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When it comes todisplay technologies such asprojectorsand panels, factors such as resolution and refresh rate are often discussed. But the underlying technology is equally, if not more, important. There are tons of different types of screens, from OLED and LED to TN, VA, and IPS. Learn about the various monitor and television types, from operation to pros and cons!

The most common form of monitor or TV on the market is LCD or Liquid Crystal Display. As the name suggests, LCDs use liquid crystals that alter the light to generate a specific colour. So some form of backlighting is necessary. Often, it’s LED lighting. But there are multiple forms of backlighting.

LCDs have utilized CCFLs or cold cathode fluorescent lamps. An LCD panel lit with CCFL backlighting benefits from extremely uniform illumination for a pretty even level of brightness across the entire screen. However, this comes at the expense of picture quality. Unlike an LED TV, cold cathode fluorescent lamp LCD monitors lack dimming capabilities. Since the brightness level is even throughout the entire array, a darker portion of scenes might look overly lit or washed out. While that might not be as obvious in a room filled with ambient light, under ideal movie-watching conditions, or in a dark room, it’s noticeable. LED TVs have mostly replaced CCFL.

An LCD panel is transmissive rather than emissive. Composition depends on the specific form of LCD being used, but generally, pixels are made up of subpixel layers that comprise the RGB (red-green-blue) colour spectrum and control the light that passes through. A backlight is needed, and it’s usually LED for modern monitors.

Please note that some of the mentioned types may be considered a sub-category of LCD TVs; therefore, some of the names may vary depending on the manufacturer and the market.

1)Film layer that polarizes light entering2)glass substrate that dictates the dark shapes when the LCD screen is on3)Liquid crystal layer4)glass substrate that lines up with the horizontal filter5)Horizontal film filter letting light through or blocking it6)Reflective surface transmitting an image to the viewer

While many newer TVs and monitors are marketed as LED TVs, it’s sort of the same as an LCD TV. Whereas LCD refers to a display type, LED points to the backlighting in liquid crystal display instead. As such, LED TV is a subset of LCD. Rather than CCFLs, LEDs are light-emitting diodes or semiconductor light sources which generate light when a current passes through.

LED TVs boast several different benefits. Physically, LED television tends to be slimmer than CCFL-based LCD panels, and viewing angles are generally better than on non-LED LCD monitors. So if you’re at an angle, the picture remains relatively clear nonetheless. LEDs are alsoextremely long-lasting as well as more energy-efficient. As such, you can expect a lengthy lifespan and low power draw. Chances are you’ll upgrade to a new telly, or an internal part will go out far before any LEDs cease functioning.

Ultimately, the choice between LED vs VA or any other display technology will depend on your specific needs and preferences, including things like size, resolution, brightness, and colour accuracy.

Further segmenting LED TVs down, you"ll find TN panels. A TN or twisted nematic display is a type of LED TV that offers a low-cost solution with a low response time and low input lag.

These displays are known for their high refresh rates, ranging from 100Hz to 144Hz or higher. As a result, many monitors marketed towards gamers feature TN technology. The fast response time and low input lag make them ideal for fast-paced action and gaming. However, TN panels have some limitations.

Overall, while TN panels are an affordable and fast option, they may not be the best choice for those looking for accurate colour reproduction and wide viewing angles.

Like TN, IPS or In-plane Switching displays are a subset of LED panels. IPS monitors tend to boast accurate colour reproduction and great viewing angles. Price is higher than on TN monitors, but in-plane switching TVs generally feature a better picture when compared with twisted nematic sets. Latency and response time can be higher on IPS monitors meaning not all are ideal for gaming.

An IPS display aligns liquid crystals in parallel for lush colours. Polarizing filters have transmission axes aligned in the same direction. Because the electrode alignment differs from TN panels, black levels, viewing angles, and colour accuracy is much better. TN liquid crystals are perpendicular.

A VA or vertical alignment monitor is a type of LED monitor that features excellent contrast ratios, colour reproduction, and viewing angles. This is achieved by using crystals that are perpendicular to the polarizers at right angles, similar to the technology used in TN monitors. VA monitors are known for their deep blacks and vibrant colours, making them popular for media consumption and gaming.

They also have better viewing angles than TN monitors, meaning that the picture quality remains consistent when viewed from different angles. However, the response time of a VA monitor is not as fast as that of a TN monitor, which can be a concern for those looking to use the monitor for fast-paced action or gaming.

The pricing of VA monitors varies, but they are typically more expensive than TN monitors and less costly than IPS or OLED monitors. Overall, VA monitors are an excellent option for those looking for a balance between good picture quality and affordability.

A quantum dot LED TV or QLED is yet another form of LED television. But it’s drastically different from other LED variants. Whereas most LED panels use a white backlight, quantum dot televisions opt for blue lights. In front of these blue LEDs sits a thin layer of quantum dots. These quantum dots in a screen glow at specific wavelengths of colour, either red, green, or blue, therefore comprising the entire RGB (red-green-blue) colour spectrum required to create a colour TV image.

An OLED or organic light-emitting diode display isn’t another variation of LED. OLEDs use negatively and positively charged ions for illuminating individual pixels. By contrast, LCD/LED TVs use a backlight that can make an unwanted glow. In OLED display, there are several layers, including a substrate, an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emissive layer, a blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and a cathode. The emissive layer, comprised of an electroluminescent layer of film, is nestled between an electron-injecting cathode and an electron removal layer, the anode. OLEDs benefit from darker blacks and eschew any unwanted screen glow. Because OLED panels are made up of millions of individual subpixels, the pixels themselves emit light, and it’s, therefore, an emissive display as opposed to a transmissive technology like LCD/LED panels where a backlight is required behind the pixels themselves.

