manual instructions for 9 tft lcd monitor pricelist
7053.7058.9580.05112.50131.80154.50190.65371.30 Parcels that exceed one cubic foot (1,728 cubic inches) are charged based on the actual weight or the dimensional weight, whichever is greater (as calculated in DMM 123.1.3).
2 pounds11.962 pounds Priority Mail Retail Zone 4 postage plus 0.96 Letters that meet one or more of the nonmachinable characteristics in DMM 101.1.2 are subject to the $0.39 nonmachinable surcharge.
The card price applies to each single or double postcard when originally mailed; reply half of double postcard must be designed for reply mail purposes only.
For parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 108 inches but not more than 130 inches, use the oversized price, regardless of weight, based on the applicable zone.
Oversized452.3570.5577.4595.95---- USPS Retail Ground—LOR retail prices are only available for items mailed within the state of Alaska for pieces delivered to or from the eligible intra-Alaska ZIP Codes in DMM Exhibit 150.1.3.
For parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 84 inches but not more than 108 inches, and the piece weighs less than 20 pounds, use the 20-pound price (balloon price) based on the applicable zone.
For parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 108 inches but not more than 130 inches, use the oversized price, regardless of weight, based on the applicable zone.
7048.2452.6370.3295.81119.86141.67173.11311.53 Parcels that exceed one cubic foot (1,728 cubic inches) are charged based on the actual weight or the dimensional weight, whichever is greater (see DMM 223.1.5).
7048.2452.6370.3295.81119.86141.67173.11311.53 Parcels that exceed one cubic foot (1,728 cubic inches) are charged based on the actual weight or the dimensional weight, whichever is greater (see DMM 223.1.5).
For pieces weighing more than 4 ounces, each piece is subject to both a per piece price and a per pound price. Multiply the number of pieces in the mailing by the per piece price. Multiply the number of pounds of the mailing by the per pound price. Add both totals.
For pieces weighing more than 4 ounces, each piece is subject to both a per piece price and a per pound price. Multiply the number of pieces in the mailing by the per piece price. Multiply the number of pounds of the mailing by the per pound price. Add both totals.
For pieces weighing more than 4 ounces, each piece is subject to both a per piece price and a per pound price. Multiply the number of pieces in the mailing by the per piece price. Multiply the number of pounds of the mailing by the per pound price. Add both totals.
For pieces weighing more than 4 ounces, each piece is subject to both a per piece price and a per pound price. Multiply the number of pieces in the mailing by the per piece price. Multiply the number of pounds of the mailing by the per pound price. Add both totals.
For pieces weighing more than 3.3 ounces, each piece is subject to both a per piece price and a per pound price. Multiply the number of pieces in the mailing by the per piece price. Multiply the number of pounds of the mailing by the per pound price. Add both totals.
For parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 108 inches but not more than 130 inches, use the oversized price, regardless of weight, based on the applicable entry.
For parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 108 inches but not more than 130 inches, use oversized prices, regardless of weight, based on the applicable zone.
Oversized214.6047.94 Balloon Price: RSCF parcels that measure in combined length and girth more than 84 inches but not more than 108 inches, and the piece weighs less than 20 pounds, use 20-pound prices.
Preferred Price: Authorized publications receive 5% off the total Outside County postage excluding the postage for advertising pounds. Does not apply to commingled nonsubscriber or nonrequester copies in excess of the 10% allowance. See DMM 207.1.0.
Fee groups in parentheses are corresponding fee groups for Competitive Post Office Box service locations, identified at usps.com/manage/po-boxes. Credit Card Authentication FeeFee Per Authentication (COA only)$1.10 Live Animal Transportation FeeFee (Day Old Poultry Only) Priority Mail Express and Priority Mail, Zones 5–9, per pound$0.20 Money OrdersFee Domestic money order
ACS with Shipper Paid Forwarding/Returns, Parcel Select, per piece2.50 Annual Mailing Fees (per 12-month period)Fee First-Class Mail Presort, per office of mailing$275.00
Registration for news agents110.00 Permit ImprintFee Application fee$275.00 Picture Permit ImprintFee First-Class Mail (postcards or letters) per piece$0.010
USPS Marketing Mail (letters) per piece0.021 Shipper Paid Forwarding/ReturnsFee For parcels sent as USPS Marketing Mail, Package Services, or Parcel Select (including Parcel Select Lightweight), (ACS required.)
