nano cell lcd displays free sample

In this article, we’re going to take a dive into LG NanoCell technology - what it does, if it’s worth the extra spend, and how it compares to both OLED and QLED. We’ve also picked out some prominent examples of NanoCell televisions currently available from LG. For a complete overview of what you should know before buying a new television, don"t miss our best TV to buy guide.

NanoCell televisions don’t offer you any further detail than that which 4K already offers. You still have the same 8-million-or-so pixels at your disposal (you can read our what is a 4K TV guide for an in-depth look at Ultra HD television). NanoCell technology is all about making those pixels look as good as possible.

Sometimes, when reading about innovations in TV tech, you’d be forgiven for thinking that you need a physics degree to understand it. Here’s what LG has to say on its website: "LG Nano Cell technology uses particles to absorb unwanted light wavelengths and enhance the purity of the red and green colours displayed on the screen."

Ultimately, the specifics aren’t that important - far more crucial is what these handy little nano-particles achieve. By having the reds and greens better filtered, what you get is an elevated quality of image that you simply won’t get in standard 4K sets. That filter produces a better colour gamut: that is, a wider range of colours.

What you also get in higher-end NanoCell TVs - like the Nano91 line - is something called Full Array Local Dimming technology, or FALD. This is an intelligent tech that dims the television’s backlight when dark sections of an image appear - think shadows and night scenes. Anybody who knows the basics of OLED technology will recognise this as something that those televisions deliver, albeit more effectively and for a heftier price.

Ultimately this is where NanoCell televisions have been positioned by LG: as a less costly alternative to OLED (of which LG do some incredible examples) for people who are seeking out a viewing quality that’s that bit better than standard LCD/4K. They also come with a wealth of extra features - they support HDR Dolby Vision content (a HDR format Netflix offers) and feature Dolby Atmos sound. Many LG NanoCell TVs also have the Google Assistant built into their smart platforms, offering you voice control over your set.

OLED, put bluntly. As you can read in our what is an OLED TV explainer, these top-end televisions are the reigning champion among mass-market televisions in terms of sensory experience. Not having that built-in backlight, they’re far slimmer than NanoCell TVs too. That’s why, as a general rule, you’ll be spending at least £1,200 on a set, while NanoCell TVs start at £650. At the bottom of this article we"ve picked out a number of LG NanoCell TVs on the market.

Given the price difference, it’s not fair to make a straight comparison between NanoCell and OLED. Instead, we should look at the closest equivalent: QLED.

QLED is a display technology that’s been developed by Samsung’s. Like NanoCell, it sits in the market as a kind of affordable middle-ground between standard 4K televisions and OLED. Similar to NanoCell, it still makes use of a traditional LED backlight, but uses a layer of ‘quantum dots’ to help optimise those image pixels.

We haven’t done a direct test, but we can tell you that NanoCell televisions are widely acknowledged to display a brighter image, while QLED televisions deliver blacker blacks. Think about whether you watch TV with the overhead lights on or in relative gloom: this should help you decide which is the better option.

If you’re thinking about buying a NanoCell television, our advice is that you browse Samsung’s QLED at the same time. Make sure you know the right size (check out the TV size guide), and then we think it’s a case of comparing prices of each brand. It may well come down to one of them being on sale, and one not.

As we’ve said, NanoCell televisions are priced well under that of an OLED model, where your spending will start in the four figures (for now, at least). By contrast, you"ll be spending not that much over £500 for the cheapest NanoCell televisions, such as the 55-inch inch NANO796NF.

Like all TVs, NanoCells don"t necessarily get pricier the bigger they get. Because it"s from a newer generation, the 49-inch NANO866NA 4K NanoCell TV costs more than the model above, as does the NANO866NA 4K NanoCell TV of the same size. We"re seeing both cost around the £750 mark.

The main takeaway from this - especially with the larger sets - is that keeping an eye on prices is a good idea, especially during peak sales periods like Black Friday. If you’re not hellbent on getting the latest NanoCell off the production line, you can easily end up getting a quietly magnificent TV for not much more than a standard LCD 4K TV.

