gas display screens made in china

Technology trends in backplane technology are driving higher gas demand in display manufacturing. Specific gas requirements of process blocks are discussed, and various supply modes are reviewed.

Since its initial communalization in the 1990s, active matrix thin-film-transistor (TFT) displays have become an essential and indispensable part of modern living. They are much more than just televisions and smartphones; they are the primary communication and information portals for our day-to- day life: watches (wearables), appliances, advertising, signage, automobiles and more.

There are many similarities in the display TFT manufacturing and semiconductor device manufacturing such as the process steps (deposition, etch, cleaning, and doping), the type of gases used in these steps, and the fact that both display and semiconductor manufacturing both heavily use gases.

However, there are technology drivers and manufacturing challenges that differentiate the two. For semiconductor device manufacturing, there are technology limitations in making the device increasingly smaller. For display manufacturing, the challenge is primarily maintaining the uniformity of glass as consumers drive the demand for larger and thinner displays.

While semiconductor wafer size has maxed because of the challenges of making smaller features uniformly across the surface of the wafer, the size of the display mother glass has grown from 0.1m x 0.1m with 1.1mm thickness to 3m x 3m with 0.5mm thickness over the past 20 years due to consumer demands for larger, lighter, and more cost-effective devices.

As the display mother glass area gets bigger and bigger,so does the equipment used in the display manufacturing process and the volume of gases required. In addition, the consumer’s desire for a better viewing experience such as more vivid color, higher resolution, and lower power consumption has also driven display manufacturers to develop and commercialize active matrix organic light emitting displays (AMOLED).

In general, there are two types of displays in the market today: active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) and AMOLED. In its simplicity, the fundamental components required to make up the display are the same for AMLCD and AMOLED. There are four layers of a display device (FIGURE 1): a light source, switches that are the thin-film-transistor and where the gases are mainly used, a shutter to control the color selection, and the RGB (red, green, blue) color filter.

The thin-film-transistors used for display are 2D transitional transistors, which are similar to bulk CMOS before FinFET. For the active matrix display, there is one transistor for each pixel to drive the individual RGB within the pixel. As the resolution of the display grows, the transistor size also reduces, but not to the sub-micron scale of semiconductor devices. For the 325 PPI density, the transistor size is approximately 0.0001 mm2 and for the 4K TV with 80 PPI density, the transistor size is approximately 0.001 mm2.

Technology trends TFT-LCD (thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display) is the baseline technology. MO / White OLED (organic light emitting diode) is used for larger screens. LTPS / AMOLED is used for small / medium screens. The challenges for OLED are the effect of < 1 micron particles on yield, much higher cost compared to a-Si due to increased mask steps, and moisture impact to yield for the OLED step.

Although AMLCD displays are still dominant in the market today, AMOLED displays are growing quickly. Currently about 25% of smartphones are made with AMOLED displays and this is expected to grow to ~40% by 2021. OLED televisions are also growing rapidly, enjoying double digit growth rate year over year. Based on IHS data, the revenue for display panels with AMOLED technol- ogies is expected to have a CAGR of 18.9% in the next five years while the AMLCD display revenue will have a -2.8% CAGR for the same period with the total display panel revenue CAGR of 2.5%. With the rapid growth of AMOLED display panels, the panel makers have accel- erated their investment in the equipment to produce AMOLED panels.

There are three types of thin-film-transistor devices for display: amorphous silicon (a-Si), low temperature polysilicon (LTPS), and metal oxide (MO), also known as transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS). AMLCD panels typically use a-Si for lower-resolution displays and TVs while high-resolution displays use LTPS transistors, but this use is mainly limited to small and medium displays due to its higher costs and scalability limitations. AMOLED panels use LTPS and MO transistors where MO devices are typically used for TV and large displays (FIGURE 3).

This shift in technology also requires a change in the gases used in production of AMOLED panels as compared with the AMLCD panels. As shown in FIGURE 4, display manufacturing today uses a wide variety of gases.

