. Micro-LED provides the pixel size down to few microns, equivalent to tens of thousands of ppi [71]. Micro-LED satisfies the ultra-high-resolution requirement for InIm, and it is able to push the development of InIm greatly forward. Second, Micro-LED provides response time of nanoseconds such that it can be used as a time-multiplex display, so every time-multiplex method in Section 4 can be applied with Micro-LED. Third, Micro-LED offers a partial-coherent light source because of its small-area luminance, and it is capable of replacing the laser as the point light source to reduce the speckle effect for the electronic holographic display [72].

On the other hand, considering Micro-LED as a function of the backlight, the configuration in Figure 14 illustrates how the rays propagate through each pixel and converge to the viewing zone; here is an example for a four-view display, and the pitch of line stripes is slightly larger than four times the pixels. In this manner, the narrower the light stripe is, the less crosstalk is induced. Taking the advantage of small dimension of Micro-LED, the crosstalk can be effectively suppressed. ITRI [73,74] has developed a light-stripe backlight with inverted trapezoids, but its light efficiency is moderate. Now, it is possible to assemble Micro-LEDs as the light-stripe backlight and promote their light efficiency significantly.

This light-stripe method can be generalized to time-multiplex display with multiple sets of light-stripe arrays. In Figure 15, four light-stripe sets are introduced, and they are manipulated with the lighting on and off in the order of yellow, purple, grey, and black cyclically. Each light-stripe set projects a quarter of the pixels to a single eye, and four sets of light stripes allow all the pixels to be perceived by a single eye. Hence, it achieves a full resolution with time-multiplex lighting on-and-off. For the four-view example, it turns 240 Hz lighting on and off. Based on the fast response of Micro-LED, it is easy to turn high-frequency lighting on and off. ITRI [45,61] has demonstrated another variant with light stripes and a lenticular sheet to collimate the backlight into a single direction; turning on different light-stripe sets directs the collimated backlight into different directions, and full-resolution images are delivered into various directions.

In addition, Micro-LED can be transferred onto a transparent glass substrate, and it becomes a transparent display that owns a floating 3D effect [75]. Japan virtual idol Hatsune Miku already demonstrated a projection image onto a transparent curved screen to mimic a holographic image [76]. Furthermore, Micro-LED has much higher luminance, up to tens of thousands of nits, than LCD, OLED, so it can be used outdoors where the ambient light is high.

Lastly, Micro-LED has a fast response time down to nano-seconends [65], it is especially suitable for time-multiplex 3D displays. Speeding up the frame rate up to 960 Hz and with the same-speed scanning barrier or a deflector such as the LC deflector shown in Figure 8, it generates a sixteen-fold multiview without any loss of resolution. Moreover, Micro-LED is more power-saving such that it prolongs the battery time for mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets.

We comprehensively reviewed the understanding of how human eyes physiologically perceive three-dimensional objects, and the optical principles behind autostereoscopic displays, including the concept of the light field, parallax barrier, lenticular lens, integral imaging, and electronic holography. On top of that, based on LCD, OLED, and Micro-LED, we investigated their pros and cons for the implementation of autostereoscopic displays. Among these technologies, Micro-LED has the advantages of high resolution, fast response time, ultra-thin encapsulation layer, and high brightness, and they are beneficial to improving the performance of autosteroscopic displays. Based on these features, we proposed several implementations of autostereoscpic displays with Micro-LED: a Micro-LED light-stripe backlight with a LCD, a high-resolution Micro-LED display with a micro-lens array or a high-speed scanning barrier/deflector, and a transparent floating display.

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New York, Jan. 27, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- According to our new research study on “3D Display Market Forecast to 2028 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Type (Stereoscopic 3D Display and Autostereoscopic 3D Display), Technology (Digital Light Processing, Organic Light Emitting Diode, and Light Emitting Diode), and Application (Consumer Electronics, Automotive, Medical, Advertising, Retail, Military and Defense, and Others)”, published by The Insight Partners.

AU OPTRONICS CORP.; Innolux Corporation; LG Electronics; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Panasonic Corporation; Samsung Group; Sharp Corporation; Looking Glass Factory Inc.; Light Field Lab, Inc.; Leia Inc.; Sony Corporation; Toshiba Corporation; and Fujifilm Corporation are among the key players that are profiled during this market study. In addition to these players, several other essential market players were also studied and analyzed to get a holistic view of the global 3D display market and its ecosystem.