LG offers innovative and state-of-the-art displays for the hospitality industry to provide guests with a variety of in-room entertainment options, informative open-frame displays for lobbies and other signage options that will transform all other areas of the hotel.

Specialized for the hotels, LG develops innovative displays, including Pro:Centric smart TVs, informative open-frame displays for lobbies and other signage options that will transform all other facilities in the hotel premises.

Pro:Centric Smart Displays: Provide hotel guests with a variety of in-room entertainment options with LG’s feature-rich and innovative Pro:Centric smart TVs. Customize hospitality services for your brand and guests through the Pro:Centric smart platform. Boasting superb picture quality and advanced connectivity features, upgrade in-room entertainment and create an unforgettable stay for your guests. Pro:Centric Value Displays: Make premium content accessible to your guests through LG’s Pro:Centric Value TVs. Enjoy its variety of features including a stunning 4K Ultra-HD display, fast reboot times and sophisticated design.

Commercial Lite Displays: Offered in HD and full-HD resolution, enhance in-room guest experience through LG Commercial Lite Guestroom TVs featuring crystal-clear pictures and wide viewing angles.

Hospitality OLED Displays: Discover LG’s state-of-the-art and feature-packed OLED displays tailored to the needs of hotel rooms and other hospitality facilities.

NanoCell TV refers to a type of display technology by the LG brand (see more TV brands) that offers wide viewing angles, outstanding color and clarity, and various smart features that help connect your home.

The NanoCell technology is the best for offering an incredible watching experience when watching your favorite movie, TV shows, sports, or playing games. The NanoCell televisions have a lot of similarities with LED TVs and LCD TVs. However, they maintain a similar resolution to other 4K TVs, and they are still backlit.

The NanoCell TV technology is more similar to QLED TVs as it comes with a layer of nanoparticles similar to a color filter and helps to enhance color accuracy. This ensures you end up with superior quality and lifelike pictures.

The LG NanoCell Technology works by using a filter layer that sits in the TV and helps to absorb unwanted light wavelengths. Getting rid of the unwanted wavelengths helps to purify the color output and enhance the color depth.

You can look at the NanoCell technology by thinking about paint. You may not achieve a purely blue color if you have traces of other colors in the mixture. In the same way, the LG technology helps to remove impurities, thereby enhancing the color depth, resulting in incredible image quality.

The LG NanoCell TVs use tiny bits of red, green, and blue light to paint their pictures. Although absorbing unwanted light wavelengths may look like removing color, the result is enhanced color depth. The unwanted dull wavelengths that would taint the blue, red, and green sub-pixels are removed.

NanoCell TV doesn"t offer anything extra than what you get from 4K TVs. It still provides the same eight million-plus pixels. The incoming light can affect how the colors look on your TV display. Additionally, neighboring pixels can bleed color to the neighboring pixel affecting the color accuracy. However, the NanoCell technology helps make the blue, red, and green colors displayed look better.

Some high-end NanoCell televisions also come with a feature known as Full Array Local Dimming. The FALD refers to a smart tech that dims the backlight of your TV when there are dark scenes. This is a technology the OLED TVs also deliver effectively, though they are more expensive.

NanoCell TV is an excellent option if you are looking for better quality images than the standard LCD TV. The TVs also support the HDR Dolby Vision content, and it also features the Dolby Atmos sound that ensures you enjoy the most cinema-like experience. Also, if you compare the price of UHD and NanoCell TVs, the latter will may cost you a little more money (see more UHD TV reviews).

One advantage of the OLED TV is that its possible to achieve true blacks on the screen. When the part of the screen is black, the pixels are off. Each pixel is lit individually, which means the screens have a wider viewing angle than LG NanoCell TVs or standard LEDs.

The LG NonoCell TVs are LCD screens and come with an in-plane switching (IPS) panel. As such, they offer a wide range of viewing angles. Additionally, NanoCell screens feature a nanoparticle layer that filters all the unwanted wavelengths that would affect the brightness and color accuracy of the screen.

The nanoparticle layer ensures that no color can bleed into other parts of your screen. Therefore, NanoCell TVs offer more accurate colors compared to LEd screens (see also Toshiba TVs).