Minimum charge per list (30 items)16.50 Delivery Statistics1Fee Annual subscription$495.00 DPV (Delivery Point Validation)Fee Per year$14,075.00 DSF2 Service (Delivery Sequence File)Fee Per year$141,000.00
All States—Annual subscription1175.00 ZIP Code Sortation (Mailing List)Fee Per 1,000 or fraction thereof$170.00 ZIP Move1Fee Annual subscription$160.00 99 Percent Accurate MethodFee Per 1,000 addresses per year$1.45
Letters that meet one or more of the nonmachinable characteristics in DMM 101.1.2 are also subject to the $0.39 nonmachinable surcharge Weight Not Over (oz.)StampedMetered 1$0.60$0.57
Note: Flat Rate prices are available when material is sent in a USPS-produced Flat Rate Envelope or Box. When sealing a Flat Rate Box or Envelope, the container flaps must be able to close within the normal folds. Tape may be applied to the flaps and seams to reinforce the container, provided the design of the container is not enlarged by opening the sides and the container is not reconstructed in any way. Weight restrictions for domestic are 70 lbs. Weight restrictions for Priority Mail International are 4 lbs. for the Flat Rate Envelopes, Small Flat Rate Box, DVD Box, and Large Video Box; 20 lbs. for the Medium and Large Flat Rate Boxes. Priority Mail Express International Flat Rate Envelopes have a maximum weight of 4 lbs.
The prices for items mailed in USPS-produced Global Express Guaranteed envelopes are based on the weight and price group of the piece. The prices for items not mailed in USPS-produced GXG envelopes are based on dimensional weight or the actual weight, whichever is greater. See the International Price Calculator at pe.usps.com.
For First-Class Mail International retail postcard, letter, large envelope, and First-Class Package International Service dimensions, follow this link.
The prices for items mailed in USPS-produced Global Express Guaranteed envelopes are based on the weight and price group of the piece. The prices for items not mailed in USPS-produced GXG envelopes are based on dimensional weight or the actual weight, whichever is greater. See the International Price Calculator at pe.usps.com.
The prices for items mailed in USPS-produced Global Express Guaranteed envelopes are based on the weight and price group of the piece. The prices for items not mailed in USPS-produced GXG envelopes are based on dimensional weight or the actual weight, whichever is greater. See the International Price Calculator at pe.usps.com.
International Priority Airmail (IPA) M-Bag—ISC Drop Shipment Price Group5 Pounds6 Pounds7 Pounds8 Pounds9 Pounds10 Pounds11 PoundsEach Additional Pound 1$31.20$31.75$32.30$32.85$33.40$33.95$34.50$3.15
International Surface Air Lift (ISAL) M-Bag—ISC Drop Shipment Price Group5 Pounds6 Pounds7 Pounds8 Pounds9 Pounds10 Pounds11 PoundsEach Additional Pound 1$26.25$26.44$26.63$26.82$27.01$27.20$27.39$2.48
The maximum weight for Letters is 3.5 ozs., the maximum weight for Large Envelopes (flats) is 15.994 ozs., and the maximum weight for First-Class Package International Service items is 4 lbs.
Duplicate copy of PS Form 3606 First-Class Mail International only$1.75 Customs Clearance and DeliveryFee Per dutiable item Inbound Letter Post letters and flats$7.50
Per dutiable item All other qualifying classes of inbound mail$7.05 E-USPS Delcon IntlFee Per piece$0.00 International Business Reply CardPrice Per piece$1.90 International Business Reply EnvelopePrice Per piece$2.40 International Money Transfer Service
Maximum insurance $2,499 (varies by country) Priority Mail Express International and Priority Mail International Merchandise InsuranceFee Indemnity Limit Not Over
Letters that meet one or more of the nonmachinable characteristics in IMM 241.217 are also subject to the $0.39 nonmachinable surcharge Weight Not Over
First-Class Package International Service Price Groups Weight Not Over (oz.)12345678910 1–8$14.85$15.35$16.35$15.85$15.85$15.85$15.40$16.65$17.40$16.45
49–6445.4045.9563.2062.9558.3559.4056.3557.3564.2058.35 Weight Not Over (oz.)11121314151617181920 1–8$15.85$19.20$20.50$17.90$16.15$16.15$17.90$18.95$15.65$17.85
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3.1.2 General Tech Inspection. Tech inspection (also called “Lemons Safety Inspection”) is in no way a certification, representation, or guarantee that your crappy old vehicle is fit or safe to drive. Each team is solely responsible for determining its vehicle’s safety, fitness to race, and compliance with Lemons’ rules. The team rep shepherding the car through Tech Inspection must be a legal adult and have sufficient knowledge of the vehicle to certify that it meets each and all of the representations made on Lemons’ Tech Sheet.
3.1.4 Rookie Meeting. All newbies are required to attend the rookie meeting no later than the night before the first race day of their first race. Rookie meeting may or may not be held virtually; follow the instructions on the event page. For most veteran racers, it would be a good idea for you to attend, too. You’re not Mario Andretti.
3.1.5. Paddock Speed and Paddock Vehicles. MAX SPEED IN THE PADDOCK IS TEN (10) MPH AT ALL TIMES FOR ALL VEHICLES! Cars, carts, bicycles, and all other paddock vehicles must be operated safely at all times and well lit during dark hours, including head and tail lights.