These gases can be categorized into two types: Electronic Specialty gases (ESGs) and Electronic Bulk gases (EBGs) (FIGURE 5). Electronic Specialty gases such as silane, nitrogen trifluoride, fluorine (on-site generation), sulfur hexafluoride, ammonia, and phosphine mixtures make up 52% of the gases used in the manufacture of the displays while the Electronic Bulk gases–nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon – make up the remaining 48% of the gases used in the display manufacturing.

The key ga susage driver in the manufacturing of displays is PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition), which accounts for 75% of the ESG spending, while dry etch is driving helium usage. LTPS and MO transistor production is driving nitrous oxide usage. The ESG usage for MO transistor production differs from what is shown in FIGURE 4: nitrous oxide makes up 63% of gas spend, nitrogen trifluoride 26%, silane 7%, and sulfur hexafluoride and ammonia together around 4%. Laser gases are used not only for lithography, but also for excimer laser annealing application in LTPS.

Silane: SiH4 is one of the most critical molecules in display manufacturing. It is used in conjunction with ammonia (NH3) to create the silicon nitride layer for a-Si transistor, with nitrogen (N2) to form the pre excimer laser anneal a-Si for the LTPS transistor, or with nitrous oxide (N2O) to form the silicon oxide layer of MO transistor.

Nitrogen trifluoride: NF3 is the single largest electronic material from spend and volume standpoint for a-Si and LTPS display production while being surpassed by N2O for MO production. NF3 is used for cleaning the PECVD chambers. This gas requires scalability to get the cost advantage necessary for the highly competitive market.

Nitrous oxide: Used in both LTPS and MO display production, N2O has surpassed NF3 to become the largest electronic material from spend and volume standpoint for MO production. N2O is a regional and localized product due to its low cost, making long supply chains with high logistic costs unfeasible. Averaging approximately 2 kg per 5.5 m2 of mother glass area, it requires around 240 tons per month for a typical 120K per month capacity generation 8.5 MO display production. The largest N2O compressed gas trailer can only deliver six tons of N2O each time and thus it becomes both costly and risky

Nitrogen: For a typical large display fab, N2 demand can be as high as 50,000 Nm3/hour, so an on-site generator, such as the Linde SPECTRA-N® 50,000, is a cost-effective solution that has the added benefit of an 8% reduction in CO2 (carbon dioxide) footprint over conventional nitrogen plants.

Helium: H2 is used for cooling the glass during and after processing. Manufacturers are looking at ways to decrease the usage of helium because of cost and availability issues due it being a non-renewable gas.

N2 On-site generators: Nitrogen is the largest consumed gas at the fab, and is required to be available before the first tools are brought to the fab. Like major semiconductor fabs, large display fabs require very large amounts of nitrogen, which can only be economically supplied by on-site plants.

Compressed gas truck trailers: Other large volume gases like hydrogen and helium are supplied over longer distances in truck or ISO-sized tanks as compressed gases.

Individual packages: Specialty gases are supplied in individual packages. For higher volume materials like silane and nitrogen trifluoride, these can be supplied in large ISO packages holding up to 10 tons. Materials with smaller requirements are packaged in standard gas cylinders.

Blended gases: Laser gases and dopants are supplied as blends of several different gases. Both the accuracy and precision of the blended products are important to maintain the display device fabrication operating within acceptable parameters.

In-fab distribution: Gas supply does not end with the delivery or production of the material of the fab. Rather, the materials are further regulated with additional filtration, purification, and on-line analysis before delivery to individual production tools.

The consumer demand for displays that offer increas- ingly vivid color, higher resolution, and lower power consumption will challenge display makers to step up the technologies they employ and to develop newer displays such as flexible and transparent displays. The transistors to support these new displays will either be LTPS and / or MO, which means the gases currently being used in these processes will continue to grow. Considering the current a-Si display production, the gas consumption per area of the glass will increase by 25% for LTPS and ~ 50% for MO productions.