In April 2021, AUO launched a stunning series of ALED Displays at Touch Taiwan 2021 with world-leading micro LED technology and applications on showcase.

There is a heavy adoption of holographic 3D displays in the media and entertainment field. The holographic display was first used in 2012 at the Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival, where a hologram of Tupac Shakur—an American rapper—was projected on the stage for a 3D music performance. Later, holograms of Michael Jackson, BTS Suga, and several other artists were recreated in musical concerts. Thus, due to heavy adoption of holographic displays across the world, the 3D display market is likely to accelerate in the coming years. Moreover, an increase in the demand for 3D visualization in entertainment, gaming, defense, and medical industries drives the market growth. Rapid development of smartphone models with curved display, proliferation of gaming industry worldwide, and incorporation of AR/VR in consumer electronics products are anticipated to bring commercial opportunities to 3D augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display in the coming years. Besides, the mounting investments in advanced technologies in automotive to provide better efficiency and safety are also likely to surge the adoption of 3D displays.

In 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak negatively impacted the growth rate of the global 3D display market due to business shutdowns and a decline in demand from end users, especially in retail and advertising sectors. The cancellation of events, exhibitions, and restrictions on mass gathering events are among the factors that affected the demand for 3D displays worldwide. The increase in the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and rising reported deaths in the country have affected manufacturing and sales of materials associated with 3D displays. The factory and business shutdowns across the US, Canada, and Mexico negatively impacted the adoption of 3D displays. The world is expecting market recovery and economic improvement with COVID-19 vaccination drives. However, companies are prone to risks with the market uncertainties from tough business environment associated with unfavorable foreign exchange rate, raw material price, and logistics cost.

The present 3D display market is in its nascent stages of growth cycle, and companies operating in this market are investing heavily in R&D to bring successful 3D display systems in the commercial market. The current key application areas of 3D displays are marketing and advertising sectors. Medical, automotive, and defense are expected to be some of the largest growth potential areas for 3D displays. The prospective application areas of 3D display technologies could be unprecedented depending on the positive growth and technology development in the market. For instance, in 2020, Continental announced the launch of its volume-production display featuring an autostereoscopic 3D technology in its HMC Genesis GV80 variant.

Holographic display technology generates arbitrary wavefronts that can be considered as an ultimate 3D experience for end users. In comparison to 2D image-based stereoscopic displays that are used to create 3D perception, which can create issues such as headache, visual discomfort, eyestrain, and fatigue in some users, the holographic 3D displays are quite comfortable for users who want to experience realistic 3D. However, the requirement of high volume for these displays makes them difficult to use in many potential applications. Thus, holographic 3D displays that use a 2D surface by exploiting the wave nature of light to develop 3D images are considered a more viable option for potential 3D display applications in fields such as marketing, advertising, medical, automotive, education, entertainment, gaming, retail, hospitality, events, sports, and digital signage.

Display Technology Market Forecast to 2028 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis - by Type (Cathode Ray Tube, Liquid Crystal Display, Light Emitting Diode, Plasma Display Panel, Organic- LED, AMOLED); Application (Television Display, Mobile Display, Computer/Laptop Display, Head mounted Display, Advertisement/Signage Display); Display (Conventional Display, 3D Display, Flexible Display, Transparent Display); End - User Industry (Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Media and Advertisement, BFSI, Retail, Military, Industrial, Medical) and Geography

3D Technology Market Forecast to 2028 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis - by Products (Sensors, Integrated Circuits, Transistors, Printer, Gaming, Imaging, Display, Navigation, Animation and Cinema); & End-Users (Healthcare, Entertainment & Media, Education, Government, Industrial, Consumer Electronics and Others)

Head-Up Display Market Forecast to 2028 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis - by Type (AR-Based HUD, Conventional HUD); Technology (Cathode Ray Tube, Light-Emitting Diode, Others); Application (Civil Aviation, Military Aviation, Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles) and Geography