3.2.2 Head and Neck Restraint. All drivers must wear SFI 38.1-rated or FIA 8858-rated head-and-neck protection. Multiple drivers can share a single unit, but fit, adjustment, mounting, and connections must be correct for all drivers. Foam collars (and all other non-SFI- or FIA-rated devices) are not allowed. All head-and-neck system bodies, tethers, and other components must be in sound, undamaged, un-frayed condition and must be inspected, recertified, and/or replaced on their manufacturers’ recommended schedule. (The schedule for bodies and tethers is typically but not always once every five years.) Make sure you learn and follow your devices’ particular schedules!
3.2.4 Other Undergarments. Shirts and other undergarments made of synthetic material (including nylon, orlon, Spandex, etc.) will melt to the skin in a fire and are strictly forbidden.
3.3.1.1 During the race, the usual fueling location is hot pits. You may also fuel using the track’s own gas-station-type pumps, if present and open. Fueling in the paddock during the race is NOT allowed unless Lemons officials specifically direct otherwise. Any change from the above will be covered at the Drivers Meeting. Participants are responsible for knowing all fueling rules and locations.
3.3.1.2 Hot Pit and Paddock Fueling. Except from the track’s gas-station-type pumps if provided, all fueling must be done from handheld, gravity-fed, 5-gallon-or-less jugs that were purpose-built by a factory for storing and transferring the fuel being used. Fuel must go directly from the jug to the fuel tank or cell through an attached hose or nozzle; funnels or any other intermediate receptacle are not allowed. Dry break equipment is allowed. Fuel jugs must be leak-free at all times. No beer kegs, plastic trash cans, shopping bags, used Faygo 2-liters, or other homemade contraptions allowed. During fueling, the kill switch must be off; no one can be in the car; no one can be entering or exiting the car; and NO other work may be done. At least two crew members must participate in fueling, all wearing the same safety gear as a driver. Visors must be down. All teammates must stay as far from the fueler as practical, and as few teammates as necessary should be over the wall. At least one team member must have a 2.5-lb (or larger) Type B-C (or better) fire extinguisher in hand, ready to shoot, aimed at the fueler(s). All fueling must be done over a sturdy, purpose-built, fuel-compatible drip pan provided by the team. (Don’t bring some crap cookie sheet–we aren’t Iron Chef.) Everyone entering the hot pits must be wearing the same safety gear as the driver. Other than adding ice to a driver-cooling system and cleaning the windshield, no other work may be performed in the hot pits (no fluid or tire checks, no screwing with the camera, etc.).
3.3.1.3 Track Pump Fueling. When fueling is performed at the track’s permanent pumps, fuel may only be delivered from the track’s permanent pumps, not from team fuel jugs. No one may be in the car, and the kill switch must be off. Because the track’s permanent pumps operate similar to pumps at a gas station, fuelers are not required to wear driver safety gear (but hey–couldn’t hurt). At least one team member must have a fire extinguisher in hand, ready to shoot, aimed at the fueler or fuelers.
3.3.3 Fluid Spills and Disposal. Please prevent and contain fluid spills. If you do spill, come to Lemons HQ or alert any track official ASAP. We’ll help you get it cleaned up. Most tracks have environmentally safe disposal stations onsite—ask Lemons HQ or any track official for locations.
3.5.1 General Rollbar and Structure. Professional-quality full roll cage required. A poorly built, improperly mounted, or badly engineered roll cage will keep you from racing: Don’t show up with crap! Cages originally created as bolt-ins are not allowed. At minimum, cage must include: Full front and rear hoop, appropriately braced to each other along the roofline (halo type and side/downbar type are also acceptable); dual door bars on each side of the car (X-design is acceptable); not fewer than two main-hoop backstays with no bends, located as close to 45 degrees from horizontal as practical; not less than one main-hoop diagonal; appropriate spreader plates and gussets; complete 360-degree welds at all joints, including all car-to-cage joints. Each major load-bearing member must be formed from a single, continuous tube. Shoulder-harness bars are necessary for proper shoulder-harness mounting in nearly all applications (the harness-to-bar attachment point must be between zero and 15 degrees lower than the harness’s seat-entry point). Dash bars are very strongly encouraged. On all sides, all drivers’ helmeted heads must be at least two inches inside the area enclosed by the cage. For simple illustrations, check out Lemons’ “HOW TO NOT FAIL LEMONS TECH INSPECTION” PDF
3.5.1.1 Rollbar Tubing and Spreader-Plate Specs. Minimum tubing size for cars weighing under 3000 pounds as raced is 1.50″x .120″or 1.75″x .095″. Cars weighing over 3000 pounds as raced must use a minimum tubing size of 1.75″x .120″. Properly bent, racecar-grade and -quality tubing is mandatory: no stretched or crushed bends allowed. DOM mild steel is very strongly recommended over ERW (seamed) tubing. All spreader plates must be mild steel, at least 24 square inches, and at least .125” thick.