The image quality is top-notch. OLED TVs feature superb local dimming capabilities. The contrast ratio is unrivalled, even by the best of QLEDs, since pixels not used may be turned off. There’s no light bleed, black levels are incredible, excellent screen uniformity, and viewing angles don’t degrade the picture. Unfortunately, this comes at a cost. OLEDs are pricey, and the image isn’t as bright overall when compared to LED panels. For viewing in a darkened room, that’s fine, but ambient lighting isn’t ideal for OLED use.

As you can see, a wide variety of displays are available on the market today, each with their unique advantages and disadvantages. While many monitors and TVs are referred to by various names, such as LED, IPS, VA, TN, or QLED, many are variations of LCD panels. The specific technology used in a display, such as the colour of backlighting and the alignment of pixels, plays a major role in determining the overall picture quality.

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The video you show is of a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, also known as "TFT". The "trick" depends on the specific design characteristics of these monitors (described below) and will not generally work with other types of displays such as LED and PLASMA displays.

All liquid crystal displays (LCD) operate on the principle of being able to "twist" polarized light as it passes through a "nematic" liquid crystal. The orientation of each liquid crystal in a display is governed by an electric field applied to a transparent electrode, through an array of thin-film transistors (TFT). The liquid crystal is normally "sandwiched" between two polarizing filters at 90 degrees to each other. Polarized light enters the back of the liquid crystal from the back-lit LED. When the nematic crystal is not energised, it "twists" the polarized light by 90 degrees so that it passes through the second polarizing filter. Wnen an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal, the light does not get twisted so gets blocked by the second polarizing filter.

For more detail on the internal workings, including a"tear down" of an LCD-TFT monitor see this video: http://www.engineerguy.com/videos/video-lcd.htm

By taking out the second polarizing filter and placing them on a pair of glasses, the display appears "invisible" (white) to the naked eye because ALL the from the LED backlight that passes through the first polarizing filter gets through the TFT section to the naked eye, regardless of it"s orientation (polarization) so the naked eye sees it as "white". It"s not until the second polarizing filter is applied to "filter" the light from specific pixels which have "twisted" their light (with respect to the other pixels) that we can distinguish between the pixels.

Note that the "trick" is not really very secure if intended to prevent "evesdropping", sinces anyone with polarizing glasses (including polaroid sunglasses) will be able to read the display.

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More than a fashion accessory, sunglasses protect your vision and help you feel more comfortable in sunny and snowy conditions. Of course, you have to look for the right qualities, such as level of protection against ultraviolet (UV) light.

Some people want more than straightforward protection from UV rays. They also want sunglasses capable of blocking glare. Polarized glasses can do this better, but they do not always offer the same benefits as regular sunglasses.

Sunglasses help you see better in sunny conditions and can be particularly helpful in snow and near water. They protect your eyes against UV rays, which can harm your eyesight.

Buy sunglasses that offer 100 percent protection against UV rays.Inexpensive models can protect your eyes as much as costlier options, as long as they protect your eyes against all harmful UV rays.

Gradient sunglasses. These may be dark at the top but clear at the bottom. Some are dark at the top and bottom, and they may only be clear in the middle.

Polarized do not necessarily protect your eyes from UV rays. Instead, they make it more comfortable to see around things that reflect, such as windshields, pavement, snow, and water. Benefits of polarized lenses are:

People who enjoy fishing, are sensitive to light, or have had cataracts removed may benefit from polarized lenses as well. There are some situations where polarized lenses are not the best option.

If you need to see a digital screen clearly, such as when using an ATM or dashboard on an airplane, they are not a good option. Polarized lenses make it harder to see liquid crystal (LCD) displays.

If you are skiing or snowboarding downhill, avoid polarized lenses. Glare is a sign that you may be traveling in an icy area, so you don’t want that reduced.

Tinted and polarized glasses can look similar, but you can test whether a pair of glasses is truly polarized. Visit a retailer that sells polarized lenses, and follow these steps:

You can also optimize your polarized glasses if you have additional needs. Photochromic, or transition, lenses are helpful for people who spend a lot of time going in and out of bright or sunny areas. You can also get progressive (bifocal or trifocal) polarized sunglasses.

Polarized glasses tend to start at $25 and can cost up to $450 or more if you choose a designer label. A regular pair of sunglasses can cost about the same.

A regular pair of glasses should provide 100 percent protection from UV rays that could harm your sight. Bigger lenses can also protect your peripheral vision.

You usually need to check your pair of glasses using other polarized lenses. Visit a pharmacy or retailer that sells polarized glasses, and align yours at a 90-angle from the second pair of polarized lenses. They should turn black or almost black when you look through both of them.

Polarized lenses do not always fully protect against UV rays, but they are more comfortable to wear in the snow, an area with water, or where there is bright cement. This is why they are so popular with drivers, people who enjoy fishing or other aquatic activities, and people who spend time in the snow.

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Polarized sunglasses may make it easier and more comfortable to see outdoors, but wearing them while trying to read an LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen can sometimes — literally — leave your eyes in the dark.

Most LCDs, such as your smartphone and tablet, use a polarizing filter to help you see the screen in bright sunlight. But so do polarized sunglasses, meaning the two essentially cancel each other out, causing your LCD screen to appear dark or completely black when you look at it.

Polarized sunglasses are designed to block glare — overly bright light reflected off shiny surfaces such as water and snow. Natural light consists of protons bouncing in many directions; polarized lenses filter that light, causing those protons to travel in a single, uniform direction (usually horizontal).

Polarized sunglass lenses are coated with a chemical compound composed of molecules that are parallel to one another. These molecules absorb any light waves traveling in the direction in which they’re aligned, preventing them from passing through the coating.