Head Mounted Display Market Forecast to 2028 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Type (Integrated HMD, Discrete HMD, and Slide-On HMD), Application (Training & Simulation, Sports & Leisure, Imaging, Defense & Security, and Others), Component (Display Screens, Controllers, Sensors, Cameras, and Others), Technology (Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality), Design (Head Mounted Display and Wearable Glasses), and Connection (Wired, Wireless, and Hybrid)

Embedded Display Market Forecast to 2028 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis - by Technology (LCD, LED, OLED); Application (Industrial Automation, Fitness Equipment, Scientific Test and Measurement, Wearables, Home Appliances, Others) and Geography

Commercial Display Market Forecast to 2028 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis by Display Type (Video Wall, Outdoor Display, Signage, Variant Display, Interactive Whiteboard (IWB), Others); Technology (OLED, LED, LCD, Quantum Dots); Application (Retail, Automotive, Healthcare, Government, IT and Telecom, BFSI, Others) and Geography

E-paper Display Market Forecast to 2028 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Application (E-Readers, Smart Card, Auxiliary Display, Wearable, Others); End User (Media and Entertainment, Automotive and Transportation, Retail, Healthcare, Consumer Electronics, Others); Technology (Interferometric Modulator Display (IMOD) , Cholesteric liquid crystal display (ChLCD), Electrophoretic Display, Others) and Geography

Autostereoscopic displays, which produce an illusion of depth in images without requiring the viewer to wear special glasses, have long been regarded as a desirable improvement to existing 2D display technology for entertainment, industry, and research. Ideally, a 3D viewing system would be compatible with current liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Existing systems include parallax barrier and lenticular techniques, which allow each eye to see different images, creating a sense of depth.1–3 However, these suffer from technical challenges, including reduced resolution, limited viewing angle, and unsatisfactory crosstalk.4

Our display consists of control modules, backlight modules, a lens array, and LCD panel, where the green and blue lightpaths represent light intended for the viewer"s right and left eyes, respectively (see Figure 1). LCDs do not produce light themselves, and thus are illuminated from behind (backlit) by modules consisting of white LEDs. The orientation of the liquid crystals determines whether light from the LEDs is transmitted or blocked by the LCDs, and the orientation is controlled by applying an electric field. An array of Fresnel lenses (compact lenses made up of a series of slanted surfaces) in front of the LCD panel orients the light within the viewing zone. We have used an adaptive optical optimization algorithm to design freeform surface backlight (FFSB) modules and a lens array with hybrid spatial-temporal control of the LEDs and LCDs to achieve an autostereoscopic LCD display with full high-definition (1920×1080) resolution, low crosstalk, and wide viewing angle (see Figure 2).8–10

Figure 1.Top view of the autostereoscopic display system showing the control modules, backlight modules (LED bars made up of an LED array and diffuser), liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, and lens array. (Reproduced from original.8)

Figure 2.A high-quality autostereoscopic display. Crosstalk would be visible as a moiré pattern in the image. Without it the 3D image appears as sharp as a 2D image.

We measured the display effect in two ways. First, we wanted to increase the uniformity of the luminance, which is a new measure (figure of merit) for autostereoscopic displays. Second, for our optical design target, rather than using the conventional measure of crosstalk (which quantifies leakage of the erroneous image to the designated channel), we adopted a new crosstalk measure of the ratio of the total signal power to leakage. The test procedure is the same, but we need to process the measured data further. This is a little complicated, but it is a better test.

Combining optimally shaped FFSB units and hybrid spatial-temporal control of refreshing the LED and LCD made it possible for us to achieve crosstalk as low as 2.41%, which is very close to that of a polarizer glass-assisted 3D display system. In other work, we have achieved crosstalk as low as 1%, which is even lower than a polarizer-glass-assisted system, but this has not yet been applied to a practical device.