To facilitate these increasing demands, display manufacturers must partner with gas suppliers to identify which can meet their technology needs, globally source electronic materials to provide customers with stable and cost- effective gas solutions, develop local sources of electronic materials, improve productivity, reduce carbon footprint, and increase energy efficiency through on-site gas plants. This is particularly true for the burgeoning China display manufacturing market, which will benefit from investing in on-site bulk gas plants and collaboration with global materials suppliers with local production facilities for high-purity gas and chemical manufacturing.

gas display screens made in china

According to research, the LED display market will maintain a positive growth trend in the coming years due to each country’s economic development prompting the advertising industry and entertainment projects to get a new creative display.

For local LED display distributors in each country, issues such as product quality, shipping costs, and import costs make it especially important to find the best Chinese LED display manufacturers.

This article lists the best-LED display manufacturers in China; You will know the list as below.Top 6 market capitalization and estimated revenue LED display companies in China.

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

With nine production bases and seven international marketing centers worldwide, and nearly 5,000 employees (including more than 700 foreigners), the Group is the first company in the world to have the most advanced original technology of small pitch LED display.

Unilumin became one of the earliest listed LED display companies in China in 2011 and acquired ROE visual in 2012, and set up a subsidiary in the U.S. It provides world-class LED displays for the control room, broadcast, commercial, retail, entertainment, sports, landscape photo, and other applications.

Products: LED application: Radiant LED display, mini LED display, LED theater system, intelligent conference all-in-one machine, rental LED screen, etc. Financial technology, intelligent lighting

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

Ledman has become the world’s leading LED display company building the high-tech LED product ecosystem, including as below:UHD Micro LED display products (based on COB advanced technology);

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

With nine production bases and seven international marketing centers worldwide, and nearly 5,000 employees (including more than 700 foreigners), the Group is the first company in the world to have the most advanced original technology of small pitch LED display.

Unilumin became one of the earliest listed LED display companies in China in 2011 and acquired ROE visual in 2012, and set up a subsidiary in the U.S. It provides world-class LED displays for the control room, broadcast, commercial, retail, entertainment, sports, landscape photo, and other applications.

Since 2002, Yaham has been the pioneer of led display technology and was the first to provide a custom-designed display system for the world A-list brand like Louis Vuitton.

Since its founding, QSTECH has been dedicated to the LED display application field, with products being widely used in LED display, LED intelligent traffic applications.

Global services to a wide range of customers, with 140 countries and regions and 50% of long-term cooperation with customers, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games display suppliers, and Nichia Chemical, Polycomb.

Products: LED application: Radiant LED display, mini LED display, LED theater system, intelligent conference all-in-one machine, rental LED screen, etc. Financial technology, intelligent lighting

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

Ledman has become the world’s leading LED display company building the high-tech LED product ecosystem, including as below:UHD Micro LED display products (based on COB advanced technology);

Qiangli is widely used in conference display, security monitoring, command center, radio and television broadcasting, exhibition, stage rental, advertising media, digital signage, door windows, and other fields.

Haijia Group is a high-tech enterprise founded in 2006, with a registered capital of 100 million yuan and an independent LED display manufacturing base covering 220 acres, employing more than 1,100 people.

Products: Small pitch LED display, indoor and outdoor full-color LED module, rental LED screen, DIP LED screen, single and double color screen, LED Encapsulation packaging, LED lighting fixtures.

SHENZHEN LAMP is a professional green energy-saving LED display provider, a national high-tech enterprise integrating R&D, design, manufacturing, sales, and service.

Chontdo is a professional company that focuses on providing customers with energy-saving LED display systems, city lighting systems, and LED lighting design complete solutions.

Products: Transparent LED screen, LED poster, floor LED screen, COB, rental LED screen, indoor and outdoor LED display, LED module, grille LED screen.

SHENZHEN HUAXIA L&C Corporation Limitedis a “double high” enterprise (national high and new technology and Shenzhen high and new technology) focusing on the research and development and production of indoor and outdoor SMD LED display.