LCD screens and sunglasses typically contain a polarizing filter for the same reason: to make it easier for you to see clearly, especially in bright sunlight.

What tends to happen is your polarized sunglasses do their job by only allowing light to pass through vertically. Meanwhile, your phone screen emits horizontally vibrating light while blocking vertical light.

The solution is simple: Rotate your tablet or phone screen by 90 degrees. This trick usually works because it positions your screen’s polarizing filters so they block light waves traveling in the same direction as your polarized sunglasses, allowing light to pass through.

Newer smartphone and computer screens have found ways to compensate for this issue, but you may still notice a darker screen when wearing polarized sunglasses with an older model screen.

In some cases, you may need to view LCDs on an instrument panel that can’t be rotated. This can be true for boaters and pilots who must be able to read instrumentation quickly and accurately to ensure their safety. For this reason, you should avoid wearing polarized sunglasses in these circumstances.

Polarized lenses also can interfere with your ability to see and read the displays on gas pumps and ATMs. To see more clearly when filling your tank or withdrawing money, remove your sunglasses when performing these tasks.

Any reputable eyewear retailer (brick-and-mortar store or online shop) will provide accurate labeling on sunglasses they offer, so you should be able to tell at a glance whether those sunglasses you’re considering have polarized lenses.

Hold the sunglasses in a way that allows you to look through both pairs of lenses at the same time. Rotate one pair of sunglasses by 90 degrees. If all light is blocked when passing through both pairs, then your older sunglasses probably have polarized lenses.

You also can test your sunglasses by looking at an LCD screen while wearing them. Just remember to rotate the device 90 degrees to make sure you’re checking for a polarizing filter that blocks light traveling either horizontally or vertically.

ARE YOUR SUNGLASSES POLARIZED? If not, it might be time for a new pair. Shop for polarized sunglasses at an optical store near you or an online eyewear retailer

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You"re likely reading this article on a liquid crystal display (LCD). "LCD" refers to any display type that uses liquid crystals, including TN, IPS, and VA (which we"ll get into shortly). Even an old-school calculator or digital watch can use an LCD. But a simple "LCD" designation doesn"t tell you how a screen will perform. You need more information, like the backlight type the panel uses—usually LED, followed by the more expensive Mini LED.

LCDs long ago ousted cathode ray tube (CRT) and plasma displays as the dominant consumer display tech. In the past, it was common to find LCDs with cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlights, but most LCD displays today use LED backlights (more on that below).

TN, IPS, and VA are the three primary types of LCD displays you"ll find in TVs, monitors, and laptops. They all vary in how they use their liquid crystals. Each could warrant its own article, but we"ll keep it simple here by focusing on the differences you can expect to see in real life. Advertisement

It"s easier to reach high refresh rates and low response times with TN displays, although pricier IPS and VA are catching up. It"s worth noting that the upcoming Asus ROG Swift 500 Hz Gaming Monitor, which should be the fastest monitor on the market, purportedly achieves its refresh rate via an "E-TN" panel that claims 60 percent better response times than regular TN. So while you can buy a supremely fast IPS (up to 360 Hz) or VA monitor, TN is still the technology pushing the limits of refresh rates.

VA panels excel in contrast, which is often considered the most important factor in image quality. VA monitors commonly have contrasts of 3,000:1, while a typical IPS comes in at 1,000:1. IPS Black displays, which started coming out this year, claim to double the contrast of typical IPS monitors to up to 2,000:1. We reviewed the IPS Black-equipped Dell UltraSharp U2723QE, and the difference was noticeable.

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During high sunlight situations, people may wear sunglasses, including polarized sunglasses, while viewing a traditional head-up display (HUD). Such people may see ghost images on the traditional HUD, which are caused by reflections as a result of lighting interacting with the multiple internal surfaces of the components of the traditional HUD, specifically a thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD), an active polarization modulator such as a twisted nematic (TN) cell, and a hot mirror. When the TN cell and the hot mirror are placed in front of the TFT-LCD, four additional optical surfaces are introduced and ghost images are induced by these surfaces. Such ghost images and reflections can make it difficult for a user to clearly view the images on the traditional HUD. For example, ghost images reduce the contrast of the display content.

Disclosed herein are example implementations of a head-up display (HUD). One example HUD includes a thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), an active polarization modulator, and a wavelength filter. The active polarization modulator and the wavelength filter are optically bonded to the TFT-LCD.

Also disclosed herein are example implementations of a system for a HUD. One example system includes an active polarization modulator front plate and a coating. The coating is adjacent to the active polarization modulator front plate. The system also includes an active polarization modulator rear plate, and an LCD front plate. The system further includes a first reflective polarizer and an LCD rear plate. The first reflective polarizer is adjacent to the active polarization modulator rear plate and the LCD front plate. The system further includes a second reflective polarizer. The second reflective polarizer is adjacent to the LCD rear plate.

Also disclosed herein are example implementations of a display device compatible with polarized sunglasses. One example display device includes a display for displaying information and a half-wave plate. The display includes stacked components to reduce internal surfaces. The half-wave plate is coupled to the display and arranged to receive S-polarized light from the display. The stacked components reduce a ghost image on the display.

A head-up display (HUD) panel that offers both improved viewing by a user wearing polarized sunglasses and improved viewing in high sunlight situations is desirable. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may, for example, relate to a HUD panel that offers improved viewing by a user wearing polarized sunglasses and improved viewing in high sunlight situations. Certain embodiments may combine the internal surfaces of components of the HUD panel, eliminating the reflections and ghost images. For example, one or more embodiments may describe stacking discrete components in a picture generation unit (PGU) of the HUD to provide a compact PGU design. One or more embodiments may describe reducing or eliminating extra optical surfaces, which traditionally result from stacking discrete components, like a TFT-LCD, an active polarization modulator, such as a TN cell, and a hot mirror. Reducing or eliminating the extra optical surfaces may reduce or eliminate ghosting.