OLED TVs beat NanoCell TVs in various aspects (see Sharp TVs). For instance, OLED offers better picture quality, deeper blacks, brighter whites, better energy consumption, and a more immersive gaming experience (see VIZIO TVs gaming settings here).

On the other hand, NanoCell doesn"t risk burn-in like the OLED, and it is a better option to use in brighter rooms. In addition, for more info on the subject, check out our NanoCell and OLED comparison.

Samsung QLED TVs come with a technique known as "quantum dots LED TV." The quantum dots refer to small nanocrystals that are layered behind the LCD panel. When the nanocrystals receive some light, they illuminate in blue, red, and green. The colored light - see best Samsung color settings here - then transmits to the green, red, and blue images you see on your screen.

On the other hand, the NanoCell TV by LG - see "LG NanoCell Review" - comes with nano-scale particles layered in front of the LCD panel. The particles act as a light-absorbing filter that removes unwanted dull colors from your image. Therefore, you end up with purer greens and reds and a more smooth transition between similar colors.

Both techniques by Samsung QLED and LG NanoCell ensure you enjoy a much better image quality. However, the two have some practical differences. For instance, QLED technology comes with a vertical alignment (VA) panel. The VA panels make use of the vertically aligned liquid crystals. The crystals tilt if a voltage is applied to allow light to pass through.

On the other hand, the LG NanoCell screens come with in-plane switching panels. Unlike the VA panels, where the crystals are horizontal, here they are aligned parallel. The panels are better at handling reflections, and the technique also offers a broader viewing angle. Therefore, you can enjoy your favorite movie or sports show from various sitting positions.

So, which one is the best?The QLED screen offers deeper blacks and has a bettercontrast ratio. However, you should ensure your viewing position is opposite the screen for the best results. NanoCell is not bothered by reflections. However, it is the second choice if you want to watch some movies in a dark room at night.

LG NaNoCell TV"s wide range of viewing angles ensures you don"t have to quarrel about who gets the best seat in the room. The top screen layer deals with the ambient light, while the low input lag is advantageous for gaming enthusiasts. Higher models of NanoCell TV support up to 120Hz of refresh rate, while some also support the variable refresh rate. This helps the TV to change its refresh rate depending on the content or task.

LG is a reputable brand (see also Hisense and Sony) that you can trust to offer you high-quality devices. The company doesn"t disappoint with the NanoCell TV. It comes with incredible features that help you to enjoy a lifelike watching experience. For instance, the anti-reflective layer helps to deal with ambient light. Also, it comes with a wide range of viewing angles, ensuring you can enjoy watching from various positions. On a similar note, if you want your TV to fit a tight budget and are a casual viewer, look for more affordable TV brands like Vizio, Hisence, or TCL.

NanoCell TVs and other LCD TVs paint their images using tiny bits of red, green, and blue light at varying intensities. Although filtering colors using the technology seems like getting rid of color, it results in the best color depth. The wavelengths that would dull the red, blue, and green pixels are eliminated.

Every year, it seems like there’s a new kind of television technology to learn about. Two of the newer types are OLED displays and LG’s NanoCell screens. These are two quite different kinds of TV that are often marketed around similar features.

We’ve done the research, so you don’t have to. In this head-to-head article, we’ll explain what NanoCell and OLED screens are, how they work, and cover the pros and cons of each, so you know exactly what you’re getting.

LG NanoCell TVs are very similar to traditional light-emitting diode (LED) and liquid crystal display (LCD) TVs. Yes, they are still backlit and offer the same resolution as other 4K televisions.

The difference is that NanoCell utilizes an extra layer of nanoparticles which acts as a color filter and improves the vividness and accuracy of displayed colors. In this way, they"re actually more similar to QLED displays.

How does this work? Pixels in a TV display are red, green, and blue. Combinations of these colors can produce millions (or a billion in the case of NanoCell TVs) of possible colors.