3.5.1.4 Roll Cage Attachment to Vehicle. All attachment points on the vehicle must be selected and reinforced as necessary so that, in an accident, the cage will not punch through, tear, or grossly distort the attachment point. Contour-following spreader plates; backing panels; gussets; and/or other reinforcing elements are generally required to meet this goal. Cages mounted to rusty, thin, under-supported, or otherwise stupid attachment points will flunk tech immediately.
3.5.1.6 Main-Hoop Angle and Backstay Location. Main hoop must have no forward angle and between zero and ten degrees maximum rearward angle. The top edge of (at least two) backstays must attach to the main hoop no more than six inches below the hoop’s highest point, and the outside edge of (at least two) backstays must attach no more than 1/3 of the way in from the hoop’s widest point.
3.6.2.1 Five- or Six-Point Harnesses Mandatory. Five- or six-point harnesses are mandatory, including a fifth or fifth/sixth “anti-submarine” belt. All harnesses must be in excellent, near-new condition, properly mounted, and carry SFI or FIA approval tags. Harnesses with expiration dates are not valid after the expiration date. Harnesses with a manufacture date but no expiration date are acceptable for two years after manufacture. Shoulder harnesses must be two totally separate belts with separate mounting points (i.e., single-point Y-belts are not allowed). When viewed from above, shoulder harnesses should be closer at their mounting points than at their seat-entry points. All lap belts must be standard 2-inch or 3-inch width.
3.6.3 Onboard Fire Suppression System. A fully charged, securely mounted SFI 17.1- or FIA 8865 Technical List 16- or Technical List 52-certified onboard fire-suppression system is mandatory. Minimum acceptable is a 3-liter or 2.25-kilo; larger volumes are recommended. All fire-suppression systems and components must be installed to homologation documentation and manufacturer instructions. Per SFI and FiA mandate, all systems must be serviced every two years by the manufacturer or its authorized service agent and must carry an active service or maintenance label showing the last-service date and service-due date. At least one activation mechanism must be within easy reach of the belted-in driver; an additional mechanism accessible from outside the car is strongly recommended. All activation mechanisms must be clearly indicated with a standard red-and-white “E” symbol. Before entering the track, the system must be fully ready to activate: Any mechanical safety pins must be removed; electrical control boxes must be powered on; and any other impediment to activation must be eliminated. Teams are solely responsible for ensuring the proper installation, inspection, maintenance, and operation of all fire-suppression systems.
3.6.4 Window Nets and Driver Egress. Window nets are not mandatory. While a window net can provide hand and arm protection in a rollover, it can also contribute to injury or death in a fire. If you decide to use one, it is critical that all of your drivers are well practiced at removing the net. It is also critical that they are well practiced at releasing belts, cooling tubes, radio wires, and any other attachments quickly. All drivers must be able to exit the car rapidly under potentially life-threatening conditions. IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT THAT EVERY TEAM MEMBER PRACTICE EMERGENCY CAR ESCAPES BEFORE RACING!
3.6.7 No Airbags. All airbags must be disarmed and removed, and all airbag housings must be open for inspection at tech. (Remember, airbag removal can be really dangerous—please try not to blow your damn fool head off. If you don’t know what you’re doing, call in an expert. Let him blow HIS damn fool head off.)
3.7.1 Master Electrical Kill Switch. All cars must have a racing-type master electrical kill switch easily turned both off and on by the belted-in driver. The control for this switch should be red; the OFF position should be clearly indicated; the switch should be easily accessible from outside the car; and the switch should be clearly marked by a three-inch or larger lightning-bolt symbol. All electricity, including the battery, charging, and ignition circuits, must be interrupted by the kill switch. Don’t put the switch where it’s likely to be hit by another car in traffic or crushed in an accident. All exposed posts and connections must be insulated with electrical tape, rubber caps, or other non-conductive material.
3.8.2 Definition of “Fuel Cell”. For Lemons, a fuel cell has all of the following: a) a professionally made, purpose-built metal container; b) deformable, puncture-resistant inner vessel and/or bladder; and c) fuel-resistant anti-splash foam. Anything else is just a big bucket o’ gas, despite what its El Cheapo maker may call it. These units are EXTREMELY unlikely to pass tech.
3.8.6 Fuel Bulkhead. The fuel-container area must be totally separated from the driving compartment. For example, if the fuel container is in the trunk area, any openings between the trunk and the cockpit must be permanently sealed with bolted, riveted, or welded metal panels. OE fuel tanks that are separate from, and located completely below, the trunk floor or rear cabin floor are acceptable. If the fuel container can’t be completely separated from the cockpit by metal panels, a metal-encased, FIA-certified fuel cell with all related compliant fittings must be used.