Light passing through the HUD panel 200 may be reflected or polarized. For example, light that is P-polarized is polarized parallel to a plane of incidence which in a HUD is the plane formed by gut rays 108 and 110. Light that is S-polarized is polarized perpendicular to a plane of incidence. A TFT-LCD polarizes light in either P-polarization or S-polarization.

FIG. 2A illustrates a stacked HUD panel 200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The HUD panel 200, in this example, includes an anti-reflection and infrared cut-off coating 202, an active polarization modulator front plate 204, a first liquid crystal (LC) 206, an active polarization modulator rear plate 208, a first reflective polarizer 210, an LCD front plate 212, a second LC 214, an LCD rear plate 216, and a second reflective polarizer 218. The TN cell 220 (stack of 204, 206, 208, and 210) is used both as the substrate of the TFT-LCD 222 to provide polarization control (for polarized sunglasses) and as a hot mirror 224 (stack of 202 and 204) (for sunlight/infrared resistance), eliminating two internal surfaces. The now-integrated TN cell 220 and hot mirror 224 are optically bonded to the TFT-LCD 222 (stack of 210, 212, 214, 216, and 218) by sharing reflective polarizer 210 to eliminate the remaining two internal surfaces. The now-integrated TN cell 220 and hot mirror 224 may be optically bonded to the TFT-LCD 222 by using a liquid adhesive or any other desirable adhesive or bond. The resulting stacked HUD panel 200 contains only the original two surfaces of the TFT-LCD 222. The TFT-LCD 222 includes its own polarizer that is the reflective type to reflect any excessive amount of solar radiation entering the stacked HUD panel 200 as well as to reflect unusable light energy from within.

In one example embodiment, the stacked HUD TFT-LCD can be configured as follows: 1) the anti-reflection and infrared cut-off coating 202 is positioned adjacent the active polarization modulator front plate 204; 2) the first LC 206 is positioned between the active polarization modulator front plate 204 and the active polarization modulator rear plate 208; 3) the first reflective polarizer 210 is positioned adjacent the LCD front plate 212; 4) the second LC 214 is positioned between the LCD front plate 212 and the LCD rear plate 216; and 5) the second reflective polarizer 218 is positioned adjacent the LCD rear plate 216. The HUD panel 200 can include additional and/or fewer components and configurations and is not limited to those illustrated in FIG. 2A.

The HUD panel 200 can be incorporated into a windshield of a vehicle. For a windshield HUD (WHUD) to be compatible with polarized sunglasses, the HUD panel 200 includes an electro-optical element, such as the TN cell 220 to modulate the polarization from the TFT-LCD 222. The HUD panel 200 may include a wavelength filter, such as the hot mirror 224, to increase the sunlight resistance of the TFT-LCD 222. In a traditional HUD panel 200, adding these two extra elements in front of the TFT-LCD 222 introduces four additional optical surfaces, which can induce ghost images. These ghost images reduce the contrast of the WHUD content. To eliminate the ghosting, the HUD panel 200 is stacked in such a configuration to eliminate the additional optical surfaces. For example, by properly stacking various elements, such as the TFT-LCD 222, the TN cell 220, and the hot mirror 224, the additional optical surfaces are eliminated. As described in one or more embodiments, properly stacking various elements of the HUD panel 200 may include stacking the hot mirror 224 in front of the TN cell 220, which is stacked in front of the LCD 222. In this configuration, a PGU of the WHUD system can maintain its polarized sunglasses compatibility and sunlight resistance requirements.

FIG. 2B illustrates a stacked HUD panel 201 with an air gap in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The stacked HUD panel 201 can be configured as follows: 1) the anti-reflection and infrared cut-off coating 202 is positioned adjacent the active polarization modulator front plate 204; 2) the first LC 206 is positioned between the active polarization modulator front plate 204 and the active polarization modulator rear plate 208; 3) a first linear polarizer 226 is positioned adjacent the active polarization modulator rear plate 208; 4) an air gap 230 is positioned between the first linear polarizer 226 and a second linear polarizer 228; 5) the LCD front plate 212 is positioned between the second linear polarizer 228 and the second LC 214; 6) the second LC 214 is positioned between the LCD front plate 212 and the LCD rear plate 216; and 5) the second reflective polarizer 218 is positioned adjacent the LCD rear plate 216. The stacked HUD panel 201 can include additional and/or fewer components and configurations and is not limited to those illustrated in FIG. 2B.

In this embodiment, the TN cell 220 can be separated from TFT-LCD 222. The TN cell 220 and the TFT-LCD 222 do not share the same linear polarizer. TFT-LCD 222 can have a front linear polarizer (e.g., the second linear polarizer 228) and the TN cell 220 can have its own linear polarizer (e.g., the first linear polarizer 226) on a surface toward the TFT-LCD 222. The linear polarizers 226, 228 can be absorptive to reduce ghost image visibility. There is an air gap 230 in between these two linear polarizers 226, 228. Air flow can be forced to pass through the air gap 230 in order to take heat away from both linear polarizers 226, 228.

Table 1 shown below illustrates power consumption comparisons of PGUs to meet 950 cd/m2V-polarized Brightness and 15000 cd/m2Total Brightness requirements.