The color filter used in NanoCell TVs filters out “unwanted light wavelengths.” In other words, it filters out light that would result in the wrong color being displayed. This improves the red, blue, and green colors that are displayed on the NanoCell TV. It also improves the purity of whites and blacks that you see on the screen.

Some NanoCell TVs also offer something called full-array local dimming (FALD). This technology dims the backlight on the TV in dark areas, providing darker blacks and shadows and improving the dynamic range of the screen. This provides a similar effect to OLED TVs, but for a much lower price.

One benefit of this is that it’s possible to achieve “true black” where parts of the TV can be completely dark. This is possible because when the TV area is black, the pixels are actually turned off. In addition, having each pixel individually lit means that OLED TVs have a very high dynamic range—much better than standard LEDs and NanoCell TVs.

OLED screens have a faster response time than older LED and LCD screens meaning that it’s excellent for fast motion video (such as sports or gaming). Check out our list of the best gaming TVs for PS5 and Xbox Series X/S for specific recommendations.

LG’s NanoCell TVs are in-plane switching (IPS) and LCD screens. These kinds of screens offer a very wide viewing angle. The NanoCell TVs have a second feature, a nanoparticle layer able to filter out incoming wavelengths of light that would negatively affect the color and brightness of the screen.

The filter primarily helps with the reds and greens, meaning that the color can’t “bleed” onto other parts of the screen. The result is that NanoCell TVs have very accurate colors compared to other LED screens. So, when it comes to NanoCell vs. LED, LG"s panel has the upper hand.

Because each pixel is lit independently, OLED screens have insane image quality, use less power, and have faster response times than the older LED and LCD competitors. If that"s exactly what you"re looking for, here is our list of the best OLED TVs on the market.

In most cases, OLED outperforms LG’s NanoCell TVs. OLED offers better image quality, better gaming performance, lower power consumption, deeper blacks, brighter whites, and gorgeous color.

The NanoCell, however, is better for use in brighter rooms and doesn’t come with the risk of burn-in that OLED has. NanoCell TVs are also much cheaper than OLED TVs.

There are two major types of displays available in modern TVs: OLED and LED LCD. LED LCD technology is constantly evolving, and the latest iteration is Mini LED.

Like other iterations of LCD technology, Mini LED attempts to improve on the drawbacks of its parent technology in different ways. But how does it compare with OLED? And does Mini LED outshine OLED?

The term Mini LED may, straight off the bat, be confusing. However, Mini LED (Light Emitting Diode) is simply a culmination of the good old LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology. Like other modifications of LCD, it comes with some tweaks to overcome different drawbacks inherent in LCD panels.

For starters, LCD technology has come a long way, and there are different versions of it in modern-day TVs. LED, QLED, MicroLED, Neo QLED, and NanoCell display technologies are all built upon the groundbreaking LED LCD technology with few improvements here and there.

To understand what Mini LED means, we have to go back to the foundational LCD technology. LCDs use Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL) tubes for backlighting.

LED LCD (which manufacturers often refer to as LED) is an improvement on LCD with one key difference—the backlighting technology. Instead of using CCFL tubes, LEDs use Light Emitting Diodes, bringing several improvements such as higher peak brightness and better light control. The bottom line is, LED panels are LCDs that are backlit with LEDs.

First, Mini LED panels provide an improvement in contrast ratios. The uptick in contrast ratio is all thanks to the dramatic increase in local dimming zones. Local dimming plays an essential role in LED LCD panels by making blacks appear deeper, leading to a higher contrast ratio.

A good example is LG"s 2021 86-inch Mini LED 8K TV, which boasts a ten times increase in contrast ratio over conventional LCD TVs. That"s a big difference in the viewing experience.

Mini LED uses a backlight, in this case, mini LEDs. With more LEDs than conventional LED LCD panels, Mini LEDs provide better contrast ratios and deeper blacks.

While manufacturers have tried to improve the longevity of OLED panels, they still can"t compare with their LED LCD counterparts, including Mini LED. Over time, the individual pixels" luminance degrades, leading to washed-out images.