3.8.7 Zero Tolerance for Fuel Leaks. Get your fuel system in good working order! If any staff member sees a suspect leak, you will be immediately black-flagged and sent to the tech shed. You will have ONLY ONE CHANCE to completely repair any fuel leak. If there is a second instance of leakage, regardless of cause, your car must be permanently removed from the race. No exceptions.
3.8.8 No Goofy Fuels. No methanol. No propane or other compressed fuels. Gasoline, mass-market gasoline blends, diesel, and vegetable oil are fine. Hybrids and full electrics may be accepted but contact us first before building.
3.8.9 Fuel System Inspection and Maintenance. All fuel systems and fuel-system components must meet their manufacturer-recommended inspection, certification, re-certification, and replacement schedules. Teams should be prepared to provide proof of compliance upon demand at tech.
3.9.1 General Exhaust System Regs. A professional-quality exhaust system is required. Exhaust outlets and tubing must be designed, routed, and maintained to avoid heating the fuel container and/or fuel system components. FUEL HEATING IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS AND MUST BE AVOIDED AT ALL TIMES!
3.9.2 Exhaust System Construction. Exhaust system must include at least two professional-quality flexible exhaust hangers (i.e., not baling wire or plumber’s tape) aft of the collector. All exhaust joints must be properly slip-jointed, properly bolted or welded, and must not leak.
3.9.3 Tailpipe Location. Exhaust system may not dump ahead of the driver and must not allow undue levels of exhaust to reach the driver’s compartment. Exhaust pipes may not end more than six inches inside the edge of the body (i.e., side pipes and tailpipes are fine, whereas a pipe that dumps under the middle of the car is not). Except for completely OE exhaust systems paired with completely OE fuel systems, exhaust pipe may not end within 16 horizontal inches of the fuel-filler opening as viewed from directly above.
3.9.5 Noise Limit. Our noise limit is 92dB @50 feet @ W.O.T. What that boils down to is no straight pipes allowed; please use at least one muffler or resonator. With these heaps, a single Cherry Bomb or Supertrapp is usually plenty.
3.10.2 Bad-Weather Visibility. It’s your job to figure out which bad-weather visibility aids will be most useful for your car. Wipers, Rain-X, tear-offs, small squeegee-wielding children tied to the hood, etc., are all acceptable. If your visibility appears compromised during the race for any reason, you may be black-flagged until conditions improve.
3.10.4 NUMBERZ R HARD. Numbers must be shown on both sides and also the hood or roof. Car numbers must be at least 12 inches tall and clearly readable. Numbers must be white on black background or vice versa—if you choose another format, you’re just increasing your chances of failing tech. Cars that show up with incorrect, improperly formatted, or otherwise hard-to-read numbers may fail tech instantly, or be black-flagged mid-race if a flagger or timer finds them confusing.
3.10.5 Tow-Strap Locations. Please identify (or add) good, strong, clearly marked tow-strap locations to your car front and rear. Crappy or hard-to-find tow points expose track workers to unnecessary danger! Make all tow points easy to see; big enough for a strap to pass through comfortably; strong enough not to fail under load; and easy to reach without lying down. The faster we can get you hooked up, the faster you can get back on the track. (The word “TOW” with an arrow is acceptable marking.)
3.10.9 Mirrors. All cars must have at least one interior mirror. Cars with OE-type interior mirrors must also have a driver’s-side exterior mirror. Passenger-side exterior mirrors are optional. Cars with panoramic or “Wink”-type interior mirrors don’t need exterior mirrors but can use them if they like.
3.10.11.2 No Flashing Lights or Sirens. No working sirens, flashing lights, or similar emergency vehicle stuff allowed. Anything that could make your car be confused for an actual emergency vehicle will get you black-flagged.
3.10.11.3 Required Lights for Night Racing. From dusk to dawn, all cars must have at least two working headlights, one working taillight, and one working brake light. Multifilament tail/brake lights are acceptable. See the Event Page of the race that you’ve entered for additional details.
3.11.1 Engine Firewall. Gaps or holes in the engine firewall must be sealed up with metal plate or OE-type grommets. If you can see through it, we want it closed up. In addition to the required unbroken firewall between engine and cockpit, rear- and mid-engine cars must have a sturdy rear window or other complete upper barrier for driver protection against fire, hot oil, angry villagers, etc. Metal, heavy polycarbonate (1/4-inch or thicker), and OE glass are all acceptable.
3.11.3 Collapsible Safety-Type Steering Columns. All steering columns must have a collapsing safety collar, dual-offset U-joints, or similar anti-spear safety feature. (These features were standard on production cars sold in the U.S. from MY ’68 on; earlier vehicles, foreign-market vehicles, and non-OE systems or mounting may require modifications to meet this rule.)
3.12.1 Talk to Lemons HQ in Advance. For your EV car to be eligible, you must confer with Lemons HQ before starting fabrication or filing a race registration.
3.12.3 Pikes Peak is Smarter Than Us. All full-EV vehicles must meet all PPIHC safety rules for electric cars except those related to audibility. See PPIHC 2021 Rule Book, effective 12 November 2020, section 128.