As shown in Table 1, a PGU with the active TN cell 220 is more efficient than an S-polarized TFT-LCD PGU, a 45° linear polarized TFT-LCD PGU, and a 42° linear polarized TFT-LCD PGU. The WHUD system with the active TN cell 220 is therefore more efficient. The WHUD system with the active TN cell 220 has lower light energy absorption on an LCD in an ON condition for the V-polarized brightness and an OFF condition for the total brightness. In this example, V-polarized refers to the light that is vertically polarized to the ground. There can be some power in V-polarization while the output from the PGU are all S-polarization due to the windshield azimuth angle. Furthermore, using the active TN cell 220 in the HUD panel 200 results in a lower temperature rise on the LCD and a lower current demand for a light-emitting diode (LED).

The TN cell 220 can be positioned or sandwiched between two plates made of glass. The hot mirror 224 is an optical mirror reflecting infrared (IR) and allowing visible light to pass through. The hot mirror 224 may need a substrate to carry a thin film coating. Usually the thin film is designed to be low reflection in the visible light spectrum and high reflection in the infrared spectrum. Thus, the TN cell 220 can be the substrate of the thin film coating to provide both polarization control and hot mirror 224 functions simultaneously. This stacked configuration of the HUD panel 200 eliminates two surfaces. The TN cell 220 and hot mirror 224 are integrated in the HUD panel 200 and can be optically bonded to the TFT-LCD 222 to eliminate another two surfaces. After this integration, the HUD panel 200 has only two optical surfaces, which is the same amount of optical surfaces as a traditional TFT-LCD 222.

A first polarizer, such as the first reflective polarizer 210 can be located on a front plate, such as the LCD front plate 212 of the TFT-LCD 222. The first reflective polarizer 210 can be a reflective type to reflect the excess amount of solar radiation from heating the entire stack. A second polarizer, such as the second reflective polarizer 218, can be located on a rear TFT-LCD plate, such as the LCD rear plate 216. The second reflective polarizer 218 can also be a reflective type to reflect the unusable portion of the flux from backlight from heating the entire stack. Such example configurations can prevent or reduce ghosting and stray light.

FIG. 3 is a graph 300 that illustrates qualitative behavior of light reflectivity 302 versus angle of incidence, or an incident angle 118, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As the incident angle 118 increases in degrees (e.g., from 30 degrees to over 70 degrees), the percentage of reflectivity 302 increases for an S-polarized light 306 from about 6% to 35%. As the incident angle 118 increases in degrees from 30 degrees to approximately 60 degrees, the reflectivity 302 of a P-polarized light 308 decreases from about 3% to approximately no reflectivity. When the incident angle 118 increases from approximately 60 degrees to 83 degrees, the reflectivity 302 increases from approximately 0% to 35%. An average polarized light 310 represents an average reflectivity 302 of the S-polarized light 306 and the P-polarized light 308 as the incident angle 118 changes. Polarized sunglasses let only the P-polarized light 308 pass through. Thus, a person who wears polarized sunglasses can hardly see the image from an S-optimized HUD panel 200. The HUD panel 200 can be optimized for higher reflectivity.

FIG. 4 is a graph 400 that illustrates qualitative behavior of light reflectivity 302 versus a combiner inclination (ω) 112 with a look down angle (α) 114 of 3.5 degrees in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As combiner inclination (ω) 112 increases in degrees (e.g., from approximately 20 degrees to 63.5 degrees), the percentage of reflectivity 302 decreases for the S-polarized light 306. As the combiner inclination (ω) 112 increases in degrees from approximately 10 degrees to 33.5 degrees, the reflectivity 302 of the P-polarized light 308 decreases from about 35% to approximately no reflectivity. When the combiner inclination (ω) 112 increases from approximately 33.5 degrees to 63.5 degrees, the reflectivity 302 increases from approximately 0% to 3%. An average polarized light 310 represents an average reflectivity 302 of the S-polarized light 306 and the P-polarized light 308 as the incident angle 118 changes. An average polarized light 310 represents an average reflectivity 302 of the S-polarized light 306 and the P-polarized light 308 as the combiner inclination (ω) 112 changes.

FIG. 5 is a graph 500 that illustrates qualitative behavior 504 of the S-polarization and P-polarization reflectivity ratio of light, or the reflectivity ratio 502, versus angle of incidence, or the incident angle 118, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the reflectivity ratio 502 is the reflectivity of the S-polarized light 306 divided by the P-polarized light 308. As the incident angle 118 increases from 64 degrees to 70 degrees, the reflectivity ratio 502 decreases from approximately 25 to 7. Polarized sunglasses allow only the P-polarization 308 to pass through. Although not shown in FIG. 5, when the incident angle 118 is approximately 57 degrees, the reflectivity ratio 502 of the S-polarization 306 is much greater than the reflectivity 502 of the P-polarization 308. The trend in FIG. 5 is that the ratio 502 increases as the incident angle 118 decreases. For example, the ratio 502 can go toward infinity at 57 degrees because the P-polarization reflectance goes to 0.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an electrical polarization rotator 700 of the HELD panel 200, which can include stacked components 705, such as a display panel 703 and an electro-optical half-wave plate 704, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The display device 702 is compatible with polarized sunglasses 716. The polarization of sunglasses is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/602,997, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The display device 702 includes a display, such as a linear polarized display panel 703, for displaying information. The display device 702 includes components that may be stacked to reduce internal surfaces. The components may include the TFT-LCD 222, the TN cell 220, and the hot mirror 224 as described in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The stacked components 705, including the display panel 703 and the electro-optical half-wave plate 704 can be configured to reduce a ghost image on the display 703. The stacked components 705 can include additional and/or fewer components and configurations and is not limited to those illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 7.