In summary, we have designed and demonstrated a full-resolution, low-crosstalk, wide-viewing-angle, autostereoscopic display using an adaptive optical optimization algorithm and hybrid spatial-temporal control using an FFSB unit. In our system, 2D and 3D display compatibility is achieved without degradation in resolution. Full resolution for each viewing point is preserved at 1080P (1920×1080). This is the highest definition achieved with an autostereoscopic display to date. In contrast, the resolution of lenticular or barrier-based 3D systems decreases by a factor equal to the number of viewing points. Crosstalk from adjacent channels was reduced to less than 5% even at a wide viewing angle and as little as 2.4% for an optimized design. Furthermore, our proposed design is compatible with existing LCD technology and 3D movie formats. Table 1 gives details of performance, such as gamut (set of accurately represented colors) and color temperature. In addition, our approach can be scaled up or down from a mobile system to a large screen system without any reduction in panel resolution. We are now working to apply these approaches to a multi-user 4K (3840×2160) 3D television display.

Jianying Zhou is a full professor. He received a PhD in physics from Imperial College London (UK) in 1988. His current research interests include ultrafast optoelectronics, optical imaging recovery, super-resolution optical imaging, and optics in virtual reality and in 3D display technology.

1. W.-X. Zhao, Q.-H. Wang, A.-H. Wang, D.-H. Li, Autostereoscopic display based on two-layer lenticular lenses, Opt. Lett. 35(24), p. 4127-4129, 2010.

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4. A. Gotchev, G. B. Akar, T. Capin, D. Strohmeier, A. Boev, Optimized visualization on portable autostereoscopic displays, Proc. IEEE 99(4), p. 708-741, 2011.

5. C.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Yeh, H.-P. D. Shieh, 3-D mobile display based on Moir-free dual directional backlight and driving scheme for image crosstalk reduction, J. Display Technol. 4(1), p. 92-96, 2008.

6. D. Miyazaki, Y. Hashimoto, T. Toyota, K. Okoda, T. Okuyama, T. Ohtsuki, A. Nishimura, H. Yoshida, Multi-user autostereoscopic display based on direction-controlled illumination using a slanted cylindrical lens array, Proc. SPIE 9011, p. 90111G, 2014. doi:10.1117/12.2042474

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8. J. Wang, H. Liang, H. Fan, Y. Zhou, P. Krebs, J. Su, Y. Deng, J. Zhou, High-quality autostereoscopic display with spatial and sequential hybrid control, Appl. Opt. 52(35), p. 8549-8553, 2013.

9. H. Liang, S. An, J. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Fan, P. Krebs, J. Zhou, Optimizing time-multiplexing auto-stereoscopic displays with a genetic algorithm, J. Display Technol. 10(8), p. 695-699, 2014.

10. H. Fan, Y. Zhou, J. Wang, H. Liang, P. Krebs, J. Su, D. Lin, K. Li, J. Zhou, Full resolution, low crosstalk, and wide viewing angle auto-stereoscopic display with a hybrid spatial-temporal control using free-form surface backlight unit, J. Display Technol. (Paper submitted.)

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Deng, H.; Wang, Q.H.; Luo, C.G.; Liu, C.L.; Li, C. Accommodation and convergence in integral imaging 3D display. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 2014, 22, 158–162.

Fattal, D.; Peng, Z.; Tran, T.; Vo, S.; Fiorentino, M.; Brug, J.; Beausoleil, R.G. A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display. Nature 2013, 495, 348–351.

Lee, W.; Shin, Y.; Yoon, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, C.K.; Jeong, Y.; Jang, C.; Hong, J.Y.; Lee, B. Mobile autostereoscopic 3D display using a diamond pixel structured OLED pentile display panel. In Optics InfoBase Conference Papers; OSA Technical Digest (online); Optical Society of America: Seattle, WA, USA, 2014; p. JTu4A.8.

Kim, J.; Lee, C.K.; Jeong, Y.; Jang, C.; Hong, J.Y.; Lee, W.; Shin, Y.C.; Yoon, J.H.; Lee, B. Crosstalk-reduced dual-mode mobile 3D display. IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Technol. 2015, 11, 97–103.

Liu, Z.; Lin, C.H.; Hyun, B.R.; Sher, C.W.; Lv, Z.; Luo, B.; Jiang, F.; Wu, T.; Ho, C.H.; Kuo, H.C.; et al. Micro-light-emitting diodes with quantum dots in display technology. Light. Sci. Appl. 2020, 9, 83.

Deng, Y.; Chu, D. Coherence properties of different light sources and their effect on the image sharpness and speckle of holographic displays. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 5893.