3.12.4.1 All EV-drive-system chargers, batteries, motors, controllers, connectors, and cables do not count toward the $500 price limit. (To inquire about price exemptions for other EV drive-system components and almost certainly be rejected, contact Lemons HQ.)
3.12.4.2 All mechanical components adapted from ICE vehicles for your build (examples include motor mounts, transmissions, differentials, driveshafts, and suspension components) do count toward the $500 price limit.
3.12.9 BMS Specs. BMS must perform hard shutoff at 60 degrees C; team must be prepared to demonstrate this function before racing, including but not limited to performing at least 10 minutes of hot lapping. BMS must continually monitor high-voltage isolation and perform hard shutoff immediately upon isolation failure.
3.12.10 High-Voltage Indicator and Kill. Each car must carry a high-voltage status indicator that is clearly visible and easily readable from 20 feet minimum; each car must carry a clearly visible and easily operable manual main-kill switch that immediately isolates all high-voltage systems. Team must prove function of indicator and main-kill switch before racing.
3.12.13 Battery Location. Except for OE batteries in their OE locations, when viewed from above, all battery packs must be set back at least 9 inches from the nearest outside edge of the body or original body envelope, whichever is more restrictive.
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support electronics, power supply, housing, electrical connectors, and external user controls.
The display in modern monitors is typically an LCD with LED backlight, having by the 2010s replaced CCFL backlit LCDs. Before the mid-2000s,CRT. Monitors are connected to the computer via DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C, DVI, VGA, or other proprietary connectors and signals.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television sets were used for video. From the 1980s onward, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and video, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. In the 2000s, the typical display aspect ratio of both televisions and computer monitors has changed from 4:3 to 16:9.
Modern computer monitors are mostly interchangeable with television sets and vice versa. As most computer monitors do not include integrated speakers, TV tuners, nor remote controls, external components such as a DTA box may be needed to use a computer monitor as a TV set.
Early electronic computer front panels were fitted with an array of light bulbs where the state of each particular bulb would indicate the on/off state of a particular register bit inside the computer. This allowed the engineers operating the computer to monitor the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights came to be known as the "monitor". As early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of information and were very transient, they were rarely considered for program output. Instead, a line printer was the primary output device, while the monitor was limited to keeping track of the program"s operation.
Multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors. Until the 21st century most used cathode-ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.
The first computer monitors used cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s, it was common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of the workstation in a single large chassis, typically limiting them to emulation of a paper teletypewriter, thus the early epithet of "glass TTY". The display was monochromatic and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time. High-resolution CRT displays were developed for specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but they were far too costly for general use; wider commercial use became possible after the release of a slow, but affordable Tektronix 4010 terminal in 1972.
Some of the earliest home computers (such as the TRS-80 and Commodore PET) were limited to monochrome CRT displays, but color display capability was already a possible feature for a few MOS 6500 series-based machines (such as introduced in 1977 Apple II computer or Atari 2600 console), and the color output was a speciality of the more graphically sophisticated Atari 800 computer, introduced in 1979. Either computer could be connected to the antenna terminals of an ordinary color TV set or used with a purpose-made CRT color monitor for optimum resolution and color quality. Lagging several years behind, in 1981 IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 × 200 pixels, or it could produce 640 × 200 pixels with two colors. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 × 350.
By the end of the 1980s color progressive scan CRT monitors were widely available and increasingly affordable, while the sharpest prosumer monitors could clearly display high-definition video, against the backdrop of efforts at HDTV standardization from the 1970s to the 1980s failing continuously, leaving consumer SDTVs to stagnate increasingly far behind the capabilities of computer CRT monitors well into the 2000s. During the following decade, maximum display resolutions gradually increased and prices continued to fall as CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor market into the new millennium, partly because it remained cheaper to produce.
There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid-crystal displays (LCD). Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color (TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines.
The first standalone LCDs appeared in the mid-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declined they became more popular, and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors. Among the first desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo FlexScan L66 in the mid-1990s, the SGI 1600SW, Apple Studio Display and the ViewSonic VP140vision science remain dependent on CRTs, the best LCD monitors having achieved moderate temporal accuracy, and so can be used only if their poor spatial accuracy is unimportant.
High dynamic range (HDR)television series, motion pictures and video games transitioning to widescreen, which makes squarer monitors unsuited to display them correctly.
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide most of the benefits of both LCD and CRT monitors with few of their drawbacks, though much like plasma panels or very early CRTs they suffer from burn-in, and remain very expensive.
Viewable image size - is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
Radius of curvature (for curved monitors) - is the radius that a circle would have if it had the same curvature as the display. This value is typically given in millimeters, but expressed with the letter "R" instead of a unit (for example, a display with "3800R curvature" has a 3800mm radius of curvature.
Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed natively. For a given display size, maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch or DPI.
Dot pitch represents the distance between the primary elements of the display, typically averaged across it in nonuniform displays. A related unit is pixel pitch, In LCDs, pixel pitch is the distance between the center of two adjacent pixels. In CRTs, pixel pitch is defined as the distance between subpixels of the same color. Dot pitch is the reciprocal of pixel density.
Pixel density is a measure of how densely packed the pixels on a display are. In LCDs, pixel density is the number of pixels in one linear unit along the display, typically measured in pixels per inch (px/in or ppi).
Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing simultaneously. For example, a ratio of 20,000∶1 means that the brightest shade (white) is 20,000 times brighter than its darkest shade (black). Dynamic contrast ratio is measured with the LCD backlight turned off. ANSI contrast is with both black and white simultaneously adjacent onscreen.
Color depth - measured in bits per primary color or bits for all colors. Those with 10bpc (bits per channel) or more can display more shades of color (approximately 1 billion shades) than traditional 8bpc monitors (approximately 16.8 million shades or colors), and can do so more precisely without having to resort to dithering.
Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without subjectively excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
Refresh rate is (in CRTs) the number of times in a second that the display is illuminated (the number of times a second a raster scan is completed). In LCDs it is the number of times the image can be changed per second, expressed in hertz (Hz). Determines the maximum number of frames per second (FPS) a monitor is capable of showing. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.
Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to change between two shades. The particular shades depend on the test procedure, which differs between manufacturers. In general, lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts such as ghosting. Grey to grey (GtG), measured in milliseconds (ms).
On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or view able image size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture, video or working space, without obstruction from the bezel or other aspects of the unit"s design. The main measurements for display devices are: width, height, total area and the diagonal.
The size of a display is usually given by manufacturers diagonally, i.e. as the distance between two opposite screen corners. This method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being circular, it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that described their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube"s face (due to the thickness of the glass). This method continued even when cathode-ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3.
With the introduction of flat panel technology, the diagonal measurement became the actual diagonal of the visible display. This meant that an eighteen-inch LCD had a larger viewable area than an eighteen-inch cathode-ray tube.
Estimation of monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21-inch (53 cm) widescreen display has less area, than a 21-inch (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 in × 12.6 in (43 cm × 32 cm) and area 211 sq in (1,360 cm2), while the widescreen is 18.3 in × 10.3 in (46 cm × 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2).
Until about 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3 aspect ratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003 and 2006, monitors with 16:9 and mostly 16:10 (8:5) aspect ratios became commonly available, first in laptops and later also in standalone monitors. Reasons for this transition included productive uses for such monitors, i.e. besides Field of view in video games and movie viewing, are the word processor display of two standard letter pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size drawings and application menus at the same time.LCD monitors and the same year 16:10 was the mainstream standard for laptops and notebook computers.
In 2010, the computer industry started to move over from 16:10 to 16:9 because 16:9 was chosen to be the standard high-definition television display size, and because they were cheaper to manufacture.
In 2011, non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small quantities. According to Samsung, this was because the "Demand for the old "Square monitors" has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years," and "I predict that by the end of 2011, production on all 4:3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand."
The resolution for computer monitors has increased over time. From 280 × 192 during the late 1970s, to 1024 × 768 during the late 1990s. Since 2009, the most commonly sold resolution for computer monitors is 1920 × 1080, shared with the 1080p of HDTV.2560 × 1600 at 30 in (76 cm), excluding niche professional monitors. By 2015 most major display manufacturers had released 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD) displays, and the first 7680 × 4320 (8K) monitors had begun shipping.
Every RGB monitor has its own color gamut, bounded in chromaticity by a color triangle. Some of these triangles are smaller than the sRGB triangle, some are larger. Colors are typically encoded by 8 bits per primary color. The RGB value [255, 0, 0] represents red, but slightly different colors in different color spaces such as Adobe RGB and sRGB. Displaying sRGB-encoded data on wide-gamut devices can give an unrealistic result.Exif metadata in the picture. As long as the monitor gamut is wider than the color space gamut, correct display is possible, if the monitor is calibrated. A picture which uses colors that are outside the sRGB color space will display on an sRGB color space monitor with limitations.Color management is needed both in electronic publishing (via the Internet for display in browsers) and in desktop publishing targeted to print.
Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also extends the monitor"s service life. Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.
Most modern monitors have two different indicator light colors wherein if video-input signal was detected, the indicator light is green and when the monitor is in power-saving mode, the screen is black and the indicator light is orange. Some monitors have different indicator light colors and some monitors have blinking indicator light when in power-saving mode.
Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard ports within easy reach and eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or set of speakers. These monitors have advanced microprocessors which contain codec information, Windows interface drivers and other small software which help in proper functioning of these functions.