The display panel 703 can be configured either to output S-polarized light 306 or P-polarized light 308. The either S-polarized light 306 or P-polarized light 308 can travel between the display panel 703 and the half-wave plate 704 along an optical axis 712. For illustrative purposes, either the S-polarized light 306 or P-polarized light 308 is polarized in the direction of 708 while the direction 714 is orthogonal to the direction of 708.

The HUD panel 200 can include a half-wave plate 704 coupled to the either S-polarized or P-polarized display panel 703. The half-wave plate 704 can be arranged to receive any polarization of light from the display panel 703.

The HUD panel 200 can also include a voltage waveform generator 706. The voltage waveform generator 706 can be coupled to the half-wave plate 704. The voltage waveform generator 706 can be configured to orient a fast axis 710. The voltage waveform generator 706 can orient the fast axis 710 at 45 degrees with respect to the linear polarized light polarization from display panel 703 to modulate the polarization to the orthogonal direction perpendicular to optical axis, or to any other desirable linear polarization state via other desirable fast axis angle with respect to the linear polarized light polarization from display panel 703. The voltage waveform generator 706 can be an ON/OFF switch. For example, by switching the polarization of PGU to the P state (e.g. the ON state), the image content can be seen by a person wearing polarized sunglasses. By switching the polarization of PGU to the S state (e.g. the OFF state), the image content cannot be seen by a person wearing polarized sunglasses.

FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 showing reflective and transmitted light in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a combination of at least two optical filters can be used to prevent excessive radiation energy heating the TFT-LCD 222. The optical filters can include at least one of a reflective polarizer 904, a TN cell 220, and a hot mirror 224. In this configuration, most of the IR light can be rejected and approximately half of the visible light can be rejected. For example, the reflective polarizer 904 can be used to transmit approximately half or 50% of the visible light and a hot mirror 914 can be used to reflect most or all of the IR light.

Diagram 902 includes the reflective polarizer 904. The reflective polarizer 904 can be on the TN cell 220 or on the TFT-LCD 222. In this configuration, sunlight 906 passes through the reflective polarizer 904 in a direction 908. Approximately 50% of the visible light from sunlight 906 is transmitted in the direction 908 and 50% of the visible light from sunlight 906 is reflected in a direction 910.

Diagram 912 includes a hot mirror 914. The hot mirror 914 can be the TN cell 220 or the hot mirror 224. In this configuration, sunlight 906 passes through the hot mirror 914 in a direction 908. Most of the visible light from sunlight 906 is transmitted in the direction 908 and most of the IR light is reflected in a direction 916.

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In conclusion, the type of panel to be used is determined by the purpose of the monitor. In photography, graphics design, video and picture edits, where the displayed colors, as well as the viewing angle and contrast, are of great importance, the IPS should be considered. If the refresh rate, price and the reaction time is needed more than the other characteristics, the TN panel should be considered.

However, an IPS panel can have a higher reaction and refresh rate, but this will lead to an increase in the cost of production as well as the cost of acquiring it. It might also lead to a great increase in power consumption.

For our PresentationPoint users and digital signage in general, we can transform this recommendation as follows. For advertising and public information screens e.g. in hotels: use an IPS panel. In areas where the graphics qualities are not that important, use a TN panel. Think here about information screens in factories.

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Therefore, in the mid-1990s, a new type of LCD monitor was introduced, one that picked up the slack and offered far more advanced performance functionality than its predecessor. In-plane switching (IPS) displays have taken LCD monitors to a whole new level by expanding their applications into various mediums that were otherwise not possible.

In a previousarticle, we discussed using IPS display technology for a variety of different applications and the most important factors that should be considered when choosing a display for your needs. IPS LCD panels and monitors use perfectly aligned liquid crystals that form a parallel pattern to produce bold colours and onscreen colour contrast.

Here’s a brief overview of the different types of IPS displays.Twisted nematic (TN)were the first IPS LCD monitors on the market in the early 1980s. They consist of nematic liquid crystals that are suspended between two plates of polarized glass.

Vertical alignment (VA)LCD monitors have incredible colour contrast and image depth because their crystals are vertically aligned and move into a horizontal position to let light shine through.

In-plane switching (IPS)monitors are the most prevalent type of LCD display of all. IPS LCD display technology is capable of depicting excellent picture quality from all viewing angles along with superior colour contrast.

Featuring 8-bit RGB colour depth, IPS panels can reproduce over 16 million different colours, making it the ideal choice for professional applications that require detailed colour compositions.

IPS displays also boast incredibly wide viewing angles to complement their excellent colour reproduction and composition capabilities. This is just one of many reasons that IPS screens are a major improvement on TN panels. IPS screens can be comfortably viewed from virtually any angle without limiting or compromising the image quality, whereas TN screens can only be viewed head-on.

IPS LCD displays also boast far superior sunlight visibility and readability than other displays. Even under extremely bright and harsh natural or artificial lighting conditions, IPS displays maintain clear visibility and readability without interruption. This is made possible by high-quality backlighting combined with superior colour reproduction and viewing angle capabilities that the other abovementioned screens lack. For instance, TN panels have limited colour depth and therefore poor visibility in direct sunlight and strong lighting conditions.

IPS displays generally have a longer lifespan than TN panels; however, the components of the latter are a lot easier and more cost-effective to reproduce in the long-term. The best option depends on the applications for which they’re being used and under what circumstances. TN panels tend to have a faster response time than IPS and VA displays combined, making them the ideal choice for gamers.

As mentioned, however, IPS panels are more commonly used for professional applications that demand the utmost image quality and convenience. Although they have a lower upfront cost, TN panels need to be replaced more frequently. IPS panels, on the other hand, are the better long-term investment for freelancers because they have a longer lifespan.

TN displays have a much faster response time than IPS panels. This is the main reason that gamers typically prefer the former over the latter. Slow response times translate to a lot of lagging as well as increased motion blur which can be a major distraction and diminish the quality of the gaming experience.