Rather than proving enlightening, LG TV model numbers can be very confusing if you don’t know what to look for. That"s where we come in. This guide will help you make sense of LG’s tricky TV naming system and break down its entire lineup, from flagship OLEDs costing a small fortune to more affordable 4K LCD LED options.

If you decide an OLED isn’t for you, LG has plenty of options, including a QNED (Quantum NanoCell Emitting Diodes) lineup that makes use of a trio of panel technologies: Quantum Dot, Mini LED and NanoCell. All QNED options feature 120Hz panels and HDMI 2.1 ports.

LG QNED99: Top of the QNED pile is the 8K QNED99. It uses LG’s smartest, most powerful processor along with its most advanced LCD panel, which offers over 2,000 independently dimmable zones controlled by Precision Dimming Pro+.65QNED996PB: £3,299

LG QNED90: Available in the same sizes as the QNED99, this is the first of the 4K options combining Quantum Dot, Mini LED and NanoCell technologies. It’s powered by the Alpha 7 chip and only gets LG’s basic Precision Dimming technology.

LG QNED86: Like the QNED90, the QNED86 features a Quantum Dot Nancocell panel with Mini LEDs and is powered by the same Alpha 7 chip.55QNED866QA: £1,399

LGQNED81: While the QNED81 features a Quantum Dot NanoCell panel, it doesn’t use Mini LEDs so won’t have as many dimmable zones and therefore won’t be able to deliver the same level of contrast as pricier QNED options.

LG NANO81: The LG NANO81 is available in four screen sizes and each are powered by the fifth-generation Alpha 5 AI processor. The panel"s refresh rate is only 60Hz so it"s not the best choice for next-gen gaming but it does support Game Optimiser mode and ALLM.

QNED99 and QNED91: Like their 2022 refreshes, these premium LCD TVs feature ‘Quantum NanoCell Emitting Diode’ tech combined with MiniLED backlights that allow for hundreds of dimming zones. The 99 houses an 8K panel and fourth-gen Alpha 9 chip, while the 91 delivers 4K resolution and is powered by an Alpha 7 processor. Price: From £2,999 (QNED99 65in) and £1,699 (QNED91 65in)

NANO range: Cutting MiniLED backlighting and therefore cost, LG’s 2021 NANO range is comprised of a number of entries, the most expensive of which is the 8K NANO96. Options get gradually less advanced as you work your way down through the NANO91, 86, 80 and finally, the NANO75.LG NANO96: From £949 (55in) | Buy now from Amazon

LCD LED range: LG has an extensive array of LCD LED televisions catering for a wide range of budgets. The most expensive entry still being sold is the UP81, while the cheapest is the UP75, which we reviewed late last year.LG UP81: From £309 (43in) |

A variation on quantum dot technology, the Nano Cell LCD displays use uniformly sized particles (one nanometer in diameter), which the Korean company says offer more subtle, accurate colours that can be viewed from wider angles.

LG explains: “Nano Cell achieves such impressive results by absorbing surplus light wavelengths, enhancing the purity of the colors displayed on the screen. These light absorbing capabilities allow LG’s new LCD displays to filter distinct colors with much greater precision, rendering each color exactly as it was intended by the original content producer.”

The flagship 55-inch SJ9500, which is 6.9mm at its thinnest point, offers the best quality picture LG has ever mustered from an LCD set, the company says. It also has a crescent-shaped stand that offers ‘the illusion of floating on air’.

LG uses a different product code for its NanoCell TVs. The NanoCell line is a range of LCD displays that use nanoparticles to enhance certain colours and filter out duller ones for a brighter, more attractive picture.

The first digits refer to the screen size, followed by the screen type (S = Super UHD, N = NanoCell), and the development year (2018 = K, 2019 = M, L appears to have been skipped).

Leading screen manufacturers like Samsung have turned to nanotechnology that, ironically, can’t even be seen by the naked eye but produces jaw-droppingly rich, vibrant displays. An emerging technology called Quantum Dot enhances flat-panel LED displays, commercial TVs and curved widescreen monitors, revealing many more colors and adding the necessary brightness to take full advantage of technologies like High Dynamic Range (HDR).