Shenzhen Teeho Optoelectronic Co., Ltd was established in 2009; Teeho is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in LED display design, research and development, production, sales, and engineering services as a whole.

Products: LED outdoor full-color display, LED outdoor full-color rental screen, LED outdoor full-color module, creative LED display, LED display accessories.

Roya Display constantly improves product quality and develops new LED display products for our customers; to provide high-quality products for the LED display industry.

Products: Small pitch, indoor LED display, rental LED display, outdoor energy-saving LED display, LED heterosexual screen, transparent LED screen, soft film group, advertising machine, floor LED screen.

Qiangli is widely used in conference display, security monitoring, command center, radio and television broadcasting, exhibition, stage rental, advertising media, digital signage, door windows, and other fields.

Products: Transparent LED screen, LED poster, floor LED screen, COB, rental LED screen, indoor and outdoor LED display, LED module, grille LED screen.

SHENZHEN HUAXIA L&C Corporation Limitedis a “double high” enterprise (national high and new technology and Shenzhen high and new technology) focusing on the research and development and production of indoor and outdoor SMD LED display.

Haijia Group is a high-tech enterprise founded in 2006, with a registered capital of 100 million yuan and an independent LED display manufacturing base covering 220 acres, employing more than 1,100 people.

Chontdo is a professional company that focuses on providing customers with energy-saving LED display systems, city lighting systems, and LED lighting design complete solutions.

Hatress registered capital of USD 59,494,500 and a total investment of USD 15,000,000, the optoelectronic business group of Hatress Enterprise is located in the mid-to-high-end LED full-color display integrated solutions and LED packaging devices, LED lighting suppliers.

Hatress provides users with “one-stop” services, including solution design, led display product manufacturing, engineering services, and technical support.

Shenzhen Teeho Optoelectronic Co., Ltd was established in 2009; Teeho is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in LED display design, research and development, production, sales, and engineering services as a whole.

Ming Chang Products cover from small pitch display P1.0 to P1.923, indoor and outdoor P2 to P20, and other specifications, and accept customer customization requirements to meet market demand in all aspects.

Ming Chang focuses on LED display design and manufacturing for more than ten years, and constantly promotes product updates to become one of the largest indoor LED display manufacturers in Shenzhen.

Products: LED application: Radiant LED display, mini LED display, LED theater system, intelligent conference all-in-one machine, rental LED screen, etc. Financial technology, intelligent lighting

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

Unilumin became one of the earliest listed LED display companies in China in 2011 and acquired ROE visual in 2012, and set up a subsidiary in the U.S. It provides world-class LED displays for the control room, broadcast, commercial, retail, entertainment, sports, landscape photo, and other applications.

Products: Transparent LED screen, LED poster, floor LED screen, COB, rental LED screen, indoor and outdoor LED display, LED module, grille LED screen.

SHENZHEN HUAXIA L&C Corporation Limitedis a “double high” enterprise (national high and new technology and Shenzhen high and new technology) focusing on the research and development and production of indoor and outdoor SMD LED display.

Products: LED outdoor full-color display, LED outdoor full-color rental screen, LED outdoor full-color module, creative LED display, LED display accessories.

Roya Display constantly improves product quality and develops new LED display products for our customers; to provide high-quality products for the LED display industry.

As a wholly-owned subsidiary of the listed group DEHAOLUNDA (stock code: 002005) focusing on LED business, relying on the capital platform of the listed company, it has integrated the upstream and downstream industry chain from LED chips, control system SMD packaging, LED tubes to LED devices and displays, lighting products, etc., and become an integrated LED solution provider.

In Zhengzhou has more than 20 acres of production base, the complete establishment of a systematic and professional display production process improves and production capacity to provide a strong guarantee.

Products: Small pitch LED display, indoor and outdoor full-color LED module, rental LED screen, DIP LED screen, single and double color screen, LED Encapsulation packaging, LED lighting fixtures.