Of course, the importance of the response times depends on the type of gamer you are. Shooter and fantasy games that rely on fast response times for pacing and to maintain the image quality of the game are better equipped with TN panels, but for other types of gaming IPS displays could suffice.

Due to the fact that IPS LCD displays have a far better colour depth than TN panels, they also have a superior contrast ratio. However, IPS displays aren’t necessarily the crème de la crème in this regard. More accurately, they fall somewhere in the middle. If you’re looking for a screen with an excellent or the best contrast ratio, then VA displays are your best choice.

Another disadvantage of IPS displays is that they consume power inefficiently compared to their counterparts. On average, IPS displays need about 15% more battery power than TN panels, which are suitable for battery-operated low-power devices. Additionally, IPS panels require stronger backlighting to function at all times to maintain a standard level of display clarity, which can eat up more battery power.

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If you’re looking for a cheap LCD display, there are several options to choose from. Read on to learn about EL-WLED lcd displays and TN, DSM, and IPS lcds. These display types are a great option for any budget. Sharp Corporation is another great option. They have been producing high quality LCD displays for decades.

The EL-WLED tftmd089030 LCD display is an excellent choice for the 3D printer market. It features an 8.9-inch, 2560*1600 resolution IPS high-resolution LCD. This model does not include a touch panel, backlight driver or other accessories. Its measurement error is limited to 1-3 cm.

Among other benefits, it has a higher brightness level. Compared to CCFL backlighting systems, WLEDs are slightly more expensive. Some television manufacturers reserve WLED backlighting for high-end models while labeling all other sets as LCDs. Other uses of WLED backlighting include high-definition computer monitors, LCD displays, and various products. The price of WLED models differs from similar LCD models by several hundred dollars.

TN LCDs have a polarization effect because of the way light is polarized in a TN display. These displays use polarising filters, or parallel planes of glass with polarizing lines at right angles to each other. When light enters the display, an input filter polarizes it. As a result, it passes through the output filter, which matches the angle of rotation.

TN stands for twisted nematic and was the first LCD technology to hit the market. These panels have liquid crystals sandwiched between two polarizing filters. Electric current then twists these crystals, allowing light to pass through. TN panels are the most affordable and widely used in consumer electronics, but have poor color reproduction, viewing angles, and contrast ratios.

DSM LCDs are based on the Guest-Host interaction. While they were developed in the 1970s, few of these devices have been used in consumer products. Sharp Corporation, however, released calculators using their COS LCD technology in 1973. Sharp was also the first company to mass produce a TN LCD for a watch. In 1971, Seiko introduced a six-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, while Casio introduced the Casiotron wristwatch.

These LCDs feature DSM technology, which provides excellent color quality, even under extreme conditions. The panel’s resolution is expressed in rows and columns. Each pixel has 3 sub-pixels. Traditionally, the performance of LCDs has been fairly consistent across designs, but some newer models share these sub-pixels with other pixels. Adding Quattron to these screens attempts to improve the perceived resolution, but the results are mixed.

IPS lcds are a type of liquid crystal display with positive dielectric anisotropy, which means they align with the long axis of the electrical field. A polarizer (P) on the backlight catches entering light, which is linearly polarized. A nematic LC layer rotates this polarization axis by 90 degrees, and then the electrical field (E) re-aligns them. This process is also known as a “IPS glow,” a bright yellow/white tinge seen on a display when viewing the display from a wide angle.

IPS monitors offer better color clarity and crystal Oriental arrangement than TFT monitors. IPS monitors also have a wider color gamut, and can be viewed from wide angles. The downside of IPS monitors is that they are more expensive than other LCD technologies. While IPS monitors offer better color gamut and more accurate reproduction, they do require more power.

Compared to EL-WLEDs, full-array WLEDs have a better contrast ratio, but they cost more. Some manufacturers reserve LED backlighting for their most expensive models and label the rest as LCDs. Some LCD backlighting systems also have a higher price tag, with WLED models typically costing several hundred dollars more than comparable LCDs.

There are numerous benefits to EL-WLED technology, which uses a backlight made of white LEDs. The light emitting diodes produce more light and last longer. In addition, LEDs can be easily recycled, unlike their CCFL counterparts. These monitors also have thin, low-power panels and easy disposal. The price tag on EL-WLED models is around $3,500, but this doesn’t mean that the display technology is better than other LCDs.

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LCD displays. Of course, there is only one color for the backlight and one color for the characters, but as you can see here on the picture above, there could be many colors of backlights. We can have a white backlight, orange, green, blue or any backlight color.

It does not fit every display technology, positive and negative, but as you can see on the picture above, there is a vast number of combinations of different technologies, positive, negative, STN, FSTN or VA technology (Vertical Alignment), a little bit different technology, allowing us to have wide viewing angles, and different backlight colors. So, we can have a lot of different variations that can be used to build every application.

The last part of this article covers graphic displays and character displays, the difference between them and how it influences the cost of an LCD display. The most basic LCD displays are the segmented monochrome LCD displays or icon displays. In this kind of LCD displays we have only some icons and characters, but they are defined when the display is being produced. What we see on the display is defined and we cannot have anything else, the other area is completely off. You can only switch on and off the display segments. This is the cheapest technology to produce, and it is made by mask during the production, so it is usually reserved for high volume applications, that are very well defined during the production phase. For example, this can a be kind of watch, or calculator, or temperature controller. The advantage is the cost, but the disadvantage is that later we cannot change anything, we cannot change the software and add another icon.