Quantum Dots are essentially nanoparticles that manufacturers add to the layers of films, filters, glass and electronics — sometimes called the sandwich — that comprise a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). When these Quantum Dots are illuminated, they re-emit light of a certain color. Developing the technology for the primary QLED colors (red, blue and green) has been a technological feat, and one Samsung has overcome with its R&D hub Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT). The team successfully developed blue QLED technology in 2020.

Because of its investment in R&D, Samsung is, by far, the market leader in Quantum Dots development and display products, with a category it calls Quantum LED (QLED). Other display manufacturers using Quantum Dots technology often include “Q” or “Quantum” in product names to make the distinction from conventional LCDs.

Quantum Dots-enhanced displays compare favorably with super-premium Organic LED displays (OLEDs), but usually at less cost, and with none of the technical issues and limitations that OLED introduces (more on that later). Quantum Dots technology first found its way into the premium TV market, and is now increasingly being used by image-sensitive brands for commercial applications such as digital signage, where the depth and accuracy of color is critically important.

What is Quantum Dot technology? A Quantum Dot is a human-made nanoparticle that has semiconductor properties. They’re tiny, ranging in size from two to 10 nanometers, with the size of the particle dictating the wavelength of light it emits, and therefore the color. When Quantum Dots are hit with a light source, each dot emits a color of a specific bandwidth: Larger dots emit light that is skewed toward red, and progressively smaller dots emit light that is skewed more toward green.

Quantum Dots are usually applied to a sheet of film that sits as a layer in that “sandwich” in front of the LED backlight that’s used to illuminate an LCD. The light passes through the LCD display stack, with the Quantum Dot color filter layer enhancing and enabling the LCD to reveal a wider and more saturated range of colors than would otherwise be possible.

Many consumer and B2B brands place heavy importance on how their products look to the marketplace. Their brands’ colors are not just blue and red — they are very specific blues and reds. Brand owners often have rigorous guidelines that mandate how these colors are reproduced, and in the case of digital displays, Quantum Dots technology provides the level of accuracy they want. Samsung’s QLED displays, for example, enable more than a billion colors.

By one estimate, Quantum Dots increase the color gamut on LCD displays by up to 50 percent. That broad range of colors also enables more saturated colors — the vivid, intense color levels that “pop” on screens and draw viewer attention.

Using Quantum Dots means the range of colors and their accuracy is maintained even at peak brightness, while other display technologies like OLED might wash out colors when scenes require full brightness. The result with QLED is accurate, rich and detailed colors on displays, in any light.

Quantum Dots LCD displays are often compared to OLED flat panel displays, with both billed as premium visual experiences. To a casual observer, they can look very similar, but there are distinct differences.

In pure technical terms, they’re different in that LCDs are illuminated by integrated but distinct LED lighting arrays, whereas OLEDs are self-emissive — each pixel is its own light.

Both technologies offer a huge range of colors, delivering eye-popping visuals. But while Quantum Dots can reproduce that full range of colors even at peak brightness, when the image on an OLED display becomes too bright, its color capabilities are compromised, and diminishing the available spectrum. Samsung QLEDs have peak brightness levels as high as 4,000 nits, which is brighter than what’s needed for outdoor displays to overpower the glare of direct sunlight.

When flat panel displays first came into the marketplace, much of the marketing story and buyer interest focused on their shape and scale. Then the focus turned to resolution, shifting from 720p to 1080p HD and then to 4K and even 8K.

Explore Samsung’s full lineup ofQLED displays, designed deliver realistic detail and vibrant color to showcase your business in the best light. Looking for more buying advice? You can find everything you need to know about choosing your LED displays for optimal viewing indoors and out in thisfree, comprehensive guide.

When you buy through our links, Insider may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more.LG"s new 65-inch NanoCell 90 Series 4K TV is one of the company"s flagship LCD display models for 2020.

Still, if you"re in the market for an LCD TV that favors wide viewing angles and smart features over HDR contrast, then the NanoCell 90 is a solid living room display.

But, while the company"s OLED models have been celebrated, LG"s LCD TVs, often branded as NanoCell, haven"t received as much attention. Though decent performers, the NanoCells just haven"t been able to equal the wow factor of LG"s OLEDs or the value of LCD models from other manufacturers.