Yen, W.T.; Chen, F.H.; Chen, W.L.; Liou, J.C.; Tsai, C.H. Enhance light efficiency for slim light-strip array backlight on autostereoscopic display. In Proceedings of the 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision-Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON), Zurich, Switzerland, 15–17 October 2012; pp. 1–4.

Peng, D.; Zhang, K.; Chao, V.S.D.; Mo, W.; Lau, K.M.; Liu, Z. Full-color pixelated-addressable light emitting diode on transparent substrate (LEDoTS) micro-displays by CoB. J. Disp. Technol. 2016, 12, 742–746.

Huang, Y.; Hsiang, E.L.; Deng, M.Y.; Wu, S.T. Mini-LED, Micro-LED and OLED displays: Present status and future perspectives. Light. Sci. Appl. 2020, 9, 105.

Autostereoscopy is any method of displaying stereoscopic images (adding binocular perception of 3D depth) without the use of special headgear, glasses, something that affects vision, or anything for eyes on the part of the viewer. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D" or "glassesless 3D". There are two broad approaches currently used to accommodate motion parallax and wider viewing angles: eye-tracking, and multiple views so that the display does not need to sense where the viewer"s eyes are located.lenticular lens, parallax barrier, and may include Integral imaging, but notably do not include volumetric display or holographic displays.

Many organizations have developed autostereoscopic 3D displays, ranging from experimental displays in university departments to commercial products, and using a range of different technologies.Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) in Berlin.Sega AM3 (Floating Image System)eye tracking system and a seamless mechanical adjustment of the lenses.

Eye tracking has been used in a variety of systems in order to limit the number of displayed views to just two, or to enlarge the stereoscopic sweet spot. However, as this limits the display to a single viewer, it is not favored for consumer products.

Currently, most flat-panel displays employ lenticular lenses or parallax barriers that redirect imagery to several viewing regions; however, this manipulation requires reduced image resolutions. When the viewer"s head is in a certain position, a different image is seen with each eye, giving a convincing illusion of 3D. Such displays can have multiple viewing zones, thereby allowing multiple users to view the image at the same time, though they may also exhibit dead zones where only a non-stereoscopic or pseudoscopic image can be seen, if at all.

A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by Auguste Berthier, who published first but produced no practical results,Frederic E. Ives, who made and exhibited the first known functional autostereoscopic image in 1901.

In the early 2000s, Sharp developed the electronic flat-panel application of this old technology to commercialization, briefly selling two laptops with the world"s only 3D LCD screens.FinePix Real 3D W1 digital camera, which features a built-in autostereoscopic LCD measuring 2.8 in (71 mm) diagonal. The Nintendo 3DS video game console family uses a parallax barrier for 3D imagery; on a newer revision, the New Nintendo 3DS, this is combined with an eye tracking system.

Philips solved a significant problem with electronic displays in the mid-1990s by slanting the cylindrical lenses with respect to the underlying pixel grid.Philips produced its WOWvx line until 2009, running up to 2160p (a resolution of 3840×2160 pixels) with 46 viewing angles.Lenny Lipton"s company, StereoGraphics, produced displays based on the same idea, citing a much earlier patent for the slanted lenticulars. Magnetic3d and Zero Creative have also been involved.

With rapid advances in optical fabrication, digital processing power, and computational models for human perception, a new generation of display technology is emerging: compressive light field displays. These architectures explore the co-design of optical elements and compressive computation while taking particular characteristics of the human visual system into account. Compressive display designs include dualcomputed tomography and Non-negative matrix factorization and non-negative tensor factorization.

Dimension Technologies released a range of commercially available 2D/3D switchable LCDs in 2002 using a combination of parallax barriers and lenticular lenses.SeeReal Technologies has developed a holographic display based on eye tracking.

There are a variety of other autostereo systems as well, such as volumetric display, in which the reconstructed light field occupies a true volume of space, and integral imaging, which uses a fly"s-eye lens array.

Sunny Ocean Studios, located in Singapore, has been credited with developing an automultiscopic screen that can display autostereo 3D images from 64 different reference points.

Many autostereoscopic displays are single-view displays and are thus not capable of reproducing the sense of movement parallax, except for a single viewer in systems capable of eye tracking.

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