As a wholly-owned subsidiary of the listed group DEHAOLUNDA (stock code: 002005) focusing on LED business, relying on the capital platform of the listed company, it has integrated the upstream and downstream industry chain from LED chips, control system SMD packaging, LED tubes to LED devices and displays, lighting products, etc., and become an integrated LED solution provider.

With four invention patents, 15 utility model patents, 2 EU and US patents, in line with the international high-density chip glass display, high-density chip thin-film display R & D and manufacturers; is also a domestic through the chip R & D processing to display unit production, engineering installation integration of the whole industry chain display enterprises.

Tiege could produce the P4 series, P5 series, P6 series, P10 series, P16 series, P20 series, P30 series of dozens of specifications of laminated LED displays.

Products: Spherical LED screen, bowl LED screen, cylindrical LED screen, magic square LED screen, flexible LED Screen, heart-shaped LED screen, transparent LED display, laminated LED screen.

SHENZHEN SUPER VISUAL CO., LTD is a professional LED display manufacturer integrating creativity, R&D, production, sales, and engineering services and is the designated supplier of large creative LED display for the National Day 70th anniversary parade in 2019.

Chontdo is a professional company that focuses on providing customers with energy-saving LED display systems, city lighting systems, and LED lighting design complete solutions.

Products: spherical LED display, LED display rental, outdoor advertising LED display, stage background LED display, stadium LED display, traffic guidance LED display, information release LED display, LED car screen, LED floor screen, LED lintel screen, etc.

Shenzhen Apexls Optoelectronic Co., Ltd. a subsidiary of Ledman Optoelectronic Co., Ltd., was registered in 2009 with the capital of RMB23,142,900, is the Leader of Creative LED Display.

Apexls become integrated manufacture with rapid development, covering development, production, marketing, and service of all kinds of Creative LED display and Regular LED display.

Shenzhen Kingaurora Opto-tech CO., LTD was established in June 2009, referred to as “King of Light”, English “Kingaurora”, is a professional LED light-emitting diode packaging, LED indoor and outdoor display applications R & D, production, sales of national high-tech enterprises.

Kingaurora is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development, production, and sales of LED light-emitting diode packaging, LED indoor and outdoor LED display applications.

Kingaurora, with a registered capital of 30 million yuan and a production plant area of 12,000 square meters, Kingaurora is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in the research, development, production, and sales of LED packaging indoor and outdoor LED display applications.

The series of products are widely used in glass windows, glass curtain walls, the indoor large space display, stage performance, and other transparent scenes, covering O2O experience stores, brand chain stores, automotive 4S stores, star hotels, glass curtain walls, exhibition halls, shopping centers, airports, high-speed rail, banks, telecommunications, gas stations, stage dance and other fields, to achieve brand promotion, product display, eye-catching good effect for customers.

GUOJIA LED display products with strong technical equipment and professional and technical personnel are LED display research, development, manufacturing, sales, and service as one of the foreign-owned optoelectronic manufacturers.

Auroled transparent led screens are widely applied to commercial shopping malls, glass walls, building offices, airports, store windows, 4S stores, exhibition centers, banks, etc.

As a Shenzhen LED industry joint Association member and integrated LED display solution provider, M-shine is dedicated to providing high-value-added, reliable products and solutions to our customers.

M-Shine‘s team with rich experience in LED display technology researches, manufacturing management, solution design, and after-sale services, to provide customers high-value products and reliable services, such as commercial advertising monitor system, remote display control system, live broadcast display system, auto-brightness adjusting display system, wireless control display system, etc.

Numerous designs have received Chinese National utility model patents, including hoisting LED display techniques, quick cabinet connecting locks, waterproof design, high luminousness LED curtain, etc.

Gloshine is a professional and high-tech company engaged in indoor and outdoor full-color LED displays related to the research, development, production, sales of products.

Products: LED rental screen, LED advertising screen, high-definition small pitch, LED traffic guide screen, LED heterosexual screen, LED stadium screen, outdoor LED display, and indoor LED display.