For its 2020 NanoCell 90 Series 4K TV, however, LG has actually made some solid improvements over previous models, resulting in a display that stacks up a bit better against the competition. High dynamic range (HDR) performance still lags behind a few cheaper models from other brands, but the TV"s viewing angles and smart capabilities are among the best you can find for $1,199.99.

LG"s 65-inch NanoCell 90 4K TV features an attractive but pretty standard design. It"s unlikely to win over buyers based on style alone, yet it should look just fine situated on any home entertainment console or mounted on a wall.

The panel"s profile measures about 2.8 inches thick, which is about average for an LCD TV that doesn"t use edge-lit dimming. Unlike a lot of other TV models that feature thinner profiles at the top and then get thicker toward the bottom where the inputs are housed, the NanoCell 90 remains the same general thickness from top to bottom.

For those who"d like to adjust the picture further, the NanoCell 90 offers plenty of presets and options, including a handy Filmmaker Mode setting. Endorsed by the Director"s Guild of America (DGA), the Filmmaker Mode preset automatically deactivates unnecessary picture adjustments and processing, like motion smoothing and artificial sharpening, offering viewers a simple way to watch movies and shows closer to how the directors originally intended.

LG"s NanoCell 90 is a solid performer overall, but the display has some key strengths and weaknesses compared to other competing flagship and midrange LCD TVs on the market.

Unlike a lot of LCD TVs from the competition, the NanoCell 90 uses an In-Plane Switching (IPS) panel instead of a Vertical Alignment (VA) panel. So, what"s the difference between the two? Long story short, IPS panels are known for superior viewing angles, allowing images to look good even if you"re sitting off to the side, while VA panels are known for better contrast and black levels.

In practice, the IPS screen"s viewing angles don"t disappoint. Off-axis colors and contrast tend to fade and distort a lot on LCD TVs from other brands, but the LG NanoCell 90 maintains its picture performance very well, even if you"re sitting off to the side. This is great if your couch can"t be set up directly in front of the TV or if you tend to have viewing parties with guests seated all around the room. Local dimming does become more noticeable when off-center but, in general, viewing angles are a key benefit of this model.

Despite the IPS screen, contrast is surprisingly decent. This is in part because the NanoCell 90 includes full-array local dimming. Local dimming is a beneficial feature found on several midrange and high-end LCD TVs, allowing the screen to dim and brighten in specific sections.

That being said, the NanoCell 90 doesn"t use as many dimming zones as most TVs in this price range. Though LG doesn"t disclose an official number, the display features approximately 32 zones. For comparison"s sake, Hisense"s 65-inch H9G ($999) features 132 zones, TCL"s 6-Series ($899) has 160 zones, and Vizio"s P-Series Quantum ($1,199) features 200 zones. There are other factors that contribute to local dimming performance but, overall, the more zones the better.

The NanoCell 90 uses its relatively limited number of zones to achieve decent black level and brightness performance. In fact, standard dynamic range (SDR) content essentially looks flawless with no major dimming artifacts. This is pretty much par for the course when it comes to flagship 4K sets, however, and the real test comes down to how good high dynamic range (HDR) content looks.

Unlike a lot of other flagship LCDs that use quantum dots for expanded color, the NanoCell 90 actually utilizes a slightly different process that integrates a nanoparticle filter on the panel. The end result provides a similar range of colors. When judging the TV"s HDR performance as a whole, however, there are some issues worth pointing out.

First and foremost, the NanoCell 90 can"t get as bright as some other 4K HDR TVs in the $800 to $1,200 range. Peak brightness hovers around the 500 nit mark, which is quite a bit under the 1,000 nit benchmark that a lot of HDR videos are graded for. The similarly-priced Vizio P-Series Quantum and the less-expensive Hisense H9G are both capable of exceeding 1,000 nits.

What does this actually mean when watching HDR content on the TV? Basically, the bright highlights don"t pop quite as much as they do on some competing models in this class. If this TV was placed side by side with one of the Vizio or Hisense models mentioned above, the brightest highlights in HDR videos would likely appear less intense and dimensional on the NanoCell 90.