Monitors that feature an aspect ratio greater than 2:1 (for instance, 21:9 or 32:9, as opposed to the more common 16:9, which resolves to 1.77:1).Monitors with an aspect ratio greater than 3:1 are marketed as super ultrawide monitors. These are typically massive curved screens intended to replace a multi-monitor deployment.
These monitors use touching of the screen as an input method. Items can be selected or moved with a finger, and finger gestures may be used to convey commands. The screen will need frequent cleaning due to image degradation from fingerprints.
Some displays, especially newer flat panel monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy one. This increases color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are more visible. Anti-reflective coatings are sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although this only partly mitigates the problem.
Most often using nominally flat-panel display technology such as LCD or OLED, a concave rather than convex curve is imparted, reducing geometric distortion, especially in extremely large and wide seamless desktop monitors intended for close viewing range.
Newer monitors are able to display a different image for each eye, often with the help of special glasses and polarizers, giving the perception of depth. An autostereoscopic screen can generate 3D images without headgear.
A combination of a monitor with a graphics tablet. Such devices are typically unresponsive to touch without the use of one or more special tools" pressure. Newer models however are now able to detect touch from any pressure and often have the ability to detect tool tilt and rotation as well.
The option for using the display as a reference monitor; these calibration features can give an advanced color management control for take a near-perfect image.
Raw monitors are raw framed LCD monitors, to install a monitor on a not so common place, ie, on the car door or you need it in the trunk. It is usually paired with a power adapter to have a versatile monitor for home or commercial use.
A desktop monitor is typically provided with a stand from the manufacturer which lifts the monitor up to a more ergonomic viewing height. The stand may be attached to the monitor using a proprietary method or may use, or be adaptable to, a VESA mount. A VESA standard mount allows the monitor to be used with more after-market stands if the original stand is removed. Stands may be fixed or offer a variety of features such as height adjustment, horizontal swivel, and landscape or portrait screen orientation.
The Flat Display Mounting Interface (FDMI), also known as VESA Mounting Interface Standard (MIS) or colloquially as a VESA mount, is a family of standards defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association for mounting flat panel displays to stands or wall mounts.
A fixed rack mount monitor is mounted directly to the rack with the flat-panel or CRT visible at all times. The height of the unit is measured in rack units (RU) and 8U or 9U are most common to fit 17-inch or 19-inch screens. The front sides of the unit are provided with flanges to mount to the rack, providing appropriately spaced holes or slots for the rack mounting screws. A 19-inch diagonal screen is the largest size that will fit within the rails of a 19-inch rack. Larger flat-panels may be accommodated but are "mount-on-rack" and extend forward of the rack. There are smaller display units, typically used in broadcast environments, which fit multiple smaller screens side by side into one rack mount.
A stowable rack mount monitor is 1U, 2U or 3U high and is mounted on rack slides allowing the display to be folded down and the unit slid into the rack for storage as a drawer. The flat display is visible only when pulled out of the rack and deployed. These units may include only a display or may be equipped with a keyboard creating a KVM (Keyboard Video Monitor). Most common are systems with a single LCD but there are systems providing two or three displays in a single rack mount system.
A panel mount computer monitor is intended for mounting into a flat surface with the front of the display unit protruding just slightly. They may also be mounted to the rear of the panel. A flange is provided around the screen, sides, top and bottom, to allow mounting. This contrasts with a rack mount display where the flanges are only on the sides. The flanges will be provided with holes for thru-bolts or may have studs welded to the rear surface to secure the unit in the hole in the panel. Often a gasket is provided to provide a water-tight seal to the panel and the front of the screen will be sealed to the back of the front panel to prevent water and dirt contamination.
An open frame monitor provides the display and enough supporting structure to hold associated electronics and to minimally support the display. Provision will be made for attaching the unit to some external structure for support and protection. Open frame monitors are intended to be built into some other piece of equipment providing its own case. An arcade video game would be a good example with the display mounted inside the cabinet. There is usually an open frame display inside all end-use displays with the end-use display simply providing an attractive protective enclosure. Some rack mount monitor manufacturers will purchase desktop displays, take them apart, and discard the outer plastic parts, keeping the inner open-frame display for inclusion into their product.
According to an NSA document leaked to Der Spiegel, the NSA sometimes swaps the monitor cables on targeted computers with a bugged monitor cable in order to allow the NSA to remotely see what is being displayed on the targeted computer monitor.
Van Eck phreaking is the process of remotely displaying the contents of a CRT or LCD by detecting its electromagnetic emissions. It is named after Dutch computer researcher Wim van Eck, who in 1985 published the first paper on it, including proof of concept. Phreaking more generally is the process of exploiting telephone networks.
Masoud Ghodrati, Adam P. Morris, and Nicholas Seow Chiang Price (2015) The (un)suitability of modern liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for vision research. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:303.
Definition of terms clarified and discussed in Aaron Schwabach, Internet and the Law: Technology, Society, and Compromises, 2nd Edition (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014), 192-3. ISBN 9781610693509