Shenzhen Dicolor is equipped with the most advanced automatic machines and well equipped devices for LED display production, supporting our monthly production capability of up to 10000 sqm.

Products: Small pitch LED display, LED court screen, double-sided LED display, LED creative screen, LED shaped screen, LED arc screen, LED spherical screen, LED round screen, full-color LED display.

Shenzhen Lightlink Display Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in the manufacture of top-of-the-line rental LED display cabinets for the events industry.

Especially the stage rental screens have a significant influence on the domestic market, which leads the industry in sales for five consecutive years.

CLT LED displays includes outdoor advertising billboards, government office, business centers, shopping malls, sports stadiums, indoor & outdoor stages, and exhibitions.

Products: Rental LED display, indoor LED display, outdoor LED display, fixed installation display, creative LED screen, URC, Touring System, Processor.

At present, the company’s leading products LED display, has been widely used in airports, stations, ports, stadiums, banks, schools, factories, post and telecommunications, shopping malls, hospitals, industry and commerce, taxation, customs, monitoring centers, and advertising entertainment and other industries.

Aimin focuses on developing and manufacturing indoor and outdoor single and double color full color LED display, solar lawn light, indoor and outdoor lighting, and other products, which have been exported to Europe, America, and Southeast Asia countries and regions.

Qiangli is widely used in conference display, security monitoring, command center, radio and television broadcasting, exhibition, stage rental, advertising media, digital signage, door windows, and other fields.

Shenzhen Jingcaiyuan Electronics Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise integrating R&D, production, sales, engineering, and service for the LED display.

Products: LED display, LED module and accessories, outdoor full-color P10/P8/P6/P5, door full-color P10/P13/P16, P10 red, white, F3.75 red, white color LED module.

leaderled was founded in 2008, is a professional manufacturer of LED display, lead the way since its inception focused on the installation of LED display.

Unilumin became one of the earliest listed LED display companies in China in 2011 and acquired ROE visual in 2012, and set up a subsidiary in the U.S. It provides world-class LED displays for the control room, broadcast, commercial, retail, entertainment, sports, landscape photo, and other applications.

Products: LED full-color display, LED panel TV, system display products, LED creative display products, LED lighting products, LED backlight signage system

With nine production bases and seven international marketing centers worldwide, and nearly 5,000 employees (including more than 700 foreigners), the Group is the first company in the world to have the most advanced original technology of small pitch LED display.

Products: Fine pixel pitch LED display, Indoor dual-color screen, outdoor full-color screen, indoor full-color screen, outdoor dual color screen, indoor-outdoor monochrome screen.

During the past 18 years, COLEDER has focused on LED display technologies and products and elaborately completed the solutions for the products and applications of LED display with innovation and craftsman spirit.

Ledman has become the world’s leading LED display company building the high-tech LED product ecosystem, including as below:UHD Micro LED display products (based on COB advanced technology);

Products: LED application: Radiant LED display, mini LED display, LED theater system, intelligent conference all-in-one machine, rental LED screen, etc. Financial technology, intelligent lighting

After 20 years of development, it has 15 member companies (including four overseas subsidiaries), 40,000 square meters of LED display production and R&D base, 70+ service outlets, and 7×24-hour comprehensive service.

RGBShare main products include: LED rental display series, indoor and outdoor LED advertising display series, indoor LED small pixel series, stadium series, LEDtraffic display, LEDball display, LEDspecial-shaped display series, etc.

gas display screens made in china

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment.alphanumeric or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

LCDs, along with OLED displays, are manufactured in cleanrooms borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing wafer sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

The origins and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.IEEE History Center.Peter J. Wild, can be found at the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.

In 1964, George H. Heilmeier, then working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of FameIEEE Milestone.

The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.

On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect (TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.Brown, Boveri & Cie, its joint venture partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital quartz wristwatches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason, while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971.ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD.

In 1972, the concept of the active-matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by T. Peter Brody"s team at Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active matrix displays.active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.South Korea and Taiwan,

In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs.LCD TVs were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to Displaybank.Toshiba announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a tablet computer,transparent and flexible, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.

Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image.backlight. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit.Transflective LCDs combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plateinverter to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL.

EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn"t expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.

Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an LED backlight instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television or FLAD, full-area local area dimming).

Due to the LCD layer that generates the desired high resolution images at flashing video speeds using very low power electronics in combination with LED based backlight technologies, LCD technology has become the dominant display technology for products such as televisions, desktop monitors, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and mobile phones. Although competing OLED technology is pushed to the market, such OLED displays do not feature the HDR capabilities like LCDs in combination with 2D LED backlight technologies have, reason why the annual market of such LCD-based products is still growing faster (in volume) than OLED-based products while the efficiency of LCDs (and products like portable computers, mobile phones and televisions) may even be further improved by preventing the light to be absorbed in the colour filters of the LCD.

A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That"s three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB (Tape-automated bonding) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens.anisotropic conductive film or, for lower densities, elastomeric connectors.

Monochrome and later color passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displaysGame Boyactive-matrix became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no backlight) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.

A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures appear to be fading on the screen.

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing Crosstalk between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by Peter J. Wild in 1972,

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are addressed by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only low voltages.

High-resolution color displays, such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, use an active-matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small amounts of power to maintain an image.

Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to persistence of vision, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds.

Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light"s path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

In 2015 LG Display announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure would reduce the resolution by around 25%. This means that a 4K TV cannot display the full UHD TV standard. The media and internet users later called this "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because the announced 4K UHD resolution but still being incapable of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacts the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which is especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.

Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.

Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.

Color performance: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display. Color gamut is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the content being shown on the screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain specification.white point and gamma correction, which describe what color white is and how the other colors are displayed relative to white.

Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range (HDR displays are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use less than half of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor would use.

No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked resolution.

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

Display motion blur on moving objects caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and eye-tracking on a sample-and-hold display, unless a strobing backlight is used. However, this strobing can cause eye strain, as is noted next:

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to dim the display,CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT"s phosphor sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe eye-strain for some people.LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off faster than a CCFL lamp.

Only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using 1:1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to run off the lower or right edges of the screen.

Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (218) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (224) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

Input lag, because the LCD"s A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours in badly designed displays.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

Several different families of liquid crystals are used in liquid crystal displays. The molecules used have to be anisotropic, and to exhibit mutual attraction. Polarizable rod-shaped molecules (biphenyls, terphenyls, etc.) are common. A common form is a pair of aromatic benzene rings, with a nonpolar moiety (pentyl, heptyl, octyl, or alkyl oxy group) on one end and polar (nitrile, halogen) on the other. Sometimes the benzene rings are separated with an acetylene group, ethylene, CH=N, CH=NO, N=N, N=NO, or ester group. In practice, eutectic mixtures of several chemicals are used, to achieve wider temperature operating range (−10..+60 °C for low-end and −20..+100 °C for high-performance displays). For example, the E7 mixture is composed of three biphenyls and one terphenyl: 39 wt.% of 4"-pentyl[1,1"-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 24..35 °C), 36 wt.% of 4"-heptyl[1,1"-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 30..43 °C), 16 wt.% of 4"-octoxy[1,1"-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 54..80 °C), and 9 wt.% of 4-pentyl[1,1":4",1-terphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 131..240 °C).

The production of LCD screens uses nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF3 is a potent greenhouse gas, and its relatively long half-life may make it a potentially harmful contributor to global warming. A report in Geophysical Research Letters suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide. As NF3 was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the Kyoto Protocols and has been deemed "the missing greenhouse gas".

Critics of the report point out that it assumes that all of the NF3 produced would be released to the atmosphere. In reality, the vast majority of NF3 is broken down during the cleaning processes; two earlier studies found that only 2 to 3% of the gas escapes destruction after its use.3"s effects with what it replaced, perfluorocarbon, another powerful greenhouse gas, of which anywhere from 30 to 70% escapes to the atmosphere in typical use.

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