It is a bit disappointing to see such average peak brightness numbers on a 65-inch LCD in this price range, but the TV"s image quality does still benefit from its support for HDR. In fact, judged on its own, I rarely feel like I was missing all that much when watching HDR10 videos on the TV.

Black levels are also solid but the NanoCell 90 rarely provides the inky quality that better LCDs are capable of. Bars above and below the picture in widescreen movies, for instance, tend to remain a dark gray rather than true black.

Dimming artifacts, like blooming and vignetting, are also visible and occasionally distracting in darker HDR scenes. This causes bright objects to create a flashlight effect around darker backgrounds. Artifacts like this are common on local dimming TVs but appear a bit worse here than on competing models I"ve tested. Blooming is less distracting on the NanoCell 90 than it has been on previous LG TVs, however, so the company has made some improvements in this regard.

The NanoCell 90 makes use of LG"s webOS smart TV platform, offering a fast and responsive system with a nice assortment of apps and lifestyle features. The included Magic Remote provides built-in support for Google Assistant or Alexa, allowing buyers to choose which voice assistant they want to use. In practice, the digital assistant functionality and voice recognition work well, allowing you to easily search for content, launch apps, and find answers to various questions.

LG"s new NanoCell 90 TV offers solid overall performance, especially when it comes to smart features and viewing angles. On the downside, the display"s brightness and contrast capabilities aren"t on par with some cheaper TVs from brands like Vizio, TCL, and Hisense.

At $1,199.99, the 65-inch NanoCell 90 is a decent buy for customers who want an LCD TV with wide viewing angles and comprehensive digital assistant support for their living room. Buyers who place more importance on high-end HDR performance, however, can find less expensive TVs that are better for that purpose.

If you"d like a larger screen, the NanoCell 90 also comes in 75-inch ($1,999.99) and 86-inch models ($2,799.99). A 55-inch version ($949.99) is also available. Please be aware, however, that brightness and dimming performance will likely vary depending on the size of the TV.

There are several worthy 65-inch alternatives to the NanoCell 90 in the $800 to $1,200 price range. The Hisense H9G ($999.99), TCL 6 Series ($899.99), and Vizio P-Series Quantum ($1,199.99), all feature brighter HDR capabilities and more local dimming zones, which should translate to a punchier image with deeper black levels. The Hisense and Vizio also add HDR10+ support, which is missing from the LG NanoCell 90.

Over his nine years of experience covering the audiovisual industry, Steven has reviewed numerous TVs, headphones, speakers, monitors, streaming players, and more. He was one of a select number of journalists invited to get a hands-on first look at LG"s first 8K OLED TV in 2019, and is always excited to check out the newest and biggest displays on the market.

With Spotify on LG Nanocell Smart TVs, you can enjoy all the music and podcasts you love, right here on the big screen. Flick through albums, songs and playlists using your remote control, or with Spotify Connect on your phone or tablet. You can even switch between the two, for a totally seamless experience.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for more 50 and 58 inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58 inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste.AGC Inc., Corning Inc., and Nippon Electric Glass.

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1922, Georges Friedel described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, Vsevolod Frederiks devised the electrically switched light valve, called the Fréedericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patented the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". In 1962, the first major English language publication Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals was published by Dr. George W. Gray.RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK"s Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

In 1972 North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp introduced the use of DSM LCDs for calculators for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.Sharp Corporation followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973Seiko and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and Casio"s "Casiotron". Color LCDs based on Guest-Host interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968.TFT LCDs similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada,

In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,

The first color LCD televisions were developed as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko"s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.dot matrix TN-LCD in 1983.Citizen Watch,TFT LCD.computer monitors and LCD televisions.3LCD projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.compact, full-color LCD projector.

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to twisted nematic field effect LCDs (TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries.Hitachi work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

In 2016, Panasonic developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight and quantum dot sheets.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman),

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing Crosstalk between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by Peter J. Wild in 1972,

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have qu