Next, we have the fully graphic display. In this kind of LCD display we have a matrix of pixels. It could be 64 by 256, or 64 by 128 pixels, so on this kind of screen we can show almost every image, because we can switch every pixel on and off. We can show letters, characters, images, small, big, anything we want. The disadvantage is the vast number of pixels that we need to connect. The controller and the glass are complicated, because we need to route the wires from every pixel out from the glass and connect it to the controller. So, in the monochrome LCD display family, this kind of display is the most expensive. Other kinds of displays are cheaper, not only because the glass is simple, but because the controllers are simple too.

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The twisted nematic effect (TN-effect) was a main technology breakthrough that made LCDs practical. Unlike earlier displays, TN-cells did not require a current to flow for operation and used low operating voltages suitable for use with batteries. The introduction of TN-effect displays led to their rapid expansion in the display field, quickly pushing out other common technologies like monolithic LEDs and CRTs for most electronics. By the 1990s, TN-effect LCDs were largely universal in portable electronics, although since then, many applications of LCDs adopted alternatives to the TN-effect such as in-plane switching (IPS) or vertical alignment (VA).

TN displays benefit from fast pixel response times and less smearing than other LCD display technology, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift, potentially to the point of completely inverting, when viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display.

In the OFF state, i.e., when no electrical field is applied, a twisted configuration (aka helical structure or helix) of nematic liquid crystal molecules is formed between two glass plates, G in the figure, which are separated by several spacers and coated with transparent electrodes, E1 and E2. The electrodes themselves are coated with alignment layers (not shown) that precisely twist the liquid crystal by 90° when no external field is present (left diagram). If a light source with the proper polarization (about half) shines on the front of the LCD, the light will pass through the first polarizer, P2 and into the liquid crystal, where it is rotated by the helical structure. The light is then properly polarized to pass through the second polarizer, P1, set at 90° to the first. The light then passes through the back of the cell and the image, I, appears transparent.

In the ON state, i.e., when a field is applied between the two electrodes, the crystal re-aligns itself with the external field (right diagram). This "breaks" the careful twist in the crystal and fails to re-orient the polarized light passing through the crystal. In this case the light is blocked by the rear polarizer, P1, and the image, I, appears opaque. The amount of opacity can be controlled by varying the voltage. At voltages near the threshold, only some of the crystals will re-align, and the display will be partially transparent. As the voltage is increased, more of the crystals will re-align until it becomes completely "switched". A voltage of about 1 V is required to make the crystal align itself with the field, and no current passes through the crystal itself. Thus the electrical power required for that action is very low.

To display information with a twisted nematic liquid crystal, the transparent electrodes are structured by photo-lithography to form a matrix or other pattern of electrodes. Only one of the electrodes has to be patterned in this way, the other can remain continuous (common electrode). For low information content numerical and alpha-numerical TN-LCDs, like digital watches or calculators, segmented electrodes are sufficient. If more complex data or graphics information have to be displayed, a matrix arrangement of electrodes is used. Because of this, voltage-controlled addressing of matrix displays, such as in LCD-screens for computer monitors or flat television screens, is more complex than with segmented electrodes. For a matrix of limited resolution or for a slow-changing display on even a large matrix panel, a passive grid of electrodes is sufficient to implement passive matrix-addressing, provided that there are independent electronic drivers for each row and column. A high-resolution matrix LCD with required fast response (e.g. for animated graphics and/or video) necessitates integration of additional non-linear electronic elements into each picture element (pixel) of the display (e.g., thin-film diodes, TFDs, or thin-film transistors, TFTs) in order to allow active matrix-addressing of individual picture elements without crosstalk (unintended activation of non-addressed pixels).

Although successful, the dynamic scattering display required constant current flow through the device, as well as relatively high voltages. This made them unattractive for low-power situations, where many of these sorts of displays were being used. Not being self-lit, LCDs also required external lighting if they were going to be used in low-light situations, which made existing display technologies even more unattractive in overall power terms. A further limitation was the requirement for a mirror, which limited the viewing angles. The RCA team was aware of these limitations, and continued development of a variety of technologies.

Another potential approach was the twisted-nematic approach, which had first been noticed by French physicist Charles-Victor Mauguin in 1911. Mauguin was experimenting with a variety of semi-solid liquid crystals when he noted that he could align the crystals by pulling a piece of paper across them, causing the crystals to become polarized. He later noticed when he sandwiched the crystal between two aligned polarizers, he could twist them in relation to each other, but the light continued to be transmitted. This was not expected. Normally if two polarizers are aligned at right angles, light will not flow through them. Mauguin concluded that the light was being re-polarized by the twisting of the crystal itself.

At this time Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) was also working with the devices as part of a prior joint medical research agreement with Hoffmann-LaRoche.James Fergason, an expert in liquid crystals at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories. Fergason was working on the TN-effect for displays, having formed ILIXCO to commercialize developments of the research being carried out in conjunction with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University"s Liquid Crystal Institute.

When news of the demonstration reached Hoffmann-LaRoche, Helfrich and Schadt immediately pushed for a patent, which was filed on 4 December 1970. Their formal results were published in Applied Physics Letters on 15 February 1971. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the new effect for displays, Schadt fabricated a 4-digit display panel in 1972.

This work, in turn, led to the discovery of an entirely different class of nematic crystals by Ludwig Pohl, Rudolf Eidenschink and their colleagues at Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, called cyanophenylcyclohexanes. They quickly became the basis of almost all LCDs, and remain a major part of Merck"s business today.

Gerhard H. Buntz (Patent Attorney, European Patent Attorney, Physicist, Basel), "Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays (TN-LCDs), an invention from Basel with global effects", Information No. 118, October 2005, issued by Internationale Treuhand AG, Basel, Geneva, Zurich. Published in German